André Le Nôtre

André Le Nôtre (French pronunciation: ​[ɑ̃dʁe lə notʁ]; 12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700), originally rendered as André Le Nostre,[1] was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France. Most notably, he was the landscape architect who designed the gardens of the Palace of Versailles, and his work represents the height of the French formal garden style, or jardin à la française.

André Le Nôtre
A portrait of André Le Nôtre by Carlo Maratta
Born(1613-03-12)12 March 1613
Paris, France
Died15 September 1700(1700-09-15) (aged 87)
Paris, France
NationalityFrench
Known forLandscape architecture, gardening
Notable work
Versailles, Chantilly, Vaux-le-Vicomte

Prior to working on Versailles, Le Nôtre collaborated with Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun on the park at Vaux-le-Vicomte. His other works include the design of gardens and parks at Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud and Saint-Germain. His contribution to planning was also significant: at the Tuileries he extended the westward vista, which later became the avenue of the Champs-Élysées and comprise the Axe historique.[2]

Biography

Early life

André Le Nôtre was born in Paris, into a family of gardeners. Pierre Le Nôtre, who was in charge of the gardens of the Palais des Tuileries in 1572, may have been his grandfather.[3] André's father Jean Le Nôtre was also responsible for sections of the Tuileries gardens, initially under Claude Mollet, and later as head gardener, during the reign of Louis XIII. André was born on 12 March 1613, and was baptised at the Église Saint-Roch. His godfather at the ceremony was an administrator of the royal gardens, and his godmother was the wife of Claude Mollet.

The family lived in a house within the Tuilieries, and André thus grew up surrounded by gardening, and quickly acquired both practical and theoretical knowledge. The location also allowed him to study in the nearby Palais du Louvre, part of which was then used as an academy of the arts. He learned mathematics, painting and architecture, and entered the atelier of Simon Vouet, painter to Louis XIII, where he met and befriended the painter Charles Le Brun. He learned classical art and perspective, and studied for several years under the architect François Mansart, a friend of Le Brun.

Career
Bust of André Le Nôtre at the Garden of the Tuileries

In 1635, Le Nôtre was named the principal gardener of the king's brother Gaston, duc d'Orléans. On 26 June 1637, Le Nôtre was appointed head gardener at the Tuileries, taking over his father's position.[4] He had primary responsibility for the areas of the garden closest to the palace, including the orangery built by Simon Bouchard.[5] In 1643 he was appointed "draughtsman of plants and terraces" for Anne of Austria, the queen mother, and from 1645 to 1646 he worked on the modernisation of the gardens of the Château de Fontainebleau.

He was later put in charge of all the royal gardens of France, and in 1657 he was further appointed Controller-General of the Royal Buildings. There are few direct references to Le Nôtre in the royal accounts, and Le Nôtre himself seldom wrote down his ideas or approach to gardening. He expressed himself purely through his gardens.[6] He became a trusted advisor to Louis XIV, and in 1675 he was ennobled by the King. He and Le Brun even accompanied the court at the siege of Cambrai in 1677.[7]

In 1640, he married Françoise Langlois. They had three children, although none survived to adulthood.

Vaux-le-Vicomte
Vaux-le-Vicomte

André Le Nôtre's first major garden design was undertaken for Nicolas Fouquet, Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances. Fouquet began work on the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte in 1657, employing the architect Louis Le Vau, the painter Charles Le Brun, and Le Nôtre. The three designers worked in partnership, with Le Nôtre laying out a grand, symmetrical arrangement of parterres, pools and gravel walks. Le Vau and Le Nôtre exploited the changing levels across the site, so that the canal is invisible from the house, and employed forced perspective to make the grotto appear closer than it really is. The gardens were complete by 1661, when Fouquet held a grand entertainment for the king. But only three weeks later, on 10 September 1661, Fouquet was arrested for embezzling state funds, and his artists and craftsmen were taken into the king's service.

Versailles
Main article: Gardens of Versailles
Gardens of Versailles
Plan view of the gardens of Versailles

From 1661, Le Nôtre was working for Louis XIV to build and enhance the garden and parks of the Château de Versailles. Louis extended the existing hunting lodge, eventually making it his primary residence and seat of power. Le Nôtre also laid out the radiating city plan of Versailles, which included the largest avenue yet seen in Europe, the Avenue de Paris.

In the following century, the Versailles design influenced Pierre Charles L'Enfant's master plan for Washington, D.C.[8] See, L'Enfant Plan.

Other gardens

France

In 1661, Le Nôtre was also working on the gardens at the Palace of Fontainebleau. In 1663 he was engaged at Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and Château de Saint-Cloud, residence of Philippe d'Orléans, where he would oversee works for many years. Also from 1663, Le Nôtre was engaged at Château de Chantilly, property of the Prince de Condé, where he worked with his brother-in-law Pierre Desgots until the 1680s.[9] From 1664 he was rebuilding the gardens of the Tuileries, at the behest of Colbert, Louis's chief minister, who still hoped the king would remain in Paris. In 1667 Le Nôtre extended the main axis of the gardens westward, creating the avenue which would become the Champs-Élysées. Colbert commissioned Le Nôtre in 1670, to alter the gardens of his own château de Sceaux, which was ongoing until 1683.

Abroad

In 1662, he provided designs for Greenwich Park in London, for Charles II of England. In 1670 Le Nôtre conceived a project for the Castle of Racconigi in Italy, and between 1674 and 1698 he remodelled the gardens of Venaria Reale, near Turin. In 1679, he visited Italy. His later advice was provided for Charlottenburg Palace and château de Cassel in Germany, and with plans for Windsor Castle.

Final works

Between 1679 and 1691, he was involved in the planning of the gardens of Château de Meudon for François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois.

His work has often been favorably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the œuvre of Lancelot "Capability" Brown, the English landscape architect.[8][10]

List of principal gardens by Le Nôtre
17th-century engraving of the gardens of Chantilly

André Le Nôtre was played by Matthias Schoenaerts in the 2015 film A Little Chaos.

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gollark: Mildly accursed issue of the day: how do I buffer a python stream thing?
gollark: Interesting idea.
gollark: Partnership how? Epicbot links?
gollark: Manually? Wow.

See also
French garden design history:

Notes
  1. Hazlehurst 1980, p. viii: The orthography Le Nôtre "is a child of the eighteenth century; indeed, the substitution of ô for os was not in widespread use until the fourth decade of the eighteenth century. It was, therefore, a spelling that the great landscape architect would never have recognized as his own." See also Circumflex in French.
  2. Garrigues, p.282
  3. Jules Guiffrey, p.3
  4. Guiffrey, p.5
  5. Guiffrey, p. 9.
  6. Guiffrey, p.18
  7. Guiffrey, p. 22.
  8. "André Le Nôtre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  9. Hazlehurst 1980, pp. 5, 303–323. Pierre Desgots married Le Nôtre's sister Elisabeth, and their son, Claude Desgots, became Le Nôtre's disciple and successor (see Mariage 1999, p. 30).
  10. Lancelot Brown. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012.

References
  • Garrigues, Dominique (2001). Jardins et jardiniers de Versailles au Grand Siècle (in French). Editions Champ Vallon. ISBN 2-87673-337-4.
  • Guiffrey, Jules (1986). André Le Nostre (1613-1700). Translated by George Booth. Book Guild. ISBN 0-86332-151-8.
  • Hazlehurst, F. Hamilton (1980). Gardens of Illusion: The Genius of André Le Nostre. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 9780826512093.
  • Mariage, Thierry (1999). The World of André Le Nôtre,. Translated by Graham Larkin. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-8122-3468-5.

Further reading
  • Thompson, Ian. The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-58234-631-3).

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