Anaerococcus

Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii.[1] These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic. [2][3][4] The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001.[2] [4] Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC (Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci).[5] These six genera (Peptostreptococcus, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus and Murdochiella) are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota.[6][7][5]

Anaerococcus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Firmicutes
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Clostridiales
Genus:
Anaerococcus

It can cause infection and is a normal part of the human microbiome.[8] Most of the species in this genus can be found as part of the normal flora of the skin, human vagina, nasal cavity, oral cavity and feces. [2] It is a pathogen of humans found in ovarian abscesses, chronic wounds and vaginal discharge.[9] Moreover, some of the species can be isolated from foot ulcers and knee arthirtis.[2] It can be present in urinary tract infections, chronic ulcers, pleural empyema, blood infections, and soft tissue infections. It is involved in polymicrobial infections.[10] Farther more, strains of Anaerococcus were found in the armpit microbiota suggesting some species in this genus could play a role in axillary odor. [10][11]

Physiology

The genus Anaerococcus are non motile bacteria who can not form spores and.[4][12][2] Depending of the species the arrangement can be different. The most common arrangements within this genus are pairs, tetrads, short chains and irregular formations.[10][4] Their cells size can differ from 0.6μm to 0.9μm.[10] However, when they are grown using enrinched blood agar their size can go from 0.5μm to 2μm.[10] In this genus, there a more than one major cellular fatty acids: C18:1, C16:1, C18 and C16.[12] Most species in this genus are indole-negative and coaguase-negative.[10] In general, teh species of Anaerococcus presents susceptibility to penicillins but are resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin.[9]

Metabolism

The genus Anaerococcus are classified as saccharolytic bacteria.[2][13] Its species can be arranged from weakly saccharolytic (ex. A. prevotii, A. lactolyticus) to strongly saccharolytic (ex. A. hydrogenalis).[13] This genus can ferment carbohydrates weakly.[6] The major sources of energy use in the metabolism of Anaerococcus are peptones and aminoacids.[4][10] The three major sugars fermented within this genus are glucose, mannose, fructose and sucrose.[12][4] After fermenting the sugars, Anaerococcus produce weak acids as their metabolic end product.[13] Within these metabolic end products, this genus ca produce butyric acid, lactic acid, and some propionic and succinic acid.[12] Nonetheless, the major metabolite produced by Anaerococcus is butyrate.[13][10][2]

Species

Until recently, the genus Anaerococcus have 14 known species.[14][9] Six of the species were initially classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus but then based on their characteristics were re-classified in the new genus Anaerococcus: A. hydrogenalis, A. lactolyticus, A. octavius, A. prevotii, A. tetradius, and A. vaginalis.[5][2] Throughout the years, the specie who has been more commolny found on the body within this genus is A. prevotii.[9]

Anaerococcus hydrogenalis

A. hydrogenalis it is present in vaginal discharges and oarian abscesses.[4] Presence of Anaerococcus hydrogenalis in the gut metabolism and their coline consumption has been associated to cardiovascular diseases. [15] Contrary to most of the species in this genus, Anaerococcus hydrogenalis is indole-positive. [4] Also, some strains in this specie can produce urease. [4]

Anaerococcus lactolyticus

Anaerococcus lactolyticus[10] is one of two species of the genus Anaerococcus who have been found from diabetic foot.[9] Moreover, A. lactolyticus can be extracted from pressure ulcers.[9]

Anaerococcus octavius

Contrary to most of the species in the genus, Anaerococcus octavius was not related to human infections. [9] Nevertheless, recently a new case revealed A. octavius can cause bacteremia. [9] Even though is uncommon, Anaerococcus octavius can be the cause for human infections. [9] Other studies has found A. octavius as part of the nasal cavity, skin and vagina normal flora. [9][4] This bacteria can ferment ribose, glucose, and mannose. [4]

Anaerococcus prevotii

A. prevotii is normally found in vaginal discharges, human plasma and some types of abscesses as ovarian, peritoneal sacral and/or lung abscesses.[9][6] Even more, Anaerococcus prevotii is part of the normal flora in the skin, oral cavity and the gut. [6] Studies has shown Anaerococcus prevotii presents resistance to Ceftazidime, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin. [9] Unlike the other species, A. prevotii can not ferment glucose. [16]

Anaerococcus tetradius

A. tetradius was first isolated from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses.[4] This bacteria can ferment glucose and mannose.[4]

Anaerococcus vaginalis

A. vaginalis was first recovered from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses althought this bacteria can also be found in pressure ulcers and diabetic foot.[4] [9] Some strains from this specie can be indole-positive.[4]

Anaerococcus murdochii

A. murdochii presents resistance against antiobiotics clindamycin and kanamycin.[9] Also, studies have discovered this species have intermedite resistance to pencillins. [9]

Anaerococcus degenerii

A. degenerii

Anaerococcus provencensis

A. provencensis was isolated from a cervical abscess.[17] This specie can ferment lactose, unlike A. tetradius, A. prevotii, and A. octavius.[17] The first analysis made on Anaerococcus provencensis showed it is suceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, amoxillin, metronidazole, cefotetan and vancomycin.[17]

Anaerococcus senegalensis

A. senegalensis is one of the few species in Anerococcus whos genome has be sequenced.[2] The genome has a size of 1,790,835 bp.[2] Analsis made did not show presence of a plasmid.[2] Initially, Anaerococcus senegalensis was found in the fecal flora of a healthy person.[2]

Anaerococcus rubiinfantis

A. rubiinfantis was discovered from a stool sample taken from an infant with severe acute malnutrition in Senegal.[18] Based on a genomic analysis, Anaerococcus rubiinfantis has high antibiotic susceptibility.[18] For that reason this bacteria can be treated with common oral antibiotics.[18] A. rubiinfantis have catalase activity, which is not common from a anaerobic bacteria.[18]

Anaerococcus marasmi

A. marasmi was first found in 2016 from a stool sample on a child with marasmus.[14] Just like A. rubiinfantis, Anaerococcus marasmi is catalse positive.[14] A. marasmi can grow in a range of pH between 6.5 to 8.[14] Moreover, A. marasmi has a high sequence similarity (97.6%) with A. prevotii based on their 16S rRNA.[14]

Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis

A. urinomassiliensis was isolated from an urine sample of a male adolescent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and autoinmune hepatitis.[19] It took 10 days of anaerobic incubation to observe growth from this bacteria. [19]. Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis does not have either oxidase or catalse activity. [19]

Anaerococcus nagyae

A. nagyae was first found in a blood culture from a patient with ischemia and influenza.[5] The cells of Anaerococcus nagyae are arranged in pairs.[5] Although it can weakly ferment mannose, studies has shown this anaerobic bacteria can not ferment glucose and raffinose.[5] A. nagyae is resistant to colistin, but it is susceptible to vancomycin and kanamycin.[5]

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References
  1. Parte, A.C. "Anaerococcus". Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  2. Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Nguyen TT, Armougom F, Raoult D, Fournier PE (March 2012). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 6 (1): 116–25. doi:10.4056/sigs.2415480. PMC 3359877. PMID 22675604.
  3. Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Warnock DW, eds. (2011-01-01). "Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and Other Anaerobic Cocci". Manual of Clinical Microbiology (10th ed.). American Society of Microbiology. pp. 803–816. doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch48. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
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  7. Veloo AC, Elgersma PE, van Winkelhoff AJ (June 2015). "Anaerococcus degenerii sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe. 33: 71–5. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.02.002. PMID 25680238.
  8. "BacMap". Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  9. Cobo F, Navarro-Marí JM (February 2020). "First description of Anaerococcus octavius as cause of bacteremia". Anaerobe. 61: 102130. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102130. PMID 31765706.
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  11. Fujii, Takayoshi; Shinozaki, Junko; Kajiura, Takayuki; Iwasaki, Keiji; Fudou, Ryosuke (July 2014). "A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentagalloyl glucose". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 89 (1): 198–207. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12347.
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  17. Pagnier I, Croce O, Robert C, Raoult D, La Scola B (June 2014). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus provenciensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 9 (3): 1198–210. doi:10.4056/sigs.5501035. PMC 4149013. PMID 25197492.
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