Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician)

Altaf Hussain (Urdu: الطاف حسین‎; pronounced [əltaːf ɦʊseːn]; born 17 September 1953 in Karachi) is a British Pakistani fugitive and former politician who is known as the founder of Muttahida Qaumi Movement.[1]

Altaf Hussain
الطاف حسین
Founder and Chairman of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement
Personal details
Born	(1953-09-17) 17 September 1953 Karachi, Pakistan
Political party	MQM
Spouse(s)	Faiza Gabol ​ ( m. 2001; div. 2007)
Parents	Nazir Hussain (father) Khurseed Begum (mother)
Education	Government National College (B. Pharma) Islamia Science College (BSc)
Occupation	Politician Pharmacist
Military service
Allegiance	Pakistan
Branch/service	Pakistan Army
Years of service	1970-1971
Commands	57th Baloch Regiment
Battles/wars	Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Bangladesh Liberation War

He is known for his advocacy for Muhajir interests in Pakistan, criticism of the partition of India, support for the repatriation of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh, opposition to the Taliban, and respect for the line of control in the region of Jammu & Kashmir.[2][3][4][5]

Since 2015, he has been a fugitive from the Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan on the charges of murder, targeted killings, treason, inciting violence and hate speeches.[6][7] He fled the country in 1992 after crackdown against his party was launched and since then he is living in the United Kingdom. The Scotland Yard maintains that sufficient evidence for the charges is lacking and the content of his speeches do not violate UK laws.[8] On 11 June 2019, he was arrested by Scotland Yard in connection with a hate speech made on a August 22, 2016 under the Section 44 of the Serious Crime Act 2007.[9]

Early life

Altaf Hussain was born on 17 September 1953 to Nazir Hussain and Khurseed Begum in Karachi, Sindh. Before the independence of Pakistan, Hussain's parents resided at their ancestral home in Nai ki Mandi, Agra, UP, British India.[10] His father was an officer with the Indian Railways.[11] His paternal grandfather Mohammad Ramazan was the Grand Mufti of Agra and his maternal grandfather Pir Haji Hafiz Rahim Bakhsh Qadri was a religious scholar. Hussain's siblings include four sisters and six brothers.

Following the partition of India in 1947, a wide-scale migration of Muslims ensued where they migrated from the various states in the Dominion of India to the newly established Dominion of Pakistan. Hussain's parents were initially reluctant to leave everything behind in Agra to resettle in Pakistan but were later forced by Hussain's elder brother to reconsider. Upon emigrating to Pakistan, the family settled in Karachi.[10] They were provided with government housing in Abyssinia Lines reserved for muhajirs (people and families migrating from the Dominion of India).

Hussain's elder brother Nasir Hussain was later employed by the government and given a small quarter on Jehangir Road. The family subsequently left their government allotted residence and moved in with Nasir. The family later moved residence again in the 1970s to a small house in Azizabad which later became the headquarters of Hussain's political party Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM; formerly Muhajir Qaumi Movement).[12]

Education and non-political career

Hussain received his early education from the Government Comprehensive School in Azizabad. He later enrolled in the Government Boys Secondary School to complete his matriculation in 1969. For the first year of his intermediate education in pre-medical sciences, he attended the National College Karachi. He later moved to City College Karachi for his second year.[13]

In 1974, Hussain graduated from the Islamia Science College with a Bachelor of Science.[14] In 1979, he graduated from the University of Karachi with a Bachelor of Pharmacy.[13] After graduating from the university, Hussain began his career as a trainee at the Seventh-day Adventist Hospital in Karachi while simultaneously working for a multinational pharmaceutical company.[15][16]

Short-lived military service

In 1970, General Yahya Khan introduced the National Service Cadet Scheme (NSCS) making it compulsory for higher secondary scholars to enlist with the army. According to the MQM, Altaf Hussain enlisted with the Pakistan Army through the NSCS[15] and his services were assigned to the 57th Baloch Regiment as soldier number 2642671.[17] Upon completion of his training, his regiment was assigned from Hyderabad to Karachi from where it was sent to East Pakistan via ships.[17]

Political career

After 1971 Indo-Pak war came to an end, Hussain returned to West Pakistan to join wilfully with the regular army.[18] In the version of events told by the MQM, the selection officer rejected Hussain's selection because his parents were 'muhajirs' from India even when Hussain insisted he was born in Pakistan.[17] This is quoted as one of the many instances that formulated Hussain's future political aspirations. The political strife of the APMSO bifurcated into the issue of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh an on 14 August 1979, Hussain participated in a demonstration at the Mazar-e-Quaid for the safe return of stranded Pakistanis, also called the Biharis. Following the demonstration, Hussain was arrested and sentenced on 2 October 1979 for 9 months imprisonment and flogging with five strokes. Hussain was later released on 28 April 1980 after he had served his sentence.[19][20]

The urban centres of Karachi and Hyderabad had increasingly become ethnically diverse and riots along ethnic lines were commonplace.[21] In May 1985, a Pathan minivan driver struck and killed a muhajir schoolgirl inciting the first Pathan-Muhajir ethnic riot. Later, following an unsuccessful raid on an Afghan heroine processing and distribution centre in Sohrab Goth by the army, Pathan and Afghan terrorist turned their ire on muhajir residents of Aligarh Colony.[22]

The Aligarh Colony massacre instigated the bloody riots of November–December 1986. These riots saw the popularity of MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain rise and the party's ideology was greatly influenced as a result.[22]

Before October 1986, the urban city of Hyderabad was largely dominated by the Sindhi nationalist party Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM) founded by G. M. Syed giving rise to the nationalist slogan "Sindhu Desh" (or "Sindhi nation").[23] The only Muhajir political movement countering the JSQM were led by Syed Mubarak Ali Shah of the Moti Mahal family, Nawab Zahid Ali Khan and Nawab Muzaffar Hussain. After the death of these Muhajir stalwarts, the Urdu-speaking people of Hyderabad yearned for a charismatic Muhajir leadership.[24]

On 31 October 1986, Altaf Hussain gave his first public address in Hyderabad at the site of the historic Pacco Qillo, where he was greeted by throngs of crowds. After his address, his message was well received by the Urdu-speaking people of Hyderabad and Hussain was able to fill the void left by the deaths of Muhajir leaders.[24] Hussain and a few of his companions, were arrested by security personnel after his address implicating him in several alleged criminal cases.[19] His arrest enraged his supporters who launched public movements for his release. The charges against Hussain and his companions were later dropped and they were released from the Central Prison Karachi on 24 February 1987.[19]

In 1987 the government began widespread arrests of Mutahidda Qaumi Movement workers all over Sindh. Altaf Hussain surrendered to law enforcement agencies on 30 August 1987 on the condition that the further arrests of his party's workers would be stopped immediately. During Hussain's imprisonment MQM placed highly in the local bodies election of 1987, and there was pressure to release Hussain and he was released on 7 January 1988.[19]

In early 1987, Altaf Hussain issued MQM's Charter of Resolutions (Qarardad-i-Maqasid) which formed the basis for the party's ideology. The MQM charter was paramount in expressing many of the "long-standing grievances" of Sindhi nationalists,[25] and a cooperative arrangement was worked out between the MQM and various Sindhi nationalist parties in early 1988.[26] Apart from the points stipulated in the party's original resolution, Hussain also introduced the idea of Muhajir being a "fifth subnationality" alongside the Punjabis, Pathans, Baloch, Sindhis.[27]

Altaf Hussain revealed that while he was admitted in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital in 1988, Late Hameed Gul (ISI chief at the time) sent briefcase full of money through Brigadier(R) Imtiaz and tried to bribe him in joining Pakistan military establishment led IJI coalition which was against PPP but he rejected the offer. Later both Brig (R) Imtiaz and Hameed Gul also confirmed the statement[28]

The 1988 general elections proved quite clearly that the voting patterns in Sindh were based on ethnic lines where the Pakistan Peoples Party and the MQM won almost all seats in the national assembly. The PPP had derived its support from the Sindhi population in the province, whilst the MQM from the Muhajirs. At this point in time, in less than four years of its making, MQM emerged as the third largest political party in Pakistan.[29]

PPP had been successful in Sindh but didn't fare quite well in the other provinces and therefore had to resort to forming a coalition government. Hussain and his party MQM offered their support but insisted on a formal agreement between the PPP and the MQM. This 59-point MQM-PPP accord, known as the Karachi Declaration, was signed on 2 December 1988.[30] It reiterated many of the points defined in the earlier MQM charter. However, when Benazir Bhutto came into power, she was unwilling or unable to commit to her part of the bargain. Her reluctance in this matter was largely interpreted by muhajirs as largely pro-Sindhi and rather anti-Muhajir.[31] When the declaration was not implemented violence erupted between APMSO and the PSF, the student wings of the MQM and the PPP.[30]

Shunned by Bhutto's disavowal, Altaf Hussain approached Nawaz Sharif, leader of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI). The IJI was an opposition coalition eager to topple Bhutto's government. As a result of their meeting, a formal agreement between the MQM and the IJI came to pass. However, when Sharif later came into power, he couldn't honour those commitments either.[30] Hussain became increasingly harsh and hostile in his opinions regarding the governing parties and would often accuse them of political hypocrisy. Seeing that striving for justice in a constitutional capacity was futile, ethnic militancy thrived. The gulf between Muhajirs and Sindhis widened leading to several cases of "ethnic cleansing" in Hyderabad.[32] Hussain favours peace between India and Pakistan and has always been a vocal advocate of bridging gaps between the two neighbouring rivals.[33]

Views

Jammu and Kashmir

On the issue of Kashmir, Hussain stated that Indo-Pak dialogue should be allowed to "proceed on the basis of mutual adjustment and agreement...[and] It should be clear to all concerned that there can be no military solution to any of the contentious issues, let alone the issue of Kashmir."[34] From 2004 Hussain warned against the growing influence of the Taliban in Karachi. Hussain stated that the "advocates of Jihad, a medieval concept to tame the infidel, are wantonly killing followers of the faith as they level places of worship."[34]

Muhajir interests

Where much of the politics of Hussain's party MQM revolves around fighting for justice for the muhajir community in Pakistan, he has always stated that his party "[stands] for equal rights and opportunities for all irrespective of colour, creed, caste, sect, gender, ethnicity or religion".[34] Hussain's party started out as a movement for the empowerment of muhajirs in Pakistan but later modified its underlying ideologies to reflect a more broader political scope by changing its name from "Muhajir Qaumi Movement" to "Muttahida Qaumi Movement".

"Perhaps the idea of Pakistan was dead at its inception, when the majority of Muslims chose to stay back after partition, a truism reiterated in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971

— Keynote Speech at conference in New Delhi on 6 November 2004.[34][35]

In his keynote speech given at an international conference organised by the Hindustan Times Leadership Initiative, Hussain criticised the two-nation theory that forms the basis for the creation of Pakistan. He said that history has proven the two-nation theory irrelevant when modern-day Muslims are killing each other "on the basic of tribal and linguistic affinity".[36] Hussain blamed the independence to have divided Muslims of South Asia, making them weaker as a result.[37]

Altaf Hussain has asked Muhajirs in Pakistan to contact their relatives in India to inform them about what he called a "devastating situation" in Pakistan.[38]

Partition of India

On 17 September 2000, Hussain stated that the partition of India was the "biggest blunder in history of mankind",[39] and that by rejecting the "grouping formulae and greater autonomy for Muslim-majority Indian provinces", Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad forced Muhammad Ali Jinnah to demand a separate Pakistan, even when the founder of Pakistan was ready to accept a united India.

Hussain criticized the partition of India, stating that the partition of India "was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships".[2] The politician stated that the idea of Pakistan was "dead at its inception, when the majority of Muslims chose to stay back after partition."[3]

He stated that the two-nation theory was concocted by the British Empire in order to destroy Hindu-Muslim unity.[4] Hussain further criticized the two-nation theory as being un-Islamic: "When prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) started preaching Islam and people entered Islam, people used to live in tribes and each tribe had its own identity but they were all Muslims believing in the oneness of Allah, embraced Quran as the only divine book and hence they were never once nation.[4]

Stranded Pakistanis

Altaf Hussain has advocated for the government of Pakistan to assist those stranded Pakistanis, who are mostly of the Bihari ethnic group, to be safely repatriated to Pakistan.[3]

Taliban

Altaf Hussain is a critic of the Taliban.[5] Hussain, in 2008, warned against the Talibanisation of Karachi and stated that a "well planned conspiracy to intensify sectarian violence in the city, was being hatched."[5][40]

Operation Clean-up, ban and other charges

The Pakistani government launched Operation Clean-up in 1992 and sent the military into Karachi to crack down on the MQM. Hussain escaped Karachi one month before the operation began, following an attack on his life on 21 December 1991.[41] Hussain fled to London and applied for political asylum.[42] In the later months of 1995, the political killings of members from both parties sparked an outcry throughout the city. This involved the killing of the younger brother of PPP's Syed Abdullah Shah, the Chief Minister of Sindh[43] which subsequently led to the killing of Altaf Hussain's 62-year-old brother Nasir Hussain and 27-year-old nephew Arif Hussain.[44] From 1993 to 1996, the port city of Karachi had become a political battleground between prime minister Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party and the Mohajir Qaumi Movement.[43] In the wake of the ensuing political unrest, the MQM had remained vocal about the arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial killings of its members.[45]

In 2015, The Lahore High Court banned his media coverage, airing of his images and speeches was banned across all electronic and print media. Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan declared him a fugitive on the charges of treason, inciting violence and hate speeches and sentenced him to 81 years in prison.[6][7] In 2017, Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan issued non-bailable arrest warrants for Hussain in the murder case of Dr.Imran Farooq who was a senior member of MQM.[46] Pakistan asked Interpol to issue red warrant against Hussain but Interpol refused it by saying it does not "intervene in political and religious matters of a state".[47]

It was reported that the Karachi police and the paramilitary Rangers force had arrested Nasir Hussain and his son from the Federal B area in Karachi on 4 and 6 December 1995 respectively.[44] In a statement issued on 7 December 1995, MQM blamed the government and the law enforcement agencies for the unlawful arrests of Nasir and Arif from their residence in Samanabad.[43] On 9 December 1995, the badly mutilated corpses of both Nasir and Arif were found in an isolated area in Gadap Town in Karachi,[44] from where they were taken to a nearby Edhi centre.[43]

Altaf Hussain and other leaders of the MQM were having cases against him which the party alleges were false politically motivated cases against MQM in the back drop of 1990s operation against them. But in November 2009 all the cases were dropped under National Reconciliation Ordinance,[48]

On 20 June 2013 a Metropolitan Police started money laundering case against Altaf Hussain when it recovered some cash from his residence during search,[49][50][51] On 3 June 2014 he attended police station for an interview. On 17 September 2016, Altaf Hussain's bail was cancelled for insufficient evidence.On 13 October 2016, Scotland Yard officially, dismissed the money laundering case eventually on the basis of lack of evidence [52][53]

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's chairman Imran Khan accused Altaf of inciting violence and soliciting murder in Karachi.[54] In response numerous complaints were filed with London Metropolitan Police against Altaf for inciting violence.[55]

Scotland Yard couldn't find any credible evidence in incitement of violence case and subsequently dropped the case.[8]

On 21 August 2016, Hussain made controversial speech in Karachi Hunger strike camp which was a symbolic protest against alleged extra judicial killings perpetrated by Pakistani Paramilitary forces and selective targeting of MQM workers and office bearers in Karachi operation. Altaf Hussain accused state sponsored terrorism and harboring terrorist organisations such as TTP and other rogue banned organisations. He chanted 'Pakistan Murdabad' to condemn unlawful detention of MQM activists and extra judicial killings by the state agencies. He also deplored Pakistani media biased attitude in covering those law transgression by Law enforcement agencies

On 11 June 2019 Hussain was arrested by Scotland Yard because of promoting hateful and violence words against Pakistan.

Sattar, one of the senior members of the party, distanced himself from Hussain's statements following day and the London-based leadership and said they are not against Pakistan.[56][57]

Private life

Altaf Hussain married Faiza Gabol in 2001 and divorced in 2007. He has daughter named Afza Altaf born in 2002[58]

See also

• Khidmat-e-Khalq Foundation (KKF)

Citations

1. "Phony Nobel Prize nominee linked to leader of Controversial Pakistan political group deported". US Fed News Service  – via HighBeam (subscription required) . 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
2. Baruah, Amit. "Accept Line of Control temporarily: Altaf Hussain". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 March 2019. "The division of the sub-continent was the greatest blunder," he thundered to cheers from the audience. "It was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships," he said, switching from English to Urdu.
3. Ghosh, Papiya (2014). Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent. Routledge. ISBN 9781317809654.
4. "'Two-Nation Theory' a complete fraud: MQM leader Altaf Hussain". Asian News International. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019. "The said theory was invented by the British Empire to deceive and divide the people of the Indian Sub-Continent," he added. He said this while addressing live to his millions of followers through social media. He categorically asserted that the division of the Indian sub-continent was a blunder. "British Empire had occupied Indian sub-continent and Indians were slaves to the British rulers and hence they introduced that theory so as to keep the Muslims and Hindus divided so that the British could rule for a longer time. Unfortunately, Muslim and Hindu populations had accepted that fraudulent and mischievous notion of Two-Nation Theory," he said. He further said that the said theory was to prevent any revolution against the tyrant occupation of the British Empire and also to fail the freedom movement for India.
5. Walsh, Declan (30 April 2009). "Spate of shootings kill 29 in Karachi". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 June 2009. The MQM leader, Altaf Hussain, who lives in exile in London, has become a loud critic of the Taliban and warned of possible "Talibanisation" in Karachi. This stance has won the MQM praise from secularists but aggravated relations with Karachi's Pashtun population, which considers the anti-Taliban campaign as an excuse to undermine them.
6. "ATC declares Altaf Hussain a 'fugitive'". dailypakistan.com.pk. 1 August 2015.
7. "Pakistan court sentences MQM chief Altaf Hussain to 81 years in jail". deccanchronicle.com. 12 October 2015.
8. "Scotland Yard drops probe in Altaf 'hate speech' charges". www.geo.tv. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
9. "Altaf Hussain arrested in connection with 2016 speech". Dawn. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
10. Bhatt, Sheela (22 November 2004). "'India should trust Musharraf'". Rediff. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
11. Bhatt, Sheela (18 November 2004). "'We had two choices – mullahs or Musharraf'". Rediff. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
12. "Early life". Struggle in life. altafhussain.org. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
13. https://www.dawn.com/news/1110320
14. "Quaid-e-Tehreek: Mr. Altaf Hussain's life & his achievements". Muttahida Qaumi Movement Canada. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
15. "About Mr. Altaf Hussain". Muttahida Qaumi Movement Official Website. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
16. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23145377
17. "Altaf Hussain". Profiles. Maverick Pakistanis. June 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
18. "Altaf Hussain: Founder and leader of MQM". Muttahida Qaumi Movement United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
19. Shah, Sabir (4 June 2014). "Altaf Hussain arrested for fourth time". The News International. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
20. https://www.samaa.tv/news/politics/2018/07/pakistani-politicians-who-have-gone-to-jail/
21. Ghosh (2001)
22. Kennedy (1991, p. 948)
23. "Hyderabad: politically alive". The News International. 19 October 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
24. "Hyderabad: MQM's Pucca Qila". Dawn. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
25. Syed (1988, p. 60)
26. Kennedy (1991, p. 949)
27. Wright (1991)
28. MQMOfficial (26 February 2012), Reaffirmation of former ISI Brigadier(R) Imtiaz Ahmed's of refusal by Mr. Altaf Hussain, retrieved 17 September 2016
29. Kennedy (1991, p. 950)
30. Khan (2010, p. 42)
31. Kennedy (1991, p. 951)
32. Hassan (1990)
33. Hussain (2004): "India and Pakistan being the two largest in the region, need to demonstrate magnanimity and the necessary political wisdom and desire to truly seek peace. The confidence building measures contemplated to bring the people of both countries closer must be implemented vigorously."
34. Hussain (2005) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFHussain2005 (help)
35. Faruqui, Ahmad (19 March 2005). "Jinnah's unfulfilled vision: The Idea of Pakistan by Stephen Cohen". Asia Times. Pakistan. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
36. Hussain (2004): "[Modern events signify] a telling blow to the very idea of Pakistan, a homeland for the Muslims of the South Asia, and the two-nation theory, which continues to wreck untold miseries on the people of this region for the past five decades. Muslims are fighting and killing each other on the basis of tribal and linguistic affinity, sectarian strife is worse than ever before. Mosques and madarssas are but flourishing businesses. The less educated the Pesh Imam, the more popular and affluent he is likely to be."
37. "A Muhajir's Prayer (Q & A with Altaf Hussain)". Hindu Vivek Kendra. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
38. "Altaf Hussain urges Indian citizens to help Mohajirs". Asian News International. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
39. Chitkara (2001, p. 88)
40. Ebrahim, Zofeen (14 May 2007). "PAKISTAN: Karachi Allowed to Burn, Say Residents". IPS. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
41. Altaf Hussain. pakistanherald.com
42. "MQM Altaf Hussain's Profile". Elections.com.pk. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
43. Mir, Amir (27 December 1995). "Bloody Relations". Outlook India. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
44. "Human rights abuses by armed opposition groups". Human rights crisis in Karachi. Amnesty International. 1 February 1996. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
45. "Arbitrary arrests". Human rights crisis in Karachi. Amnesty International. 1 February 1996. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
46. "ATC issues arrest warrants for Altaf Hussain in Dr Imran Farooq murder case". dawn.com. 6 December 2017.
47. "Interpol refuses to issue red warrant against Altaf Hussain". Dawn.com. 25 February 2017.
48. "3576 criminal cases against Altaf, others withdrawn". Nation.com.pk. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
49. "Imran Farooq murder: London police raid house registered to Altaf Hussain". The Express Tribune. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
50. "Imran Farooq murder case : One of Altaf Hussain's houses searched for 55 hours". Daily Times. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
51. "MQM denies it incites violence in Pakistan from London". BBC News. BBC. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
52. Azfar-ul-Ashfaque (1 February 2016). "London police removes Altaf Hussain's bail conditions over lack of evidence". Retrieved 17 September 2016.
53. Dawn.com (13 October 2016). "Scotland Yard drops money laundering investigation against Altaf Hussain". Retrieved 13 October 2016.
54. "My life is in danger: Imran Khan". Reddif News. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
55. Murtaza Ali Shah (14 June 2013). "Galloway sets up fund for filing case against MQM chief". The News. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
56. Harding, Luke; Ross, Alice (23 August 2016). "Altaf Hussain: the man turning up heat on Karachi's streets from London suburb" – via The Guardian.
57. "Nadeem Nusrat says MQM is nothing without its 'chief'".
58. "Altaf Hussain".

References

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• Haq, Farhat (November 1995). "Rise of MQM in Pakistan: Politics of Ethnic Mobilization". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 35 (11): 990–1004. doi:10.1525/as.1995.35.11.01p00677. JSTOR 2645723.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hassan, Ali (June 1990). "You Can't Shoot Me". The Herald: 34–35.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hussain, Altaf (2004). "Keynote Speech". In Bhandare, Namita (ed.). India and the World: A Blueprint for Partnership and Growth. Hindustan Times Leadership Initiative. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. ISBN 8174364013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kennedy, Charles H. (October 1991). "The Politics of Ethnicity in Sindh" (PDF). Asian Survey. University of California Press. 31 (10): 938–955. doi:10.2307/2645065. JSTOR 2645065.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Khan, Nicola (2010). Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and transformation in the Karachi conflict. Routledge. ISBN 0203858123.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Syed, Anwar H. (Fall 1988). "Political Parties and the Nationality Question in Pakistan". Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. 12 (1): 42–75.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Wright, Theodore P. Jr. (April 1991). "Center-Periphery Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan: Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Punjabis". Comparative Politics. PhD Program in Political Science of the City University of New York. 23 (3): 299–312. doi:10.2307/422088. JSTOR 422088.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)