Albert Hourani

Albert Habib Hourani CBE (Arabic: ألبرت حبيب حوراني‎ Albart Ḥabīb Ḥūrānī; 31 March 1915 – 17 January 1993) was a British historian, specialising in the Middle East. He was of Lebanese descent.

Albert Hourani
Native name	ألبرت حبيب حوراني
Born	Albert Habib Hourani (1915-03-31)31 March 1915 Manchester, Lancashire, UK
Died	17 January 1993(1993-01-17) (aged 77) Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
Resting place	Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford
Occupation	Civil servant, lecturer
Alma mater	Magdalen College, Oxford
Notable works	A History of the Arab Peoples (1991)
Years active	1946–93
Spouse	Christine Mary Odile Wegg-Prosser ​ ( m. 1977; his death 1993)
Children	1

Background and education

Hourani was born in Manchester, England, the son of Soumaya Rassi and Fadlo Hourani,[1] immigrants from Marjeyoun in what is now South Lebanon (see Lebanese diaspora). Fadlo had studied at what later became the American University of Beirut and settled in Manchester as a cotton merchant.[2] Albert's brothers were George Hourani, philosopher, historian, and classicist, and Cecil Hourani, economic adviser to President of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba. His family had converted from Eastern Orthodoxy to Scottish Presbyterianism and his father became an elder of the local church in Manchester. Hourani himself, in turn, converted to Catholicism in adulthood. Fadlo had extensive business contacts with the Levantine community both in Manchester and in the Ottoman Empire, and Cecil Hourani commented on the household's mixed Anglo-Levantine culture:

"... to my earliest memories in Manchester there were two faces: the one Near Eastern, Lebanese, full of poetry, politics, and business; the other partly Scottish Presbyterian, full of Sunday church-going and Sunday school, partly English through an English nanny and a succession of English and Irish cooks and maids." [3]

Fadlo Hourani tried to enroll Albert into a preparatory school in Manchester but it did not accept him as it did not take 'foreigners'; Fadlo instead opened an alternative school in which Albert studied until the age of fourteen.[4] He later studied at Mill Hill School, London[5] before attending Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Philosophy, Politics, Economics and History (with an emphasis on international relations in the politics section of the degree), graduating first in his class in 1936.

Career

He taught in 1938–39 at the American University of Beirut, the first time he had lived in an Arabic speaking country[6] In World War II he worked at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (aka Chatham House) and in the office of the British Minister of State in Cairo. When in Cairo, Hourani rented a room in Paul Kraus's house; in 1944 Kraus was found hanged in his bathroom for an alleged suicide.

After the war's end, he worked at the Arab Office in Jerusalem and London, where he helped prepare the Arab case for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry.[7]

He began his academic career, which would occupy the rest of his life, in 1948, teaching at Magdalen College, St. Antony's College (where he created and directed the college's Middle East Centre), the American University of Beirut, the University of Chicago, the University of Pennsylvania, and Harvard. He ended his academic career as Fellow of St. Antony's and Reader in the History of the Modern Middle East at Oxford. Hourani trained more academic historians of the modern Middle East than any other university historian of his generation. Today his students can be found on the faculties of LSE, Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, Columbia, MIT and the University of Haifa, among others. He was appointed CBE in the 1980 Birthday Honours.

Influence on Middle Eastern studies

Hourani's most popular work is A History of the Arab Peoples (1991), a readable introduction to the history of the Middle East and an international best seller. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1789–1939 (1962) is one of the first scientific attempts at a comprehensive analysis of the nahda, the Arab revival of the 19th century, and the opening of the Arab world to modern European culture; it remains one of the major works on this subject. Syria and Lebanon (1946) and Minorities in the Arab World (1947) are other major works. He also wrote extensive works on the orientalist perspective on Middle Eastern cultures through the 18th and 19th centuries, and he developed the influential concept of the "urban notables" – political and social elites in provincial Middle Eastern cities and towns that served as intermediaries between imperial capitals (such as Istanbul under the Ottoman Turks) and provincial society.

The top book prize in the Middle Eastern studies field is named the Albert Hourani Book Award and it is given annually by the Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA). Hourani was an Honorary Fellow of both MESA and the American Historical Association (AHA).

Personal life

Hourani's headstone in Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford

In 1955 Hourani married Christine Mary Odile Wegg-Prosser (born 1914), while teaching at Magdalen College, Oxford. He died in Oxford in 1993 at the age of 77. His widow died in 2003 at the age of 89. Both are buried in Wolvercote Cemetery in Oxford.

They had a daughter, Susanna Hourani, who became professor of pharmacology and Head of Department in the School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences of the University of Surrey.

References

1. "The Horany / Hourani Connection". The Mahfood Family Site.
2. Marmura, Michael E. (1984). Islamic Theology and Philosophy: Studies in Honor of George F. Hourani. New York: SUNY. p. Introduction.
3. Hourani, Albert (1 January 2013). A History of the Arab Peoples: Updated Edition. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571302499.
4. Seddon, Mohammad Siddique. "Muslim and Jewish Communities in Nineteenth Century Manchester" (PDF). Royal Holloway, University of London.
5. "Hourani, Albert Habib". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
6. Al-Sudairi, Abdulaziz (1991). A Vision of the Middle East: An Intellectual Biography of Albert Hourani. I.B.Tauris. p. 21.
7. Joel Beinin, 'Arab Liberal Intellectuals and the Partition of Palestine', in Arie M. Dubnov and Laura Robson, eds, Partitions : A Transnational History of Twentieth-Century Territorial Separatism, Stanford University Press, 2019, pp.203-223

Sources

• Al-Sudairi, Abdulaziz A. A Vision of the Middle East: An Intellectual Biography of Albert Hourani. London: I.B. Tauris.

External links

• "Albert Hourani: Islam, Christianity and Orientalism" (PDF). The College Record. St Antony's College, Oxford. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2006.
• "Albert Hourani (1915–93)". Bulletin of the Middle East Studies Association. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006.