Adolph Ochs

Adolph Simon Ochs (March 12, 1858 – April 8, 1935) was an American newspaper publisher and former owner of The New York Times and The Chattanooga Times (now the Chattanooga Times Free Press).

Adolph Ochs
Born
Adolph Simon Ochs

(1858-03-12)March 12, 1858
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
DiedApril 8, 1935(1935-04-08) (aged 77)
Chattanooga, Tennessee, U.S.
Resting placeTemple Israel Cemetery, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, U.S.
OccupationPublisher
Spouse(s)Effie Wise
Signature

Early life and career

Ochs was born to a Jewish family in Cincinnati, Ohio, on March 12, 1858. His parents, Julius Ochs and Bertha Levy, were both German immigrants. His father had left Bavaria for the United States in 1846.[1] Julius was a highly educated man and fluent in six languages that he taught at schools throughout the South, though he supported the Union during the Civil War.[2] Ochs' mother Bertha, who had come to the United States in 1848 as a refugee from the revolution in Rhenish Bavaria, and had lived in the South before her 1853 marriage with Julius, sympathized with the South, though their differing sympathies didn't separate their household.[3]

After the war, the family moved to Knoxville, Tennessee.[3] In Knoxville, Adolph studied in the public schools and during his spare time delivered newspapers.[1] At 11, he went to work at the Knoxville Chronicle as office boy to William Rule, the editor, who became a mentor.[3] In 1871 he was a grocer's clerk at Providence, Rhode Island, attending a night school meanwhile. He then returned to Knoxville, where he was a druggist's apprentice for some time.[4] In 1872, he returned to the Chronicle as a "printer's devil," who looked after various details in the composing room of the paper.[3]

His siblings also worked at the newspaper to supplement the income of their father, a lay religious leader for Knoxville's small Jewish community. The Chronicle was the only Republican, pro-Reconstruction, newspaper in the city, but Ochs counted Father Ryan, the Poet-Priest of the Confederacy, among his customers.[5]

Chattanooga Times and The New York Times
Ochs and his daughter, Iphigene, c. 1902

At the age of 19, he borrowed $250 from his family to purchase a controlling interest in the Chattanooga Times, becoming its publisher. The following year he founded a commercial paper called The Tradesman. He was one of the founders of the Southern Associated Press and served as president. In 1896, at the age of 38, he was advised by The New York Times reporter Henry Alloway that the paper could be bought at a greatly reduced price due to its financial losses and wide range of competitors in New York City.[6][7] After borrowing money to purchase The New York Times for $75,000,[8] he formed the New York Times Co., placed the paper on a strong financial foundation, and became the majority stockholder.[1] In 1904, he hired Carr Van Anda as his managing editor. Their focus on objective journalism, in a time when newspapers were openly and highly partisan, and a well-timed price decrease (from 3¢ per issue to 1¢) led to its rescue from near oblivion. The paper's readership increased from 9,000 at the time of his purchase to 780,000 by the 1920s. He also added the Times' well-known masthead motto: "All the News That's Fit to Print."[2]

In 1904, Ochs moved the New York Times to a newly built building on Longacre Square in Manhattan, which the City of New York then renamed as Times Square. On New Year's Eve 1904, he had pyrotechnists illuminate his new building at One Times Square with a fireworks show from street level.[7][9][10]

On August 18, 1921, the 25th anniversary of reorganization, the staff of The New York Times numbered 1,885. It was classified as an independent Democratic publication, and consistently opposed William Jennings Bryan in his presidential campaigns. By its fairness in the presentation of news, editorial moderation and ample foreign service, it secured a high place in American journalism, becoming widely read and influential throughout the United States.[1]

Beginning with 1896, there was issued weekly a supplement, eventually called The New York Times Book Review and Magazine. Gradually other auxiliary publications were added: The Annalist, a financial review appearing on Mondays; The Times Mid-Week Pictorial on Thursdays; Current History Magazine, a monthly, started during World War I. The New York Times Index started in 1913 and was published quarterly; it compared only with the similar Index to London's The Times.[1]

In 1901, Ochs became proprietor and editor of the Philadelphia Times, later merged in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, of which he was sole owner from 1902 to 1912, when he sold it to Cyrus H. K. Curtis.[1]

According to Wolfgang Disch[note 1], it was during this time in 1916 that Ochs relayed one of his most famous quotes "I affirm that more than 50% of money spent on advertising is squandered and is a sheer waste of printers' ink." This quote might be the origin of the common marketing saying "I know half the money I spend on advertising is wasted, but I can never find out which half", which has been attributed to John Wanamaker.[12]

Family and religious activities

In 1884, Ochs married Effie Wise, the daughter of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise of Cincinnati, who was the leading exponent of Reform Judaism in America and the founder of Hebrew Union College.[13][14]

Time cover, 1 Sep 1924

In 1928 Ochs built the Mizpah Congregation Temple in Chattanooga in memory of his parents, Julius and Bertha Ochs.[15] The Georgian colonial building was designated as a Tennessee Historical Preservation Site in 1979.[16]

Ochs was engaged in crusading against anti-Semitism. He was active in the early years of the Anti-Defamation League, serving as an executive board member, and used his influence as publisher of the New York Times to convince other newspapers nationwide to cease the unjustified caricaturing and lampooning of Jews in the American press.

Death and legacy
A 1976 U.S. Postage Stamp commemorating Ochs.

Ochs died on April 8, 1935, during a visit to Chattanooga.[17] He is buried at the Temple Israel Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York.[3][18][19]

His only daughter, Iphigene Bertha Ochs, married Arthur Hays Sulzberger, who became publisher of the Times after Adolph died. Her son-in-law Orvil Dryfoos was publisher from 1961–63, followed by her son Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger. Her daughter, Ruth Holmberg, became publisher of The Chattanooga Times. Ruth Holmberg's son is Arthur Golden, author of Memoirs of a Geisha. Ochs' great-grandson Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. was publisher of The New York Times from 1992 until 2017.[20]

One of his nephews, Julius Ochs Adler, worked at The New York Times for more than 40 years, becoming general manager in 1935, after Ochs died. Another nephew, John Bertram Oakes, the son of his brother George Washington Ochs Oakes, in 1961 became editorial page editor of the Times' editorial page, which he edited until 1976. Ochs was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1982. Another nephew, Adolph Shelby Ochs, was treasurer and a director of The Chattanooga Times. He was married to Mrs. Theodosia Fitzgerald Gray of Danville, Virginia, granddaughter of Dan River Inc. founder T.B. Fitzgerald, niece of Wachovia Bank founder James Alexander Gray and cousin of Bowman Gray Sr., former president and chairman of R. J. Reynolds.

Notes
  1. Wolfgang K. A. Disch wrote several books on the topic of marketing, mostly in German, including a bibliography.[11]
gollark: It became popular once people decided that they wanted lots of client-side interactivity.
gollark: I'm not sure about that either.
gollark: Why would you assume *that*?
gollark: You can use stuff like F# which lets you use the OOPy stuff but write functional code.
gollark: I think OOP is mostly powered by inertia.

References
  1.  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Ochs, Adolph S." . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
  2. Lukesh, Susan S. "Adolph Ochs." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman. German Historical Institute. Last modified June 19, 2012.
  3. Obituary, The New York Times, April 9, 1935.
  4. Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Ochs, Adolph S." . Encyclopedia Americana.
  5. Neely, Jack. Knoxville's Secret History. Scruffy City Publishing, 1995.
  6. Davis, Elmer Holmes (1921). History of the New York Times, 1851-1921. New York: The New York Times. pp. 179–81.
  7. Crump, William D. (2014). Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. McFarland. p. 242. ISBN 9781476607481.
  8. "Adolph S. Ochs Dead at 77; Publisher of Times Since 1896". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  9. Lankevich, George J. (2001). Postcards from Times Square. Square One Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 9780757001000.
  10. McKendry, Joe (2011). One Times Square: A Century of Change at the Crossroads of the World. David R. Godine Publisher. pp. 10–14. ISBN 9781567923643.
  11. Disch, Wolfgang. "Bibliographie zur Marktforschung : Bibliography on marketing research. Bibliographie sur l'étude des marchés". Penn State University Libraries. Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  12. Marketing Journal.
  13. American Jewish Archives: "A Finding Aid to the Isaac Mayer Wise Papers. 1838-1931 - Manuscript Collection No. 436" retrieved September 27, 2015
  14. May, Max Benjamin (1992). Isaac Mayer Wise: The Founder of American Judaism; a Biography. Littman Library Of Jewish Civilization. p. 380. ISBN 978-0197100592.
  15. Elena Irish Zimmerman, Chattanooga, Arcadia Publishing, 1998, p. 49.
  16. "Mizpah". Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  17. Timothy Ezzell, "Adolph Ochs," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.
  18. "Adolph Ochs (1858-1935)". Find A Grave.com. January 1, 2001. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  19. "Adolph Ochs dies suddenly in Tennessee". Pittsburgh (Pa.) Post-Gazette. April 9, 1935. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  20. Ember, Sydney (December 14, 2017). "A.G. Sulzberger, 37, Is Named Next Publisher of The New York Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

Further reading
  • Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones, The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family behind The New York Times, Little, Brown and Company, 1999.
  • History of the ADL.
Business positions
Preceded by
Business acquired from George F. Spinney		 The New York Times Company Publisher
1896–1935		 Succeeded by
Arthur Hays Sulzberger
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Edith Cummings		 Cover of Time Magazine
1 September 1924		 Succeeded by
Wu Pei-fu
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