Achi language

Achi (Achí in Spanish) is a Mayan language very closely related to Kʼicheʼ (Quiché in the older orthography). It is spoken by the Achi people, primarily in the department of Baja Verapaz in Guatemala.

Achi
Achiʼ
Native toGuatemala
RegionBaja Verapaz
Ethnicity130,000 Achi (2013)[1]
Native speakers
(85,000 cited 1990–2000)[2]
Mayan
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byAcademia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
Language codes
ISO 639-3acr
Glottologachi1256[3]

There are two Achi dialects. Rabinal Achi is spoken in the Rabinal area, and Cubulco Achi is spoken in the Cubulco area west of Rabinal.

One of the masterpieces of precolumbian literature is the Rabinal Achí, a theatrical play written in the Achi language.

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Phar./
Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k q ʔ
ejective tʼ kʼ
implosive ɓ
Fricative s ʃ χ (ʕ)
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
ejective tsʼ tʃʼ
Nasal m n
Trill r
Approximant w l j
  • Voiceless plosives can have aspirated allophones [pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ], either when preceding a consonant or in word-final position.
  • A pharyngeal fricative sound [ʕ] can be heard before vowels or in word-initial or intervocalic environments preceding vowels.
  • A uvular consonant /χ/ can also be heard as velar [x] in some environments. /n/ when preceding a velar consonant can be heard as a velar nasal [ŋ].
  • Sonorants /l r j/ when preceding a voiceless consonant or in word-final position can occur sounding voiceless [l̥ r̥ j̊].[4]

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

Orthography

Achi uses a Latin-based alphabet:[5]

Vowels
Often used Also used IPA English equivalent
a /a/ Like the a in father.
e /e/ Like the Spanish e, similar to the a in English gate.
i /i/ Like the i in police.
o /o/ Like the o in note.
u v /u/ Like the u in flute.
Diphthongs
Often used Also used IPA English equivalent
ay ai aj Like English eye.
ey ei ej Like ey in English they.
oy oi oj Like oy in English boy.
uy ui uj like the uoy in English buoy.
Consonants
Often used Also used IPA English equivalent
bʼ b /ɓ/ Like b in boy, only implosive. To English speakers, it sounds as if Maya speakers are 'swallowing' the b sound, similar to the way b is pronounced in Vietnamese.
ch č /tʃ/ Like ch in chair.
chʼ čʼ, chh, ʼch /tʃʼ/ Like ch, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
h j /h/ Like the h in hay.
j h, x /x/ Like the raspy j in Spanish jalapeño.
k c, qu /k/ Like k in key.
kʼ cʼ, qʼu, quʼ, ʼc /kʼ/ Like k, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
l /l/ ~  /ɺ/ Like l in light. In some dialects this sound is flapped, like the ll in English bellow only pronounced more quickly (so that the tongue only flaps once against the top of the mouth.)
m /m/ Like m in moon.
n /n/ Like n in night.
p /p/ Like the p in pie.
q k /q/ Like k only pronounced further back in the throat. This is the same sound as the q in Arabic.
qʼ kʼ, ʼk /qʼ/ Like /q/, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
r /ɾ/ Like Spanish r, somewhat like the tt in English butter.
s /s/ Like the s in sun.
t /t/ Like the t in tell.
tʼ tt /tʼ/ Like t, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
tz ts, ¢ /t͡s/ Like ts in cats.
tzʼ tsʼ, ¢ʼ, ʼtz /tsʼ/ Like tz, only glottalized (pronounced with a pop of air.)
w /w/ Like w in way.
x š, sh /ʃ/ Like sh in shell.
y /j/ Like y in yes.
ʼ 7 /ʔ/ A pause sound, like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh."
gollark: Cool, but also madness, but cool.
gollark: .NET framework on Linux.
gollark: Unfortunately, the reactor planner thing seems to not run under mono.
gollark: It's easy, as long as it'll always be near a computer you control when booting.
gollark: A lot of the real world issues are very different to Minecraft ones.

References
  1. Achi language at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
  2. Rabinal Achi at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
    Cubulco Achi at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Achi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Lopez, Manuel Antonio; Iboy, Juliana Sis (1993). Gramática del Idioma Achi. La Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala: Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín.
  5. "Achi Pronunciation and Spelling Guide." Verb-Based Languages, www.native-languages.org/achi_guide.htm.


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