Aboriginal whaling

Indigenous whaling is the hunting of whales by indigenous peoples. It is permitted under international regulation, but in some countries remains a contentious issue. (The hunting of smaller cetaceans is covered at Dolphin drive hunting.) [2] It is usually considered part of the subsistence economy. In some places whaling has been superseded by whale watching instead. This article deals with communities that continue to hunt; details about communities that have ended the practice may be found at History of whaling.

Inuit subsistence whaling. A beluga whale is flensed for its maktaaq (skin), an important source of vitamin C.[1]

International regulation

Under the terms of the 1986 moratorium, the International Whaling Commission allows the activity to be carried out by aboriginal groups if it occurs on a subsistence basis, similar to subsistence fishing. This Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling is restricted to native peoples and others working on their behalf, as defined by the IWC.[3]

The IWC says that:[4]

Since its inception, the IWC has recognised that indigenous or 'aboriginal subsistence' whaling is of a different nature to commercial whaling. It is thus not subject to the moratorium. This is reflected in the different objectives for the two types of whaling. For aboriginal subsistence whaling the objectives are to:

• ensure that risks of extinction are not seriously increased by whaling;
• enable native people to hunt whales at levels appropriate to their cultural and nutritional requirements (also called 'need'); and
• move populations towards and then maintain them at healthy levels.

In order for a country to carry out a hunt under the aboriginal group clause, the nation must provide the IWC with evidence of "the cultural and subsistence needs of their people." In particular, the hunt is not intended for commercial purposes and the caught meat cannot be exported.[5]

United States whaling

See also: Whaling in the United States and Whaling on the Pacific Northwest Coast

Alaska beluga harvest in 2007

In the United States whaling is carried out by Alaska Natives and by the Makah of Washington State. It no longer occurs on the Atlantic coast, although the Pilgrim Fathers found the original inhabitants of New England had a well-developed understanding of drift whales.

Alaska

The Arctic whaling program is managed by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, which reports to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The commission includes eleven whaling communities which inhabit the Arctic Alaska coast: the Gambell, Savoonga, Wales, Little Diomede, Kivalina, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Barrow, Nuiqsut, and Kaktovik.[6]

In 2015 Alaska Natives caught 326 beluga whales and 49 bowhead whales.[7] In 2016 they caught 59 bowhead whales, two minke and one humpback whale;[8] The latter two species were not authorized, though no one was prosecuted.[9] Annual catches vary between 300 and 500 belugas and 40 to 70 bowheads.

The hunt takes the bowhead whales from a population of about 10,000 in Alaskan waters. Anti-whaling groups claim this hunt is not sustainable, though the IWC Scientific Committee, the same group that provided the above population estimate, projects a population growth of 3.2% per year. The hunt also took an average of one or two gray whales each year until 1996. The quota was reduced to zero in that year due to concerns about sustainability.[10]

Washington State

Members from the Makah tribe getting ready to harvest a whale, 1910

According to federal law, the Makah people of Washington State are entitled to hunt and kill one baleen whale, typically a gray whale, each year, though archeological records and oral history indicate a significant number of humpback whales were hunted as well. The Makah ended their whaling practices in the 1920s, but notified the U.S Government of their wish to reassert their whaling rights in 1995. The first permitted Makah whale hunt in 70 years occurred on May 17, 1999, when they caught a north Pacific gray whale,[11] an unpermitted hunt killed another in 2007,[12] and in 2018 they took meat from a humpback killed by a ship strike.[13] An environmental impact statement for further hunts was issued in 2015.[12]

On April 5, 2019 NOAA Fisheries proposed issuing a waiver under the MMPA to the Makah tribe to allow hunting, as well as a what stakeholders can do to engage in the public rule making process before an Administrative Law Judge. One of the main stipulations that NOAA proposed was allowing the Makah people to hunt as many as 20 gray whales every five years, however prior to any hunt the tribe would have to obtain a permit from NOAA.[14] On August 2, 2019 the Administrative Law Judge announced that the final agenda for the hearing on NOAA's proposed waiver and regulations was set for November 2019, which was postponed from the previous June 26, 2019 announcement.[15]

Canadian whaling

See also: Whaling in Canada and Whaling on the Pacific Northwest Coast

Bowhead whale caught in Igloolik, Nunavut in 2002.

Canada left the IWC in 1982 and as such is not bound by the moratorium. Whaling is carried out by various Inuit groups in the Canadian Arctic in small numbers and is managed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

Russian whaling

Russians of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East are permitted to take up to 140 gray whales from the North-East Pacific population each year.

Caribbean whaling

Some whaling is conducting from Grenada, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia. Species hunted are the short-finned pilot whale, pygmy killer whale and spinner dolphins. Throughout the Caribbean, around 400 pilot whales are killed annually with the meat being sold locally. This hunting of small cetaceans is not regulated by the IWC.

Whales are hunted in Bequia, the second largest of the Grenadines.[16] Natives of Bequia are allowed to catch up to four humpback whales per year using only traditional hunting methods of hand-thrown harpoons in small, open sailboats. The limit is rarely met, with no catch some years.[17] Its classification as aboriginal, and therefore permissible, is highly contested. In the 2012 meeting of the IWC, delegates from several anti-whaling countries, and environmental groups, spoke out against it, calling it "artisanal whaling out of control,"[16]

Faroese whaling

See also: Whaling in the Faroe Islands

Whalers in the Faroe Islands take approximately 800 long-finned pilot whales per year. These hunts are called grindadráp in Faroese.

Indonesian whaling

Lamakera whale hunters in a traditional boat called paledang. 1900.

Lamalera, on the south coast of the island of Lembata, and Lamakera on neighbouring Solor are the last two remaining Indonesian whaling communities. The hunters have religious taboos that ensure that they use every part of the animal. About half of the catch is kept in the village; the rest is traded in local markets, using barter. The whale hunts are carried out in a traditional manner, with bamboo spears and small wooden outriggers, 10–12 m long and 2m wide, constructed without nails and with sails woven from palm fronds. The animals are killed by the harpooner leaping onto the back of the animal, from the boat, to drive in the harpoon.

A dead whale on the beach at Lamakera, surrounded by villagers. 1900.

The people of Lamalera hunt several species of whales, primarily sperm whales (the baleen whale is taboo), and in the peak year of 1969 caught 56 sperm whales. In addition to whales, dolphins, manta rays, turtles and several species of sharks are also hunted. In 1973, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization sent a whaling ship and a Norwegian master whaler, to modernize the hunt. This effort lasted three years, and was not successful. According to the FAO report, the Lamalerans "have evolved a method of whaling which suits their natural resources, cultural tenets and style."[18][19]

The World Wildlife Fund has carried out surveys in the village to determine that the limited hunting does not endanger world whale stocks or other endangered species.

Issues that threaten aboriginal whaling rights

Commercial whaling and poachers hunt whales in large quantities and sell them illegally . The International Whaling Commission (IWC) does not allow the hunting of any whales except for aboriginal subsistence whaling and scientific whaling, which have catch limits to maintain the conservation of whales.[20] These groups must report their hunts and the number of whales killed in order to track the population of whale species and conservation. Hunting illegally means the kills are not reported, which makes it difficult to maintain population numbers and conservation.

References

1. Geraci, Joseph; Smith, Thomas (June 1979). "Vitamin C in the Diet of Inuit Hunters From Holman, Northwest Territories" (PDF). Arctic. 32 (2): 135–139.
2. "Whale Wars Aboriginal Whaling a Double Standard?". Animal Planet. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
3. "Aboriginal substance whaling". About Whales and Dolphins. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
4. "Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling". International Whaling Commission. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
5. "Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling in the Arctic". iwc.int. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
6. "Alaska Coast Whaling Commission". Alaska Coast Whaling Commission. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
7. Fisheries, NOAA (13 February 2018). "Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports by Region". www.fisheries.noaa.gov. Retrieved 7 April 2018. Total numbers 428 belugas and 43 bowheads are average 2011-2015 and include belugas in Canadian portion of Beaufort Sea.
8. "Catches taken: ASW". iwc.int. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
9. "Native hunters kill whale that made its way to Alaska river - StarTribune.com". 23 March 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
10. "Catch Limits". International Whaling Commission. International Whaling Commission. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
11. "Chronology of Major Events Related to Makah Tribal Gray Whale Hunt". NOAA Fisheries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
12. "NOAA study could set stage for Makah whaling to resume". The Seattle Times. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
13. "Whale killed by ship near Neah Bay now a harvest celebration as Makah Nation prepares feast". The Seattle Times. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
14. "Feds propose allowing Makah tribe to hunt gray whales again". The Seattle Times. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
15. Fisheries, NOAA (1 August 2019). "Makah Tribal Whale Hunt Chronology | NOAA Fisheries". www.fisheries.noaa.gov. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
16. Black, Richard (3 July 2012). "Indigenous whaling bids granted after 'racism' claim". BBC.
17. Hamaguchi, Hisashi (2013). "Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling in Bequia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines" (PDF). Senri Ethnological Studies. 84: 137–154.
18. Bruemmer, Fred (October 2001). "Sea hunters of Lamalera". Natural History.(subscription required)
19. "Lamalera". Incito Tour. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
20. "Whaling". International Whaling Commission. International Whaling Commission. Retrieved 8 May 2016.