Agni (missile)

The Agni missile (IAST: Agnī "Fire") is a family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles developed by India, named after one of the five elements of nature. Agni missiles are long range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missile. The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) and tested in 1989. After its success, Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance. It was designated as a special program in India's defence budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development. As of November 2019, the missiles in the Agni series are being inducted into service.[16] The family comprises the following:[17]

NameTypeRange
Agni-IMRBM700–1,200 km[1][7] (Operational)
Agni-IIMRBM 2,000–3,500 km[18] (Operational)
Agni-IIIIRBM3,000–5,000 km[8] (Operational)
Agni-IVIRBM3,500–4,000  km[19](Operational)
Agni-VICBM5,000–8,000 km[20][21][22] (Operational)
Agni-VIICBM11,000–12,000 km[4][23][24] (Under development)
"AGNI" redirects here. For the magazine, see AGNI (magazine). For other uses, see Agni (disambiguation).

Agni—I—II—III—IV—V—VI
TypeMedium-range ballistic missile (Agni-I, Agni-II)
Intermediate-range ballistic missile (Agni-III, Agni-IV)
Intercontinental ballistic missile (Agni-V, Agni VI)
Place of originIndia
Service history
In serviceActive
Used byIndia
Production history
ManufacturerBharat Dynamics Limited
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Specifications
Mass12,000 kg (Agni-I)[1]
16,000 kg (Agni-II)
48,000 kg (Agni III)
17,000 kg (Agni-IV)[2]
49,000 kg (Agni-V)[3]
55,000 kg (Agni VI)[4]
Length15 m (Agni-I)[1]
21 m (Agni-II)[5]
17 m (Agni-III)[6]
20 m (Agni-IV)[2]
17.5 m (Agni-V)[3]
Diameter1.0 m (Agni-I, Agni-II)
2.0 m (Agni-III, Agni V)
1.1 m (Agni VI)[4]
WarheadConventional high explosive-unitary, penetration, cluster munitions, incendiary weapon, thermobaric, strategic nuclear weapon
EngineComposite rocket motor
PropellantSolid fuel
Operational
range
700–1,200 km (Agni-I)[1][7]
2,000–3,500 km (Agni-II)[5]
3,000–5,000 km (Agni-III)[8]
3,500–4,000 km (Agni-IV)
5,000–8,000 km (Agni-V)[9]
11,000–12,000 km (Agni VI)[4]
Flight altitude300 km (Agni-I)[10]
230 km (Agni-II),[5][11]
350 km (Agni-III)[12]
Maximum speed 2.5 km/s (Agni-I)[13]
3.5 km/s (Agni-II)[5][14]
Guidance
system
Mid-course: Ring laser gyro inertial navigation system with GPS/NavIC satellite guidance
Terminal: Imaging infrared homing, radar scene correlation, active radar homing
Launch
platform
Road/Rail mobile[15]

Agni-I
Main article: Agni-I
Agni-I

The two-stage Agni technology demonstrator, with a solid-fuel first stage, was first tested at the Interim Test Range in Chandipur in 1989. It was capable of carrying a conventional payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or a nuclear warhead. This original technology demonstrator evolved into the solid-fuel Agni-1 and Agni-2 missiles. India first developed the two-stage 2000 km range Agni-2, testing it in 1999. It then used the first stage of this system to develop the 700 km range single-stage Agni-1, which was first tested in January 2002.

Weighing 12 tonne with a length of 15 metres, Agni-1 has a range of 700–900 km[7] and is capable of carrying a conventional payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or a nuclear warhead[1] at a speed of 2.5 km/s.[3] Agni missiles consist of one (short range) or two stages (intermediate range). These are rail and road mobile and powered by solid propellants. Agni-I is used by the Strategic Force Command (SFC) of the Indian Army.[1] The latest missile test occurred on 13 July 2012, when India test fired Agni I successfully at Wheeler Island off Orissa coast.[25] On April 11, 2014 the missile was test fired for the first time in a night trial exercise to its full range of 700 km from the Wheeler island off the Odisha coast. The missile randomly picked from production line was test fired by the Strategic Forces Command after 11 pm in the night. This test was first night after 2 previous test failed due to technical glitches.[26] The missile was test fired from a mobile launcher with logistics support from DRDO at the Integrated Test Range as part of the regular training exercise by the armed forces.[27]

With a special weapons load Agni-I can reach 1200 km. As compared to Agni-II, Agni-I is less costly, simple, accurate and more mobile. [28]

Agni-II
Main article: Agni-II
Agni-II

Agni-II with a range of 2,000–2,500 km is 20 metres long, has a diameter of one metre, and weighs around 18 tonnes. Agni – II uses solid propellant in both of its two stages.[29] They are claimed to be a part of the "credible deterrence" against China and Pakistan. India stated that its nuclear and missile development programmes are not Pakistan-centric, that the Pakistani threat is only a marginal factor in New Delhi's security calculus, and that Agni is at the heart of deterrence in the larger context of Sino-Indian equation.[30]

The 2000 km range nuclear weapon capable missile, already inducted into country's arsenal, was successfully launched as a training exercise by the Strategic Forces Command on 9 August 2012.[31][32] India on 7 April 2013 conducted its latest test of its nuclear capable Agni-II strategic ballistic missile from a missile testing range in Odisha. The test was conducted from Abdul Kalam Island (formerly known as Wheeler Island) in Bhadrak district, by army personnel as part of a training exercise.[33] India successfully conducted the first night trial of nuclear-capable intermediate range ballistic missile Agni-II from the Abdul Kalam Island of the Odisha coast at 16 Nov 2019. The 20-metre-long, two-stage ballistic missile has a strike range of 2,000 km To 3000 km. It has a launch weight of 17 tonnes and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg.[34]

Agni-III
Main article: Agni-III
Agni-III

Agni-III is the third in the Agni series of missiles. Agni III uses solid propellant in both stages.[29] Agni-III was first tested on 9 July 2006 from Wheeler Island off the coast of the eastern state of Odisha. After the launch, it was reported that the second stage of the rocket did not separate and the missile had fallen well short of its target. Agni-III was again tested on 12 April 2007, this time successfully, again from Wheeler Island. On 7 May 2008 India again successfully test fired this missile. This was the third consecutive test; it validated the missile's operational readiness while extending the reach of India's nuclear deterrent to most high-value targets of the nation's most likely adversaries. Agni-III has a range of 3,500 km,[6] and can take a warhead of 1.5 tonnes.[35]

It has been reported that the missile's circular error probable (CEP) lies in the range of 40 meters, This would make Agni-III[36] the most accurate strategic ballistic missile of its range class in the world.[35] This is of special significance because a highly accurate ballistic missile increases the "kill efficiency" of the weapon; it allows Indian weapons designers to use smaller yield nuclear warheads (200 kiloton thermonuclear or boosted fission) while increasing the lethality of the strike. This permits India to deploy a much larger nuclear force using less fissile/fusion material (plutonium/lithium deuteride) than other nuclear powers. Older ballistic missiles, such as those deployed by earlier nuclear powers required larger yield (1–2 megaton) warheads to achieve the same level of lethality. It has also been reported that with smaller payloads, the Agni-III can hit strategic targets well beyond 3,500 km.

Agni-IV
Main article: Agni-IV
Agni-IV

Agni-IV is the fourth in the Agni series of missiles which was earlier known as Agni II prime.[37] Agni-IV was first tested on 15 November 2011 and 19 September 2012 from Wheeler Island off the coast of the eastern state of Orissa for its full range of 4,000 km. The missile lifted off from a road mobile launcher at 11.48 a.m. and after climbing to an altitude of over 800 km, it re-entered the atmosphere and impacted near the pre-designated target in the Indian Ocean with remarkable degree of accuracy following a 20-minute flight. Carrying a payload of explosives weighing a tonne, the missile re-entered the atmosphere and withstood searing temperatures of more than 3,000 °C. With a range of 3,000–4,000 km,[38][39] Agni-IV bridges the gap between Agni II and Agni III. It was again successfully test fired on 20 January 2014.[40] Agni IV can take a warhead of 1 tonne. It is designed to increase the kill efficiency along with a higher range performance. Agni IV is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies, that includes indigenously developed ring laser gyro and composite rocket motor. It is a two-stage missile powered by solid propellant. Its length is 20 meters and launch weight 17 tonnes.[37] It can be fired from a road mobile launcher.[37][41][42]

Agni-V
Main article: Agni-V
Agni-V

Agni-V is a solid fueled intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. It will greatly expand India's reach to strike targets more than 5,500 km away. Agni-V was first test fired on 19 April 2012 at 08:07 am IST from Wheeler Island off the coast of Orissa, the test was successful.[43][44] Agni-V ICBM has been designed with the addition of a third composite stage to the two-stage Agni-III missile.[3] To reduce the weight it is built with high composite content. The 17.5-metre-long Agni-V would be a canister launch missile system so as to ensure that it has the requisite operational flexibility and can be swiftly transported and fired from anywhere.[3] Agni-V weighs around 49 tonnes; one tonne more than Agni III and a much longer range.[3] The second test launch of Agni-V was successfully done on 15 September 2013 at 08:43 am IST from Wheeler Island.[45] In January 2015, the canisterized version was successfully tested from Wheeler Island.[46]

Agni-VI
Main article: Agni-VI

Agni-VI is an intercontinental ballistic missile reported to be in early stages of development by India and is being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. It is to be the latest and most advanced version among the Agni missile program. It will be capable of being launched from submarines as well as from land, and will have a strike-range of 8,000–10,000 km with MIRVed warheads.[4][23][24]

Further developments
Agni missile range

In May 2008 Indian scientists announced they had developed and patented a path-breaking technology that increases the range of missiles and satellite launch vehicles by at least 40%.[47] The enhanced range is made possible by adding a special-purpose coating of chromium-based material to a rocket's blunt nose cone. The material acts as a reactive-ablative coating that forms a thin low density gaseous layer at the tip of the rocket as it approaches hypersonic speeds; this super-heated gas layer reduces drag by 47% (at mach 7–8), thereby allowing range enhancements at least 40%.[48][49] It has been announced that this technology will be incorporated in future Agni deployments after having undergone ranging and calibration tests.

Specifications
MissileProjectTypeWarheadPayload (kg)Range (km)Dimension (m)Fuel/StagesWeight (kg)In serviceCEP (m)
Agni-IIGMDPStrategicConventional high explosive-unitary, penetration, cluster munition, incendiary, thermobaric, strategic nuclear weapon1,000700–1200[50]15X1Single stage solid22,000200925[51]
Agni-IIIGMDPStrategicConventional high explosive-unitary, penetration, sub-munitions, incendiary, thermobaric, strategic nuclear weapon820–2,0002,000–3,50020X1Two and half stage solid[52]26,000200630-40
Agni-IIIIGMDPStrategicConventional, thermobaric, strategic nuclear weapon2,5003,000–5,00017X2Two stage solid44,000201140
Agni-IVAgni-IVStrategicConventional, thermobaric, strategic nuclear weapon800–1,0003,500–4,00020X1Two stage solid17,0002014<100
Agni-VAgni-VStrategicStrategic nuclear weapon1,500 (3–10 MIRV)5,000–8,00017X2Three Stage solid50,0002019>10 - <80[53]
Agni-VIAgni-VIStrategicStrategic nuclear weapon3,000 (10 MIRV)11,000-12,000[54]40X1.1[4]Three Stage solid55,000[4]Under development
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See also

References
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