A. J. Cronin

Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896 – 6 January 1981) was a Scottish physician and novelist.[2] His best-known novel The Citadel (1937) tells of a Scottish doctor in a Welsh mining village, who shoots up the career ladder in London. Cronin had seen the venues as a medical inspector of mines and later as a doctor in Harley Street. The book promoted still controversial ideas on medical ethics and helped to inspire the National Health Service. Another popular mining novel of his, set in the North East of England, is The Stars Look Down. Both have been filmed, as have Hatter's Castle, The Keys of the Kingdom and The Green Years. His novella Country Doctor became a long-running BBC radio and TV series, Dr. Finlay's Casebook, revived many years later.

A. J. Cronin
Cronin in 1944
BornArchibald Joseph Cronin
(1896-07-19)19 July 1896
Cardross, Dunbartonshire,[1] Scotland
Died6 January 1981(1981-01-06) (aged 84)
Montreux, Switzerland
Occupation

Early life
Rosebank Cottage, Cronin's birthplace

Cronin was born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire,[1] Scotland, the only child of a Presbyterian mother, Jessie Cronin (née Montgomerie), and a Catholic father, Patrick Cronin. Cronin often wrote of young men from similarly mixed backgrounds. His paternal grandparents had emigrated from County Armagh, Ireland, and become glass and china merchants in Alexandria. Owen Cronin, his grandfather, had had his surname changed from Cronague in 1870. His maternal grandfather, Archibald Montgomerie, was a hatter who owned a shop in Dumbarton. After their marriage Cronin's parents moved to Helensburgh, where he attended Grant Street School. When he was seven years old, his father, an insurance agent and commercial traveller, died from tuberculosis. He and his mother moved to her parents' home in Dumbarton, and she soon became a public health inspector in Glasgow.

Cronin was not only a precocious student at Dumbarton Academy,[3] who won prizes in writing competitions, but an excellent athlete and footballer. From an early age he was an avid golfer, and he enjoyed the sport throughout his life. He also loved salmon fishing.

The family later moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, where Cronin attended St Aloysius' College[3] in the Garnethill area of the city. He played football for the First XI there, an experience he included in one of his last novels, The Minstrel Boy. A family decision that he should study either to join the church or to practise medicine was settled by Cronin himself when he chose "the lesser of two evils".[4] He won a Carnegie scholarship to study medicine at the University of Glasgow in 1914. Having been absent in 1916–1917 for naval service, he graduated in 1919 with highest honours in the degree of MBChB. Later that year he visited India as ship's surgeon on a liner. Cronin went on to earn additional qualifications, including a Diploma in Public Health (1923) and Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (1924). In 1925 he was awarded an MD by the University of Glasgow for a dissertation entitled "The History of Aneurysm".

Medical career

During the First World War, Cronin served as a surgeon sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve before graduating from medical school. After the war he trained at various hospitals, including Bellahouston Hospital and Lightburn Hospital in Glasgow, and the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin. He undertook general practice in a small village on the Clyde, Garelochhead, and in Tredegar, a mining town in South Wales. In 1924 he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain. His survey of medical regulations in collieries and his reports on the correlation between coal-dust inhalation and pulmonary disease were published over the next few years. Cronin drew on his medical experience and research on the occupational hazards of the mining industry for his later novels – The Citadel, set in Wales, and The Stars Look Down, set in Northumberland. He subsequently moved to London, where he practised in Harley Street before opening a thriving medical practice of his own in Notting Hill. Cronin was also the medical officer for the Whiteleys department store at this time and becoming increasingly interested in ophthalmology.

Writing career

In 1930 Cronin was diagnosed with a chronic duodenal ulcer and told that must take six months' complete rest in the country on a milk diet. At Dalchenna Farm by Loch Fyne he was finally able to indulge his lifelong desire to write a novel, having previously "written nothing but prescriptions and scientific papers."[5] From Dalchenna Farm he travelled to Dumbarton to research the background of his first novel, using the files of Dumbarton Library, which still has a letter from Cronin requesting advice. He composed Hatter's Castle in the span of three months and the manuscript was quickly accepted by Gollancz, the only publishing house to which it had been submitted (apparently chosen by his wife sticking a pin into a list of publishers at random).[4] The novel was an immediate and sensational success, launching Cronin's career as a prolific author. He never returned to practising medicine.

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers in their day and translated into many languages. Some of his stories draw on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance and social criticism. Cronin's works examine moral conflicts between the individual and society, as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the common man. One of his early novels, The Stars Look Down (1935), chronicles transgressions in a mining community in north-east England and an ambitious miner's rise to be a Member of Parliament.

A prodigiously fast writer, Cronin liked to average 5,000 words a day, meticulously planning the details of his plots in advance.[4] He was known to be tough in business dealings, although in private life he was a person whose "pawky humour... peppered his conversations," according to one of his editors, Peter Haining.[4]

Cronin also contributed stories and essays to various international publications. During the Second World War he worked for the British Ministry of Information, writing articles as well as participating in radio broadcasts to foreign countries.

Influence of The Citadel

The Citadel (1937), a tale of a mining company doctor's struggle to balance scientific integrity with social obligations, helped to promote the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom by exposing the inequity and incompetence of medical practice at the time. In the novel Cronin advocated a free public health service in order to defeat the wiles of doctors who "raised guinea-snatching and the bamboozling of patients to an art form."[4] Dr Cronin and Aneurin Bevan had both worked at the Tredegar Cottage Hospital in Wales, which served as one of the bases for the NHS. The author quickly made enemies in the medical profession, and there was a concerted effort by one group of specialists to get The Citadel banned. Cronin's novel, which was the highest-selling book ever published by Victor Gollancz, informed the public about corruption within the medical system, planting a seed that eventually led to reform. Not only were the author's pioneering ideas instrumental in the creation of the NHS, but the historian Raphael Samuel asserted in 1995 that the popularity of Cronin's novels played a major role in the Labour Party's landslide victory in 1945.[6]

By contrast, one of Cronin's biographers, Alan Davies, called the book's reception mixed. A few of the more vociferous medical practitioners of the day took exception to one of its many messages: that a few well-heeled doctors in fashionable practices were ripping off their equally well-off patients. Some pointed to a lack of balance between criticism and praise for hard-working doctors. The majority accepted it for what it was, a topical novel. The press attempted to incite passions within the profession in an attempt to sell copy, while Victor Gollancz followed suit in an attempt to promote the book, all overlooking the fact that it was a work of fiction, not a scientific piece of research, and not autobiographical.

In the United States The Citadel won the National Book Award, Favorite Fiction of 1937, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.[7] According to a Gallup poll conducted in 1939, The Citadel was voted the most interesting book readers had ever read.[8]

Religion

Some of Cronin's novels also deal with religion, which he had grown away from during his medical training and career, but to which he became reacquainted in the 1930s. At medical school, as he recounts in his autobiography, he had become an agnostic: "When I thought of God it was with a superior smile, indicative of biological scorn for such an outworn myth." During his practice in Wales, however, the deep religious faith of the people he worked among made him start to wonder whether "the compass of existence held more than my text-books had revealed, more than I had ever dreamed of. In short I lost my superiority, and this, though I was not then aware of it, is the first step towards finding God."

Cronin also came to feel that "If we consider the physical universe... we cannot escape the notion of a primary Creator.... Accept evolution with its fossils and elementary species, its scientific doctrine of natural causes. And still you are confronted with the same mystery, primary and profound. Ex nihilo nihil, as the Latin tag of our schooldays has it: nothing can come of nothing." This was brought home to him in London, where in his spare time he had organised a working boys' club. One day he invited a distinguished zoologist to deliver a lecture to the members. The speaker, adopting "a frankly atheistic approach," described the sequence of events leading to the emergence, "though he did not say how," of the first primitive life-form from lifeless matter. When he concluded, there was polite applause. Then, "a mild and very average youngster rose nervously to his feet," and with a slight stammer asked how there came to be anything in the first place. The naïve question took everyone by surprise. The lecturer "looked annoyed, hesitated, slowly turned red. Then, before he could answer, the whole club burst into a howl of laughter. The elaborate structure of logic offered by the test-tube realist had been crumpled by one word of challenge from a simple-minded boy."[9]

Family
Cronin with family in 1938

It was at university that Cronin met his future wife, Agnes Mary Gibson (May) (1898–1981), who was also a medical student. She was the daughter of Robert Gibson, a master baker, and Agnes Thomson Gibson (née Gilchrist) of Hamilton, Lanarkshire. The couple married on 31 August 1921. As a physician, May worked with her husband briefly in the dispensary while he was employed by the Tredegar Medical Aid Society; she also assisted him with his practice in London. When he became an author, she would proofread his manuscripts. Their first son, Vincent, was born in Tredegar in 1924. Their second son, Patrick, was born in London in 1926. Andrew, their youngest son, was born in London in 1937.

With his stories being adapted for Hollywood films, Cronin and his family moved to the United States in 1939, living in Bel Air, California, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Greenwich, Connecticut, and Blue Hill, Maine. In 1945, the Cronins sailed back to England aboard the RMS Queen Mary, staying briefly in Hove and then in Raheny, Ireland, before returning to the US the following year. They then took up residence at the Carlyle Hotel in New York City and then in Deerfield, Massachusetts, before settling in New Canaan, Connecticut, in 1947. Ever the nomad, Cronin also travelled frequently to summer homes in Bermuda and Cap-d'Ail, France.

Later years

Ultimately Cronin returned to Europe, to reside in Lucerne and Montreux, Switzerland, for the last 25 years of his life. He continued to write into his eighties. He included among his friends Laurence Olivier, Charlie Chaplin and Audrey Hepburn, to whose first son he was a godfather.

Although the latter part of his life was spent entirely abroad, Cronin retained a great affection for the district of his childhood, writing in 1972 to a local teacher: "Although I have travelled the world over I must say in all sincerity that my heart belongs to Dumbarton.... In my study there is a beautiful 17th-century coloured print of the Rock.... I even follow with great fervour the fortunes of the Dumbarton football team."[10] Further evidence of Cronin's lifelong support of Dumbarton F.C. comes from a framed typewritten letter hanging in the foyer of the club's stadium. The letter, written in 1972 and addressed to the club's then secretary, congratulates the team on its return to the top division after an absence of 50 years and recalls his childhood support for it, and on occasion being "lifted over" the turnstiles (a common practice in times past so that children did not have to pay).[11]

Cronin died on 6 January 1981 in Montreux and is interred at La Tour-de-Peilz. Many of Cronin's writings, including published and unpublished literary manuscripts, drafts, letters, school exercise books and essays, laboratory books and his M.D. thesis, are held at the National Library of Scotland and at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas.

Honours

Bibliography
Cronin blue plaque
  • Hatter's Castle (novel, 1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0
  • Three Loves (novel, 1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1
  • Kaleidoscope in "K" (novella, 1933)
  • Grand Canary (serial novel, 1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9
  • Woman of the Earth (novella, 1933) ISBN 978-1543185812
  • Country Doctor (novella, 1935) ISBN 978-1523347100
  • The Stars Look Down (novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X
  • Lady with Carnations (serial novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-03631-6
  • The Citadel (novel, 1937), ISBN 0-450-01041-4
  • Vigil in the Night (serial novella, 1939) ISBN 978-0-9727439-6-9
  • Jupiter Laughs (play, 1940), ISBN B000OHEBC2
  • Child of Compassion (novelette, 1940), ISBN 978-1530135349
  • Enchanted Snow (novel, 1940), ISBN 978-1523950119
  • The Valorous Years (serial novella, 1940) ISBN 978-0-9727439-7-6
  • The Keys of the Kingdom (novel, 1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2
  • Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1943, rev. 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X
  • The Green Years (novel, 1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2
  • The Man Who Couldn't Spend Money (novelette, 1946), ISBN 978-1530135349
  • Shannon's Way (novel, 1948; sequel to The Green Years), ISBN 0-450-03313-9
  • Gracie Lindsay (serial novel, 1949), ISBN 0-450-04536-6
  • The Spanish Gardener (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9
  • Beyond This Place (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01708-7
  • Adventures in Two Worlds (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0
  • Escape from Fear (serial novella, 1954), ISBN 978-1523326921
  • A Thing of Beauty (novel, 1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; also published as Crusader's Tomb (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4
  • The Northern Light (novel, 1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6
  • The Innkeeper's Wife (short story republished as a book, 1958), ISBN 978-1543220940
  • The Cronin Omnibus (three earlier novels, collected in 1958), ISBN 0-575-05836-6
  • The Native Doctor; also published as An Apple in Eden (novel, 1959), ISBN 978-1523392537
  • The Judas Tree (novel, 1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6
  • A Song of Sixpence (novel, 1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0
  • Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306X
  • A Pocketful of Rye (novel, 1969; sequel to A Song of Sixpence), ISBN 0-450-39010-1
  • Desmonde (novel, 1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also published as The Minstrel Boy (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5
  • Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae (short stories, 1978), ISBN 0-450-04246-4
  • Dr Finlay's Casebook (omnibus edition – 2010), ISBN 978-1-84158-854-4
  • Further Adventures of a Country Doctor (twelve late-1930s short stories, collected in 2017), ISBN 978-1543289190

Selected periodical publications
  • "Lily of the Valley," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (February 1936), ISBN 978-1543220940
  • "The Citadel..." The Australian Women's Weekly, (9 October 1937) Vol.5 # 18, begin serialization.[13]
  • "Mascot for Uncle," Good Housekeeping, (February 1938), ISBN 978-1530135349
  • "The Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met: The Doctor of Lennox," Reader's Digest, 35 (September 1939): 26–30.
  • "The Portrait," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (December 1940), ISBN 978-1543220940
  • "Turning Point of My Career," Reader's Digest, 38 (May 1941): 53–57.
  • "Diogenes in Maine," Reader's Digest, 39 (August 1941): 11–13.
  • "Reward of Mercy," Reader's Digest, 39 (September 1941): 25–37.
  • "How I Came to Write a Novel of a Priest," Life, 11 (20 October 1941): 64–66.
  • "Drama in Everyday Life," Reader's Digest, 42 (March 1943): 83–86.
  • "Candles in Vienna," Reader's Digest, 48 (June 1946): 1–3.
  • "Star of Hope Still Rises," Reader's Digest, 53 (December 1948): 1–3.
  • "Johnny Brown Stays Here," Reader's Digest, 54 (January 1949): 9–12.
  • Two Gentlemen of Verona," Reader's Digest, 54 (February 1949): 1–5.
  • "Greater Gift," Reader's Digest, 54 (March 1949): 88–91.
  • "The One Chance," Redbook, (March 1949), ISBN 978-1543220940
  • "An Irish Rose," Reader's Digest, 56 (January 1950): 21–24.
  • "Monsieur le Maire," Reader's Digest, 58 (January 1951): 52–56.
  • "Best Investment I Ever Made," Reader's Digest, 58 (March 1951): 25–28.
  • "Quo Vadis?", Reader's Digest, 59 (December 1951): 41–44.
  • "Tombstone for Nora Malone," Reader's Digest, 60 (January 1952): 99–101.
  • "When You Dread Failure," Reader's Digest, 60 (February 1952): 21–24.
  • "What I Learned at La Grande Chartreuse," Reader's Digest, 62 (February 1953): 73–77.[14]
  • "Grace of Gratitude," Reader's Digest, 62 (March 1953): 67–70.
  • "Thousand and One Lives," Reader's Digest, 64 (January 1954): 8–11.
  • "How to Stop Worrying," Reader's Digest, 64 (May 1954): 47–50.
  • "Don't Be Sorry for Yourself!," Reader's Digest, 66 (February 1955): 97–100.
  • "Unless You Deny Yourself," Reader's Digest, 68 (January 1956): 54–56.
  • "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," Reader's Digest, 89 (November 1966): 153–157.[15]

Film adaptations

Selected television credits

Selected radio credits
gollark: If these are in fact true useful concepts then yes, but it doesn't seem that way.
gollark: Alchemists had their own weird system based on mercury and sulfur or something weird like that.
gollark: I could probably draw my own equally arbitrary ones.
gollark: Why specifically *those*?
gollark: If you just define anything which happens as being part of the balance retroactively, then it is not meaningful to complain about it.

See also

References
  1. Before 16 May 1975 Cardross was in Dunbartonshire
  2. "University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of AJ Cronin". www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk.
  3. Liukkonen, Petri. "A. J. Cronin". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011.
  4. Haining, Peter (1994) On Call with Doctor Finlay. London: Boxtree Limited. ISBN 1852834714
  5. Cronin, A. J. Adventures in Two Worlds. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1952, pp. 261–262.
  6. Samuel, R. (22 June 1995). "North and South: A Year in a Mining Village". London Review of Books. 17 (12): 3–6.
  7. "Booksellers Give Prize to 'Citadel': Cronin's Work About Doctors Their Favorite–'Mme. Curie' Gets Non-Fiction Award TWO OTHERS WIN HONORS Fadiman Is 'Not Interested' in What Pulitzer Committee Thinks of Selections", The New York Times, 2 March 1938, page 14. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).
  8. Gallup Jr., Alec M. (2009). The Gallup Poll Cumulative Index: Public Opinion, 1935–1997, p. 135, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0842025871.
  9. Cronin, A. J., Adventures in Two Worlds, Chapter 40 ("Why I Believe in God," in The Road to Damascus. Volume IV: Roads to Rome, edited by John O'Brien. London: Pinnacle Books, 1955, pp. 11–18)
  10. Letter quoted in obituary of Cronin in Lennox Herald. There is a photocopy of this obituary (undated) at "Cardross and A. J. Cronin Part 3"
  11. A.J. Cronin. The Ben Lomond Free Press (28 November 2007)
  12. Cooper, Goolistan (6 April 2015). "Plaque for Notting Hill GP who became celebrated author".
  13. { url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56325495 }accessed 11 August 2018 page=8 =National Library of Australia}
  14. This article is parodied near the end of William Gaddis's novel The Recognitions: see entry for 857.20 at https://www.williamgaddis.org/recognitions/35anno1.shtml. The character called "the distinguished novelist," who first appears on p. 846, is based on Cronin: see The Letters of William Gaddis (Dalkey Archive Press, 2013), p. 386.
  15. Dictionary of Literary Biography
  16. "The Campbell Playhouse: The Citadel". Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946. Indiana University Bloomington. 21 January 1940. Retrieved 29 July 2018.

Further reading
  • Salwak, Dale."" A. J. Cronin. Boston: Twayne's English Authors Series, 1985. ISBN 0-8057-6884-X
  • Davies, Alan. A. J. Cronin: The Man Who Created Dr Finlay. Alma Books, April 2011. ISBN 978-1-84688-112-1

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