40s BC

From left, clockwise: Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon; Fire of Alexandria following a Roman siege; Assassination of Julius Caesar; Assassination of Pompey the Great.

Millennium:	1st millennium BC
Centuries:	2nd century BC 1st century BC 1st century
Decades:	60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC
Years:	49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC 40 BC
Categories:	Births Deaths Establishments

This article concerns the period 49 BC – 40 BC.

Events

49 BC

By place and Date

Roman Republic

• Consuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior.
• Caesar's Civil War commences:
  • January 1 – The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.
  • January 10 – Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction in Cisalpine Gaul from that of the Senate in Rome, and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Senate invokes the senatus consultum ultimum.
  • February – Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.
  • March 9 – Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.
  • April 19 – Siege of Massilia: Caesar commences a siege at Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He leaves the newly raised legions XVII, XVIII and XIX to conduct the siege. Decimus Brutus – victor over the Veneti (see 56 BC) – is in charge of the fleet to blockade the harbor.
  • June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.
  • June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki.
  • July 30 – Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda.
  • August 2 – Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon.
  • August 24 – Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica) in the Battle of the Bagradas, after which he commits suicide.
  • September – Brutus defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces of the siege of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic Sea is defeated near Curicta (Krk).
  • September 6 – Massilia surrenders to Caesar, as he is coming back from Spain.
  • October – Caesar is appointed Dictator in Rome.

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Significant people

• Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, term 46–44 BC)
• Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (85–42 BC)
• Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC)
• Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC)—enters her twenties, has son Caesarion with Julius Caesar, before meeting Mark Antony
• Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus, Roman politician and general (62 BC–AD 14)
• Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC)
• Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC)

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References