Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus

Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (c. 82 BC – September 43 BC) was a Roman general and politician of the late republican period and one of the leading instigators of Julius Caesar's assassination. He had previously been an important supporter of Caesar in the Gallic Wars and in the civil war against Pompey. Decimus Brutus is not to be confused with his distant cousin and fellow conspirator Marcus Junius Brutus, though he often is.

For other people with similar names, see Decimus Junius Brutus.
Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
Born27 April,[1] c. 82 BC[2]
Rome, Italy, Roman Republic
DiedSeptember 43 BC (aged c. 39)
Cause of deathExecuted by a Gallic chief loyal to Mark Antony
NationalityRoman
OccupationGeneral and politician
Known forAssassination of Julius Caesar
OfficeGovernor of Gaul
Consul designate (42 BC)
Spouse(s)Paula Valeria
RelativesDecimus Junius Brutus (father)
Aulus Postumius Albinus (adoptive father)
Military career
AllegianceJulius Caesar (until 44 BC)
Liberatores (44–43 BC)
Years56–43 BC
ConflictsGallic Wars
Caesar's Civil War
Battle of Mutina

Biography

Early life
Denarius of Decimus Brutus minted in 48 BC. The obverse legend reads "Aulus Postumius consul", but it is unknown which one is depicted here (there were six consuls of that name). The reverse with the wreath of wheat-ears might refer to a supply of wheat ordered by this man.[3]

Decimus was the natural son of Decimus Junius Brutus, who was consul in 77 BC. His mother was in the past assumed to have been Sempronia, who was the wife of Decimus' father in all surviving records, but historian Ronald Syme has proposed that Decimus' father may have been married to another woman before Sempronia, a Postumia who could have been a sister of the wife of Servius Sulpicius Rufus, since Decimus and Rufus' son were described as cousins.[4]

Decimus was perhaps adopted by Aulus Postumius Albinus, who is only known as triumvir monetalis in 81 BC.[5] The reason for adoption was the early death of Aulus' son.[6] The Postumii Albini were a distinguished patrician family, prominent from the beginning of the Republic (its first member was Aulus Postumius Albus who won the legendary Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC), but would have become extinct without this adoption.[4]

Despite his adoption into the Postumii, Decimus kept his own family name, only adding his adoptive father's cognomen Albinus. Syme felt this supports his assertion that Decimus' mother was a previous wife of his father and not Sempronia, as having kinship with the Postumia gens would have made it logical for Aulus Postumius Albinus to adopt him.[4]

On several occasions Julius Caesar expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son. Syme argued that if a Brutus was the natural son of Caesar, Decimus was more likely than Marcus Brutus.[7] Decimus was named an heir in the second degree in Caesar's will and was designated to become guardian of any child Caesar would have. Roman historian Appian interpreted this as being an adoption of Decimus by Caesar.[8]

Decimus Brutus spent his youth mainly in the company of Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Marcus Antonius.

During the Wars
This denarius minted by Decimus Brutus in 48 BC, recalls his military service in Gaul, as the obverse features the head of Mars (the Roman god of War), and the reverse shows Gallic carnyces and shields.[3]

He served in Caesar's army during the Gallic wars and was given the command of the fleet in the war against the Veneti in 56 BC.[9] In a decisive sea battle, Decimus Brutus succeeded in destroying the Veneti's fleet. Using sickle-like hooks fitted on long poles, Decimus Brutus attacked the enemy's sails, leaving them immobilized and easy prey to Roman boarding parties. He also served against Vercingetorix in 52 BC.[10]

When the Republican Civil War broke out, Decimus Brutus sided with his commander, Caesar, and was entrusted once again with fleet operations. Richard Billows argued that Caesar loved Decimus Brutus almost as a son.[11] In 50 BC he married Paula Valeria, the sister of Gaius Valerius Triarius, a friend of Cicero who later fought alongside Pompey at Pharsalus.[12][13][14]

The Greek city of Massilia (present-day Marseille) sided with Pompey the Great, and Caesar, hastening to reach Hispania and cut Pompey off from his legions, left Decimus Brutus in charge of the naval blockade of Massilia. Within thirty days, Decimus Brutus built a fleet from scratch, defeated the Massilian fleet twice, and together with Gaius Trebonius (who commanded the siege) secured the capitulation of Massilia.[15]

Ides of March and its aftermath
Further information: Assassination of Julius Caesar

When Caesar returned to Rome as dictator after the final defeat of the Republican faction in the Battle of Munda (45 BC), Marcus Brutus joined the conspiracy against Caesar, after being convinced by Cassius and Decimus. In 44 BC, Decimus was made Praetor Peregrinus by personal appointment of Caesar and was designated to be the governor of Cisalpine Gaul in the following year.

On the Ides of March (March 15), when Caesar decided not to attend the Senate meeting in the curia at the theatre of Pompey due to the concerns of his wife, he was persuaded to attend by Decimus Brutus, who escorted him to the senate house, and neatly evaded Mark Antony, who wished to tell Caesar of the assassination plot. After Caesar was attacked by the first assassin, Servilius Casca, Decimus and the rest of the conspirators attacked and killed him. In all, Caesar suffered approximately 23 stab wounds. According to Nicolaus of Damascus, Decimus struck him through the thigh.

The assassins received an amnesty the next day, issued by the senate at the instigation of Mark Antony, Caesar's fellow consul. But the situation was not peaceful; Rome's population and Caesar's legionaries wanted to see the conspirators punished. The group decided to lie low, and Decimus used his office of Praetor Peregrinus to stay away from Rome. Decimus was named an heir in the second degree in Caesar's will.

Denarius of Decimus Brutus, minted in 48 BC. The obverse depicts Pietas, while the reverse shows clasped hands around a caduceus, alluding to Julius Caesar's policy of reconciliation during the Civil War (Decimus still supported Caesar at this time).[3]

Activity in Gallia Cisalpina
Further information: Battle of Mutina

The climate of reconciliation soon passed, and slowly the conspirators were starting to feel the strain of the assassination. Already in March 44, Decimus Brutus found his (earlier) allocation of the province of Cisalpine Gaul opposed by Anthony.[16] Nevertheless, by the autumn, Decimus Brutus was campaigning against local tribes in the province assigned to him by Caesar as propraetor, with his own troops.[17] He was ordered by the Senate to surrender his province to Antony but refused, an act of provocation to which Antony was only too happy to respond. Defeating Decimus Brutus was a way for Antony to regain his ascendancy and get control of the strategically important Italian Gaul; while conversely Cicero encouraged the former to destroy Anthony and thereby restore the commonwealth.[18]

In 43 BC Decimus Brutus occupied Mutina, laying in provisions for a protracted siege. Antony obliged him, and blockaded Decimus Brutus' forces, intent on starving them out.

Nevertheless, the consuls of the year, Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Pansa, marched northward to raise the siege. Guided by Cicero (whose Philippics date from this time), the Senate was inclined to view Mark Antony as an enemy. Caesar Octavian, the nineteen-year-old heir of Caesar, and already raised to the rank of propraetor, accompanied Gaius Pansa north. The first confrontation occurred on April 14 at the battle of Forum Gallorum, where Antony hoped to deal with his opponents piecemeal. Antony defeated the forces of Gaius Pansa and Octavian, which resulted in Pansa suffering mortal wounds; however, Antony was then defeated by a surprise attack from Hirtius. A second battle on 21 April at Mutina resulted in a further defeat for Antony and Hirtius' death. Antony withdrew, unwilling to become the subject of a double circumvallation as Vercingetorix had done to Caesar at Alesia.

With the siege raised, Decimus Brutus cautiously thanked Octavian, now commander of the legions that had rescued him, from the other side of the river. Octavian coldly indicated he had come to oppose Antony, not aid Caesar's murderers. Decimus Brutus was given the command to wage war against Antony, but many of his soldiers deserted to Octavian.

Flight and death

With Cicero's support, however, Decimus Brutus crossed the Alps to join Plancus in the war against Anthony; but when Plancus switched sides his position became untenable and he was forced to flee.[19] He attempted to reach Macedonia, where Marcus Junius Brutus and Cassius had stationed themselves, but was executed en route in mid-September by a Gallic chief loyal to Mark Antony.[20]

Several letters written by Decimus Brutus during the last two years of his life are preserved among Cicero's collected correspondence.

Cultural depictions

Decimus' legacy is not as notable as that of the other Brutus who was among the conspirators, Marcus Brutus, whom he is often confused for, or merged with, in depictions.[21]

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus is mistakenly called "Decius". He also appears in the play Cato, a Tragedy by Joseph Addison also here under the name "Decius".[22] He appears with his actual name in the play The Tragedy of Cicero.[23]

In Allan Massie's 1993 book entitled Caesar, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus narrates his story and reason for joining in Caesar's assassination while being held captive by the Gallic chief.

In Colleen McCullough's novels Caesar and The October Horse (of her Masters of Rome series) Decimus Brutus is an important character in. In these novels, he and Gaius Trebonius are portrayed as the real leaders of the assassination conspiracy.

In Conn Iggulden's Emperor series of books the historical figures of Decimus Brutus and Marcus Brutus are blended together into the one character named Marcus Brutus.

In Ben Kane's books The Forgotten Legion, The Silver Eagle, and Road To Rome, Decimus Brutus is shown as a fairly major character to the plot and the rest of the book as Fabiola's lover.[24]

In Robert Harris' novel, Dictator, it is Decimus, not Marcus, who is the Brutus targeted during Caesar's assassination by Caesar's alleged accusatory words, "Even you?". The phrase, more often rendered as "Et tu", is immortalized in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.[25]

In S.J.A Turney's series of novels titled Marius Mules, Decimus Brutus is heavily featured as a brilliant naval commander and one of Caesar's most loyal officers.

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gollark: > I just realized that I can make paywalls when I create an account system lmaono.
gollark: Apparently the currently-being-tested single-file version of potatOS contains 5000 lines of bundler output.
gollark: AAAAAAAA WHY IS VSCODE'S INDENTING THING SO USELESS

References
  1. The date of Decimus Brutus' birth is based on a letter from Cicero to Marcus Brutus (Ad Brutum 1.15.8). News of Decimus' victory at Mutina was announced at Rome on his birthday (natalis). Based on the timeline reconstructed from Cicero's letters, which were abundant during this period, it has been argued that the date would have been April 27. See Bernard Camillus Bondurant, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus: A Historical Study (University of Chicago Press, 1907), p. 94, with a further note to Schmidt, Jahrb. f. Philol. (1892), p. 333.
  2. Year of birth based on Decimus' quaestorship, the most probable year of which is 50 BC: since quaestor was the first step on the Roman career track, and the age requirement in this period was 30, a man of Decimus' standing and connections is not likely to have waited past the age of eligibility to launch his political career. Syme, p. 327, thus, argues for a birth date of 81 BC, while Sumner, p. 359, puts it at no earlier than 83 BC.
  3. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 466.
  4. Syme, "No Son for Caesar?", pp. 429, 430.
  5. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 389, 466.
  6. Wiseman, "Two Friends of Clodius in Cicero's Letters", p. 301.
  7. Syme, "Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy," pp. 323–327. Thomas Africa thought Syme had recanted this view; see "The Mask of an Assassin: A Psychohistorical Study of M. Junius Brutus," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8 (1978), p. 615, note 28, referring to Syme's book Sallust (Berkeley, 1964), p. 134. This would appear to be a misreading, given Syme's fuller argument twenty years later in "No Son for Caesar?" Historia 29 (1980) 422–437, pp. 426–430 regarding the greater likelihood that Decimus would be the Brutus who was Caesar's son.
  8. Syme, Rondald; "No Son for Caesar?" – page: 7
  9. Caesar. Gallic Wars. III.11.CS1 maint: location (link)
  10. Caesar. Gallic Wars. VII.9.CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. Richard A. Billows, "Julius Caesar: The Colossus of Rome," pp. 249 (Google Books Online Preview).
  12. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, viii. 7.
  13. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 271, 284.
  14. Shackleton-Bailey, Cicero's Letters to Atticus, vol. III, p. 236.
  15. Caesar, The Civil War, book II, sections 8 and 9.
  16. D R Shackleton Bailey trans., Cicero’s Letters to his Friends (Atlanta 1988) p. 488-9
  17. D R Shackleton Bailey trans., Cicero’s Letters to his Friends (Atlanta 1988) p. 512
  18. D R Shackleton Bailey trans., Cicero’s Letters to his Friends (Atlanta 1988) p. 528
  19. D R Shackleton Bailey trans., Cicero’s Letters to his Friends (Atlanta 1988) p. 812
  20. Bondurant, p. 13.
  21. Vinci), Leonardo (da (1999). An Overview of Leonardo's Career and Projects Until C.1500. ISBN 9780815329343.
  22. 1837. The Works of Joseph Addison: The Tatler. The Guardian. The Freeholder. The Whig-examiner. The lover. Dialogues upon the usefulness of ancient medals. Remarks on several parts of Italy, etc. The present state of the war. The late trial and conviction of Count Tariff. The evidences of the Christian religion. Essay on Virgil's Georgics. Poems on several occasions. Translations from Ovid's Metamorphoses. Notes on some of the foregoing stories in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Poemata. Rosamond. Cato. The drummer – 479
  23. Clare, Janet; Shirley, James; Davenant, Sir William (2002). Drama of the English Republic, 1649–60. ISBN 9780719044823.
  24. "The Forgotten Legion (The Legion Chronicles)", Ben Kane, Published by Preface 2008, Version 1.0.
  25. Harris, Robert, Dictator, Alfred A. Knopf, NYC, NY, 2015; chapter XIII.

Bibliography

Ancient sources

Modern sources
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