3Com

3Com Corporation was a digital electronics manufacturer best known for its computer network products. The company was co-founded in 1979 by Robert Metcalfe, Howard Charney and others. Metcalfe explained the name 3Com was a contraction of "Computer Communication Compatibility",[2] with its focus on Ethernet technology that he had co-invented, which enabled the networking of computers.

3Com Corporation
Public
Private (from 1979 until 1984)
Traded asNASDAQ: COMS[1]
(from 1984[1] to 2010)
IndustryComputer network products
FateAcquired by Hewlett-Packard
PredecessorBridge Communications 
SuccessorHewlett-Packard
Founded1979 (1979)[1]
FounderRobert Metcalfe and others[1]
DefunctApril 12, 2010
Headquarters
Marlborough 
,
United States of America 
ParentAruba Networks 
Websitewww.3com.com

3Com provided network interface controller and switches, routers, wireless access points and controllers, IP voice systems, and intrusion prevention systems. The company was based in Santa Clara, California. From its 2007 acquisition of 100 percent ownership of H3C Technologies Co., Limited (H3C) —initially a joint venture with China-based Huawei Technologies—3Com achieved a market presence in China, and a significant networking market share in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. 3Com products were sold under the brands 3Com, H3C, and TippingPoint.

On April 12, 2010, Hewlett-Packard completed the acquisition of 3Com, and it no longer exists as a separate entity.[3]

History

Before 3Com, PARC

After reading an article on ALOHAnet, Robert Metcalfe became interested in computer networking. ALOHAnet was an over-the-air wide area network system in Hawaii using ultra high frequency radios and made several assumptions that Metcalfe thought would not be correct in practice. He developed his own theories of how to manage traffic, and began to consider an "ALOHAnet in a wire" networking system. In 1972, he joined Xerox PARC to develop these ideas, and after pairing up with David Boggs, the two had early 3 Mbit/s versions of Ethernet working in 1973. They then went on to build up a networking protocol known as PARC Universal Packet (PuP), with the entire system ready for build-out by late 1974.[4]

At this point, Xerox management did nothing with it, even after being approached by prospective customers. Increasingly upset by management's lack of interest, Metcalfe left Xerox in 1975, but he was lured back again the next year. Further development followed, resulting in the seminal Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocol, which was completed by 1978. Once again, Metcalfe found that management was unwilling to actually do anything with the product, and he threatened to leave. Nothing followed, and in 1979 he left the company.[4]

Founding and early days (1979–1996)

Metcalfe subsequently co-founded 3Com in 1979.[1] The other co-founders were Metcalfe's college friend Howard Charney and two others.[1] 3Com began making Ethernet adapter cards for many early 1980s computer systems, including the DEC LSI-11, DEC VAX-11 and the IBM PC. In the mid-1980s, 3Com branded their Ethernet technology as EtherSeries, while introducing a range of software and PC-based equipment to provide shared services over a local area network (LAN) using XNS protocols. These protocols were branded EtherShare (for file sharing), EtherPrint (for printing), EtherMail (for email), and Ether-3270 (for IBM host emulation).

The company's network software products included:

  • 3+Share file and printer sharing.
  • 3+Mail e-mail.
  • 3+Remote for routing XNS over a PC serial port.
  • NetConnect for routing XNS between Ethernets.
  • MultiConnect (?) was a chassis-based multi-port 10BASE2 Ethernet repeater.
  • 3Server, a server-grade PC for running 3+ services.
  • 3Station, a diskless workstation.
  • 3+Open file and printer sharing (based on Microsoft's LAN Manager).
  • Etherterm terminal emulation.
  • Etherprobe LAN analysis software.
  • DynamicAccess software products for Ethernet load balancing, response time, and RMON II distributed monitoring.
3Com 3C509BC (Etherlink III) Ethernet NIC from mid-1990s with 10BASE2, 15-pin AUI and 10BASE-T connectors.

3Com's expansion beyond its original base of PC and thin Ethernet products began in 1987 when it merged with Bridge Communications. This provided a range of equipment based on Motorola 68000 processors and using XNS protocols compatibly with 3Com's Etherterm PC software.

  • CS/1, CS/200 communication servers ("terminal servers")
  • Ethernet bridges and XNS routers
  • GS/1-X.25 X.25 gateway
  • CS/1-SNA SNA gateway
  • NCS/1 network control software running on a Sun Microsystems computer

By 1995, 3Com's status was such that they were able to enter into an agreement with the city of San Francisco to pay $900,000 per year for the naming rights to Candlestick Park. That agreement ended in 2002.

1997–2000
3Com Ethernet / modem PCMCIA card, inserted into a ThinkPad 760

In 1997, 3Com merged with USRobotics (USR), a maker of dial-up modems, and owner of Palm, Inc.. USRobotics was known for its Sportster line of consumer-oriented modems, as well as its Courier business-class modem line. This merger spelled the beginning of the end of 3Com. In addition to consumer network electronics, USRobotics was a well-known manufacturer of a dialup access server, the "Total Control Hub", rebadged by 3Com as the "Total Control 1000", based largely on its Courier modem technology. This key business product competed against Cisco's AS5200 access server line in the mid-1990s as the explosion of the Internet led to service provider investment in dialup access server equipment. 3Com continued the development of the Total Control line until it was eventually spun off as a part of Commworks, which was then acquired by UTStarcom.[5]

In August 1998, Bruce Claflin was named chief operating officer. The modem business was rapidly shrinking. 3Com attempted to enter the DSL business, but was not successful.

In the lucrative server network interface card (NIC) business, 3Com dominated market share, with Intel only able to break past 3Com after dramatic price slashing. It started developing Gigabit Ethernet cards in-house but later scrapped the plans. Later, it formed a joint venture with Broadcom, where Broadcom would develop the main integrated circuit component and the NIC would be 3Com branded.

In 1999, 3Com acquired NBX, a Boston company with an Ethernet-based phone system for small and medium-sized businesses. This product proved popular with 3Com's existing distribution channel and saw rapid growth and adoption. As one of the first companies to deliver a complete networked phone system, and increased its distribution channel with larger telephony partners such as Southwestern Bell and Metropark Communications, 3Com helped make VoIP into a safe and practical technology with wide adoption.

3Com then tried to move into the smart consumer appliances business and in June 2000, 3Com acquired internet radio startup Kerbango for $80 million. It developed its Audrey appliance, which made an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show. It scrapped the Audrey and Kerbango products less than a year later.

In March 2000, in a highly public and criticized move, 3Com exited the high-end core routers and switch market to focus on other areas of the business.[6] The CoreBuilder Ethernet and ATM LAN switches, PathBuilder and NetBuilder WAN Routers were all discontinued June 2000. CoreBuilder products and the customer base was migrated over to Extreme Networks. The PathBuilder and NetBuilder were transitioned to Motorola. 3Com focused its efforts from 2000 to 2003 on building up the HomeConnect, OfficeConnect, SuperStack, NBX and Total Control product lines. Due to this perceived exit from the Enterprise market, 3Com would never gain momentum with large customers or carriers again.

In July 2000, 3Com spun off Palm as an independent company. After the IPO, 3Com still owned 80% of Palm, but 3Com's market capitalization was smaller than Palm's. U.S. Robotics was also spun out again as a separate company at this time.

2001 and beyond

In January 2001, Claflin became chief executive officer, replacing Eric Benhamou, CEO from 1990 to 2000. He was criticized for the costly diversification in the mobile handheld computer market. At this point, the company's main cash-cow, the network interface card business, was also shrinking rapidly, mainly because the functionality was integrated into the southbridge of many motherboards. The company started slashing or selling divisions and going through numerous rounds of layoffs. The company went from employing more than 12,000 employees to fewer than 2,000.

In May 2003, the company moved its Silicon Valley Santa Clara headquarters to Marlborough, Massachusetts. It also formed a venture called H3C with Huawei, whereby 3Com would sell and rebrand products under the joint venture.

In 2003, 3Com sold its CommWorks Corporation subsidiary to UTStarcom, Inc. CommWorks was based in Rolling Meadows, Illinois, and developed wireline telecommunications and wireless infrastructure technologies.

In January 2006, Claflin announced he would be leaving the company. In January 2006, R Scott Murray became CEO of 3Com and chairman of H3C Technology in China, the joint venture with Huawei Technologies. Murray voluntarily resigned from the company in August 2006 over his concerns about the questionable business ethics of Huawei and potential cyber security risks posed by Huawei. Edgar Masri returned to 3Com to head as president and CEO following Murray's departure.

In September 2007, Bain Capital agreed to buy the company for $2.2 billion, with minority equity financing from Huawei Technologies. However, the deal met with U.S. government regulatory opposition and it fell through early in 2008, following concerns over Huawei's risk of conducting cyber security threats against the United States Government and its allies, Huawei's former dealings in Iran, and Huawei being operated by a former engineer[7] in China's People's Liberation Army.[8][9] Edgar Masri left the company in April 2008, partially as a result of the failed Bain transaction.

In April 2008, Robert Mao was named chief executive, and Ron Sege president and chief operating officer.[10]

In fiscal year 2008 ended May 30, 2008, 3Com had annual revenue of $1.3 billion and more than 6,000 employees in over 40 countries. In September 2008, 3Com reported financial results for its fiscal 2009 first quarter, which ended August 29, 2008. Revenue in the quarter was $342.7 million compared to revenue of $319.4 million in the corresponding period in fiscal 2008, a 7 percent increase. Net income in the quarter was $79.8 million, compared with a net loss of $18.7 million in the first quarter of fiscal year 2008.[11]

The company reported that it had more than 2,700 engineers, with more than 1,400 United States patents and nearly 180 Chinese-issued patents, as well as more than 1050 pending Chinese applications. It also reported pending applications for 35 separate inventions outside of China covering a wide range of networking technologies.

Acquisition by HP

On November 11, 2009, 3Com and Hewlett-Packard announced that Hewlett-Packard would acquire 3Com for $2.7 billion in cash.[12] On April 12, 2010, Hewlett-Packard completed its acquisition.[3] When Hewlett-Packard split into Hewlett Packard Enterprise and Hewlett-Packard Inc., the 3Com unit continued with HPE and was ultimately integrated into Aruba Networks along with the rest of HP's networking portfolio.

Products
Main article: 3Com Products
3Com 3c905-TX 10/100 PCI network interface controller
  • Fixed configuration Ethernet switches including stackable switches: 3Com brand Gigabit switches Switch 5500G, 4800G, 4500G, 4200G, Baseline, OfficeConnect; 3Com brand Fast Ethernet switches Switch 5500, 4500, 4210, Baseline, OfficeConnect; H3C brand switches S5600, S5500, S5100, S3600, S3610, S3100.
  • Modular Chassis switches: 3Com brand 8800, 7900E, 7500. H3C brand S9500, S7500, S7500E.
  • Wide area network routers
  • Wireless access points, adapters, and connectivity products
  • Internet access gateways and firewalls, both wired and wireless
  • Network management applications
  • Network security platforms including the TippingPoint Intrusion Prevention System.
  • IP Telephony applications including PBX and Computer Telephony Integration. Telecommunications products utilized Voice over Internet Protocol and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Voice platforms included VCX and NBX.
  • Local area network interface cards
  • IP Video Surveillance and Network Storage (marketed in China, South Africa, South America and other key markets)
  • Consumer USB webcams and associated software (3Com HomeConnect)
  • The 3Com Laser Library

Acquisitions

3Com came close to being acquired by Unix workstation company, Convergent Technologies, abandoning the pact just two days before a vote was scheduled in March 1986. Later, 3Com went on to acquire the following:

  • Bridge Communications in 1987
  • BICC Data Networks in 1992
  • Star-Tek in 1993
  • Synernetics in 1993
  • Centrum in 1994
  • NiceCom in 1994
  • AccessWorks, Sonix Communications, Primary Access, and Chipcom in 1995
  • Axon Networks and OnStream Networks in 1996
  • USRobotics merger/acquisition in 1997 (included product lines: Sportster, Courier, Palm, Megahertz, Conferencelink, Audrey, and more)
  • NBX in 1999
  • Kerbango in 2000
  • TippingPoint in 2005
  • Huawei-3Com (H3C) in 2007 (Bought out Huawei's 49% stake for US$882 million from a 2003 joint venture)

Former subsidiaries

CommWorks Corporation was a subsidiary of 3Com Corporation, based in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. It was sold to UTStarcom of Alameda, California in 2003.

CommWorks was formerly the Carrier Network Business unit of 3Com, comprising several acquired companies: U.S. Robotics (Rolling Meadows, Illinois),[13] Call Technologies (Reston, Virginia),[14] and LANsource (Toronto, Ontario, Canada).[15] CommWorks was able to use technology from each company to create IP softswitch and IP communications software. U.S. Robotics provided media gateways (the Total Control 1000 product line, formerly used for dial-modem termination) and softswitch technology. Call Technologies provided Unified Messaging software. LANsource provided fax-over-IP software that was integrated with the Unified Messaging platform.

The Carrier Network Business unit of 3Com developed an Inter-working function technology that became the first and dominant 2G CDMA wireless data gateway product. In partnership with Unwired Planet (now Openwave) and Qualcomm Quicknet connect allowed for 6 second connect times versus modems connecting the call in approximately 30 seconds.[16] This product was deployed in the United States, Japan,[17] and Korea covering the 2G CDMA market sample carriers included Sprint.[18] It led to follow on products that became core to CommWorks now UTStarcom offerings including the 2.5 and 3G packet data gateway products known as PDSN and Home Agents.

CommWorks/3Com co-developed an H.323-based softswitch with AT&T in 1998 for use in a "transparent trunking" application for AT&T's residential long-distance customers.[19] Long distance telephone calls were redirected from the LEC's ingress CLASS 5 switch to the Total Control 1000 media gateway, where it was converted from TDM to IP and transported across AT&T's WorldNet IP backbone. When it reached the destination, it was passed to the egress LEC's CLASS 5 switch as an untariffed data call.

CommWorks modified the gateway and softswitch software to support SIP for MCI/WorldCom's hosted business offering in 2000.[20]

Although 3Com sold CommWorks to UTStarcom,[21] they retained intellectual property rights to the softswitch technology. After modifying the software to enable enterprise PBX features, 3Com released this technology as VCX, the industry's first pure SIP PBX, in 2003.[22]

gollark: (not actually assembly, not actually implemented yet, does not support negative numbers, 64KiB of memory only)
gollark: Program it yourself... IN POTATOASM™!
gollark: Hmm, this probably could be made TC if I have some mechanism for having different "processes" with different registers/memory space communicate.
gollark: I could probably have it share code with a disassembler, too, although even the ISA-as-currently-implemented allows a bunch of obfuscatory tricks.
gollark: I'm considering implementing the assembler in JS or Python or Rust or something, but it *would* be nice to have this available from within potatOS.

See also

References

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

  1. Hedden, Heather Behn; Salamie, David E.; Meyer, Stephen (2010) [previous versions appeared in vol.11 and 34]. Jacques, Derek; Kepos, Paula (eds.). "3Com Corporation". International Directory of Company Histories. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press (Gale, Cengage Learning group). 106: 465–466. ISBN 978-1-55862-640-9.
  2. "Bob Metcalfe: Serial Innovator". The Henry Ford.
  3. "HP Completes Acquisition of 3Com Corporation, Accelerates Converged Infrastructure Strategy". News release. Hewlett-Packard. April 12, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  4. Pelkey 2007, 6.7.
  5. "3Com / USR/ UTStar Total Control Access Server". ISPTrader web site. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  6. Jim Duffy (March 20, 2000). "3Com exits enterprise network stage". Network World. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  7. Business, Sherisse Pham, CNN (2019). "Who is Huawei founder Ren Zhengfei?". CNN. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  8. Bray, Hiawatha (29 September 2007). "3Com goes private in Bain, Huawei deal". The Boston Globe.
  9. Deal to Buy 3Com Falls Apart - About.com Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  10. 3Com Announces Senior Leadership Changes to Accelerate Global Business Plan
  11. "News Releases". Archived from the original on 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  12. "Press Release". Hewlett-Packard. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13.
  13. "3Com acquires U.S. Robotics". news.cnet.com.
  14. 3Com Corporation Acquires Leading Unified Messaging Vendor, Call Technologies; Company Accelerates Delivery of Carrier-Class, CommWorks Architecture. - Business Wire - HighBeam Research Archived May 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  15. "3Com Completes Acquisition of LANSource Technologies, Inc — Company Business and Marketing". Edge: Work-Group Computing Report. 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29.
  16. Qualcomm Press Center- 3COM Corporation, Qualcomm and Unwired Planet Announce Quick Network Connect Technology: Internet Access For CDMA Networks
  17. "Motorola Provides 64Kbps WAP Access On cdmaOne Networks". MobileTechNews.
  18. "3Com Supplies Critical Wireless Technology for New Sprint Wireless Web Service — Sprint's PCS Wireless Web service — Company Business and Marketing". Cambridge Telcom Report. 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29.
  19. Archived December 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  20. WorldCom. "WorldCom Presents Plans for Commercial IP Communications Services".
  21. "UTStarcom Cops CommWorks - Light Reading".
  22. Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
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