25zero

25zero is a mountaineering project, tracking equatorial glacial melt and raising awareness of the impacts of climate change, led by explorer[1] Tim Jarvis AM. The project was founded in 2014, and focussed on bringing live footage from the peaks of three mountain glaciers to the 37,000 delegates at the COP21 summit[2] in Paris, France, as a way of showcasing the impact of global warming on vulnerable and remote areas.[3][4][5]

In 2016, following the 2015 summit, the 25zero project grew into a documentary film production, with a broader focus on both the glaciers themselves and the communities that live near them.[6][7] The longer film, entitled 25zero: East Africa,[8] is due for release in 2021, according to the project's website.[9]

Naming the project

While many mountains straddle the equator, only 25 of these have a glacier at their peak (defined at the time of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adoption in 1992); hence, 25 mountains at zero latitude. In reality, however, there are about three degrees (some 320 km) of leniency in the inclusions, both North and South.[10] Additionally, the name wordplays on estimates that within an average of 25 years, all these glaciers will have retreated to zero ice.[11][12]

According to the project team, this is important because melting ice is an excellent proxy indicator for climate change impacts. While much of the public global interest centres around ice-melt at the Earth's poles, relatively little attention is given to the ice at more unexpected locations, such as in the high-altitude tropics.[13]

Since 1992, four of the 25 mountains originally included have 'lost' their glacier completely.

Methodology

The notional baseline date for mountains included in the 25zero project are those mountains that had glaciers in 1992, when the UN started to "began to climate change (and acting on it) seriously".[14] After several years of UNFCCC processes, the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997.[15] Around that time, 25 mountains at the equator had glaciers. The project uses climbing expeditions to the various mountain ranges to support published glaciology data, effectively tracking the status of the equatorial glaciers against the backdrop of the UN timeline on climate change action.

Climbing team

The 25zero climbing team has varied over time depending on the expedition, although the original 2014 team comprised:

The up-to-date team are listed on the project website, 25zero.

Mountains

While the 25zero mountains are spread around the world, more than half of them are located in the South American Andes mountain range, and chiefly in Ecuador.

Ecuador

Colombia

Kenya

Uganda

Tanzania

Indonesia

Additionally, the project lists a number of 'recently deceased' glaciers, which it defines as no longer being able to detect permanent glacial ice. These three are all in Ecuador:

Glacier status
Mountain Country Glacier in 1992?[16] Glacier in 2017?
Carstenz Pyramid Indonesia Yes Yes
Mount Stanley Uganda Yes Yes
Mount Baker Uganda Yes Yes
Mount Speke Uganda Yes Yes
Mount Kilimanjaro Tanzania Yes Yes
Mount Kenya Kenya Yes Yes
Illiniza Sur Ecuador Yes Yes
Carihuairazo Ecuador Yes Yes
Chimborazo Ecuador Yes Yes
Cayambe Ecuador Yes Yes
Antisana Ecuador Yes Yes
Cotopaxi Ecuador Yes Yes
El Altar Ecuador Yes Yes
Saraurcu Ecuador Yes Yes, but very small glacier
Sangay Ecuador Yes Yes, probable partial glacier cover, and others mention only névé (perennial snow or firn) that persists for several years
Tungurahua Ecuador Yes Yes, a small summit glacier under ash (some say it melted away after an eruption in 1999)
Cerro Hermoso Ecuador Yes, although tiny (0.02 km2) No
Cotocachi Ecuador Yes, although tiny (0.06 km2) No
Quilindaña Ecuador Yes, although tiny (0.06 km2) No
Sincholagua Ecuador Yes (0.18 km2) No, still has some ice, however, not a glacier; just névé for past two decades
Nevado del Ruiz Colombia Yes Yes
Nevado de Santa Isabel Colombia Yes Yes
Nevado del Tolima Colombia Yes Yes
Nevado del Huila Colombia Yes Yes
Nevado del Quindío Colombia Yes Yes
Cerro Ayapungo Ecuador Yes
Collay Ecuador Yes
Cubillín Ecuador Yes

According to some glaciologists, contradictory information exists in the literature as to whether glaciers on Sangay and Cerro Ayapungo (locally known as Soroche) are true glaciers or only permanent snow (névé or firn).[16][17]

The climbs

2015

In December 2015, to coincide with the COP21 climate change talks in Paris, multiple 25zero teams scaled a number of the 25zero peaks. Jarvis and a core team summited Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m) in Indonesia, and Mount Stanley (5,109 m) and Mount Baker (4,844 m) in Uganda. Simultaneously, other 25zero teams climbed Mount Kenya (5,199 m), Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) and a number of Ecuadorian peaks. Footage, observations and stories from these climbs were transmitted to a government-endorsed press conference for 25zero at COP21 in Paris.

2016

In 2016, Jarvis and colleague Royal Marines Sergeant Major Barry Gray went on an information-gathering and mountain-climbing expedition to Ecuador for the 25zero project. They successfully summited three glaciated mountains in Ecuador: Illiniza Sur (5,248 m), Antisana (5,704 m) and Chimborazo (6,310 m). The trip coincided with the ongoing UN climate change talks in Marrakech (COP22).

2017

In September 2017, Jarvis together with Ecuadorian climbers Edgar Parra and Ethan Sigle summited Carihuazo (5,018 m), and climbed and documented glacier decline on Cayambe (5,790 m) and Cotopaxi (5,897 m).

2018

In June 2018, Jarvis assembled a large climbing team, including a film crew and several social media and mountaineering identities, to undertake climbs in East Africa, including Kilimanjaro, Mount Speke, and Mount Stanley.

Awards

25zero (and the project team) has received a number of awards for contribution to conservation and public education.

Australian Geographic Society, 2016

The project has received citation through the annual awards of the Australian Geographic Society, with project leader Tim Jarvis receiving the title of Conservationist of the Year in 2016, for his work on 25zero.[18] The Society had also supported the expedition.[19]

Bettison-James Award, 2016

Jarvis was jointly awarded the Jim Bettison and Helen James Award in 2016 in recognition of the 25zero project.[7] The award is patronised by the Jim Bettison and Helen James Foundation, and recognises "lifelong high achievement in an area of expertise and enable further work of benefit to the community"[6] and administered by the Adelaide Film Festival and the Adelaide Festival of Ideas.

gollark: You probably want to use the intrinsics, which are `_mm256_shuffle_epi8` or something.
gollark: Well, I refuse to compromise my professional ethics and rewrite osmarkspythonbuildsystem™ against Python 2.4.6.
gollark: Or 256 or 512 (do not AVX-512).
gollark: After padding it to the next multiple of 128 bits.
gollark: So you would simply load chunks of your data™ into those, and shuffle them.

References
  1. Morris, Emma (26 November 2015). "Meet Australia's trailblazing explorers". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  2. Mackenzie, Michael (8 December 2017). "Climbing the last equatorial glaciers". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  3. Peddie, Clare (3 December 2017). "Explorer Tim Jarvis takes us all on his mountain climbs with 25zero". News.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  4. "25 Mountains. Zero latitude. 25 years. Zero ice. Press briefing with Tim Jarvis". Scimex. 16 Nov 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  5. Caddy, Amelia (16 November 2017). "Conquering peaks for climate change". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  6. "Adelaide Film Festival names Jim Bettison and Helen James Award recipients". IMDB. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  7. "Adelaide Film Festival names Jim Bettison and Helen James Award recipients". IF.com.au. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  8. 25zero//East Africa, retrieved 2020-04-03
  9. Tim, Jarvis (2019). "25zero". 25zero. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  10. "Glaciers on These 25 Mountains Will Completely Melt in 25 Years". EcoWatch. 4 October 2016.
  11. Westgarth, Rachael (18 November 2017). "Tim Jarvis appointed as first Idealist for Environmental Understanding". Round Square. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  12. Michael, Mackenzie (23 November 2017). "Climbing for the Climate". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  13. Dengate, Cayla (15 July 2017). "Adventurer Tim Jarvis Creates 25Zero To Raise Awareness About Disappearing Equatorial Glaciers". Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  14. Jarvis, Tim (1 October 2016). "25zero Origins". 25zero. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  15. "Kyoto Protocol". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  16. Jordan, Ekkehard; Hastenrath, Stefan L (18 March 1998). "Glaciers of South America". US Geological Survey. USGS Publications Warehouse.
  17. Francou, Bernard; Ramirez, Edson; Cáceres, Bolivar; Mendoza, Javier (2000). "Glacier evolution in the tropical Andes during the last decades of the 20th century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, and Antizana, Ecuador". AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. 29 (7): 416–422. doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2000)029[0416:geitta]2.0.co;2 – via BioOne Complete.
  18. "Winners of the 2016 Australian Geographic Society Awards". Australian Geographic. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  19. "Tim Jarvis 25zero expedition: background". Australian Geographic. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
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