2020 Taiwanese presidential election

The 15th presidential and vice-presidential election of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華民國第十五屆總統副總統選舉) was held in Taiwan on 11 January 2020 along with the 10th Legislative Yuan election. Incumbent president Tsai Ing-wen and former premier William Lai of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the election, defeating Kaohsiung mayor Han Kuo-yu of the Kuomintang (KMT) and his running mate Chang San-cheng, as well as third-party candidate James Soong.[1][2]

2020 Taiwanese presidential election

11 January 2020 (2020-01-11)
Turnout	74.90% 8.63 pp
Nominee Tsai Ing-wen Han Kuo-yu James Soong Party DPP Kuomintang People First Running mate William Lai Chang San-cheng Sandra Yu Popular vote 8,170,231 5,522,119 608,590 Percentage 57.13% 38.61% 4.26%
Winner vote lead over runner-up by township/city or district
President before election Tsai Ing-wen DPP Elected President Tsai Ing-wen DPP

Following major losses during the 2018 Taiwanese local elections, Tsai Ing-wen resigned from her party's chairmanship and was challenged in the primary contest by former Premier William Lai, himself a former Tsai appointee. The Kuomintang also ran a competitive primary, which saw Han Kuo-yu, initially reluctant to run, defeat former presidential candidate and New Taipei mayor Eric Chu, and Foxconn chief executive Terry Gou.

Both domestic issues and Cross-Strait relations featured in the campaign, with Han attacking Tsai for her perceived failures in labour reform, economic management, and dealing with corruption of her aides. However, Tsai's strong response to Beijing's increasing pressures on Taiwan to accede to a unification agreement, amid the backdrop of the intensely followed Hong Kong anti-extradition protests, proved crucial in her recapturing broad support.

The election had a turnout of 74.9%, the highest among nationwide elections since 2008. Tsai won a record 8.17 million votes, representing 57.1% of the popular vote, the highest vote share won by a DPP candidate in presidential elections.[3] The DPP received a higher share of the vote in major metropolitan areas, reversing the KMT's fortunes in Kaohsiung and environs, while the Kuomintang retained strength in limited eastern regions and off-island constituencies. Tsai and Lai were inaugurated on 20 May 2020.

Eligibility

Presidential candidates and Vice Presidential running mates are elected on the same ticket, using first-past-the-post voting. This was the seventh direct election of the president and vice president, the posts having previously been indirectly elected by the National Assembly until 1996.

Under applicable legislation, any party which received more than five per cent of the total vote share in the latest election in any level were eligible to contest the election. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Kuomintang (KMT), New Power Party (NPP) and People First Party (PFP) were eligible, though in the end only three major-party candidates were certified: incumbent President Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party, Kaohsiung mayor Han Kuo-yu of Kuomintang, and perennial veteran candidate James Soong of the People First Party. Vice President Chen Chien-jen, Tsai's running mate in 2016, was eligible for re-election but chose not to contest.[4]

Background

Tsai Ing-wen suffered a stinging defeat during the 2018 Taiwanese local elections due to widespread discontentment over numerous domestic policy issues, including public pension reform, same-sex marriage, pollution, and labour reform. In the lead up to the election, her staffers were found to have been implicated in a tobacco smuggling ring, which also allegedly involved the top management of flag carrier China Airlines and National Security Bureau. Dogged by scandal and having lost on major referenda questions, Tsai's clout continued to deteriorate both in her own party and more broadly.[5]

The major inflection of the campaign came amid the Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests, an event that was triggered with the murder of Poon Hiu-wing in Taiwan. As the protests became heated over the later half of 2019, Tsai began to portray the situation in Hong Kong as a direct result of an encroachment of the territory's autonomy from Beijing. In January 2019, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, had announced an open letter to Taiwan proposing a one country, two systems formula for eventual unification. Additionally, over the course of 2019, several small nations that previously had diplomatic ties to Taiwan, including Panama, Kiribati, and Solomon Islands, broke off relations in favour of the PRC. Tsai issued pronouncements that Taiwan will "never accept one country, two systems" and that "today's Hong Kong could be tomorrow's Taiwan". Tsai's strong positioning ultimately led her to victory in what was a bruising primary challenge by Premier William Lai.[6]

Tsai reconciled with diverse elements in her party in signing up Lai to be her running mate. Kuomintang, after fits and starts over procedural disputes, flirted with a high-profile nomination of Foxconn chief Terry Gou. The party ultimately nominated firebrand Han Kuo-yu, who had in 2018 successfully run an insurgent mayoral campaign in the DPP stronghold of Kaohsiung. However, his combative, eccentric antics and participation in the presidential election soon after his taking on the post in Kaohsiung earned him scorn from detractors.[7][8] Additionally, Tsai made hay with Han's perceived friendliness with Beijing, citing his early 2019 visit to mainland China where he met with multiple high-level Communist Party officials, and his continued recognition of the 1992 Consensus, which Tsai had disavowed.[6] Han eventually spoke out against one country, two systems, remarking that it will never happen if he was president unless it was "over my dead body." Nonetheless, Tsai's political advantage on the issue had been solidified.[9]

The election also saw widespread accusations from both sides that internet trolls were working to sway public opinion, including allegations from Australia-based Chinese defector William Wang that Beijing had used internet operatives to disrupt the election in favor of the KMT. Various pro-Han Kuo-yu groups on Facebook were also shut down for violating terms and policies.[10]

Nominations

Democratic Progressive Party

Main article: 2019 Democratic Progressive Party presidential primary

Incumbent President Tsai Ing-wen's re-election chances were dealt a blow after the Democratic Progressive Party's devastating defeat in the 2018 local elections, where the DPP lost seven of the 13 cities and counties it previously held. The DPP’s share of the vote also fell from 56 to 39 per cent since the 2016 presidential election.[11] Tsai resigned as the party chairwoman after the defeat.[12] However, Tsai kept trailing behind in the polls as the surveys found most Taiwanese would not support Tsai in the 2020 election but would support Premier William Lai, who also resigned from the premiership for the electoral defeat in January 2019.[13]

On 19 February 2019, Tsai Ing-wen told CNN in an interview she will run for re-election, despite facing calls from senior members of her own party to not seek re-election. Before her announcement, Tsai had received a bump in the polls after she gave a robust speech saying that her people would never relinquish their democratic freedoms, as a response to the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping's speech in January describing Taiwan's unification with the mainland as "inevitable".[14]

On 18 March, William Lai registered to run in the party's presidential primary, saying that he could shoulder the responsibility of leading Taiwan in defending itself from being annexed by China.[15] This is the first time in history where a serious primary challenge has been mounted against a sitting president.[16]

Tsai was duly nominated by the DPP on 19 June 2019.[17][18] She and William Lai formed the DPP presidential ticket on 17 November 2019.[19]

Nominees

2020 Democratic Progressive ticket
Tsai Ing-wen	William Lai
for President	for Vice President
President of the Republic of China (2016–present)	Premier of the Republic of China (2017–2019)

Candidates

William Lai
Premier of the Republic of China (2017–2019)
LN: June 13, 2019

Kuomintang

Main article: 2019 Kuomintang presidential primary

Former Kuomintang chairman and 2016 presidential candidate Eric Chu announced that he would run in the 2020 presidential race when he stepped down on 25 December 2018 as Mayor of New Taipei City, becoming the first big-name politician to throw his hat in the ring.[20] Former President of the Legislative Yuan Wang Jin-pyng also announced his presidential bid on 7 March.[21] Other candidates included former Deputy Secretary-General of the Presidential Office and incumbent Taipei City Councillor Lo Chih-chiang and National Taiwan University professor Chang Ya-chung who have also announced their candidacies.[22]

The party has decided to hold its primary based on a 70-30 weighing of public polls and party member votes, although it has not ruled out the possibility of drafting the strongest candidate in an all-out effort to win back power, which was seen to be reserved for the party's best performing candidate in the polls, Mayor of Kaohsiung Han Kuo-yu.[21] Several KMT heavyweights such as party chairman Wu Den-yih and even former President Ma Ying-jeou were believed to also be interested in running for the party's presidential nomination.[23] Wu Den-yih’s withdrew his proposal to only allow KMT members to decide the party’s presidential candidate which drew criticism, with some questioning whether he aimed to rig the game for himself, before he declined to run on 11 April.[24]

On 17 April, founder and chairman of Foxconn Terry Gou announced his presidential bid by joining the KMT presidential primary.[25] He also stated that he would not accept to be drafted to run. Han, Gou's potential rival, announced on 23 April that he was "willing to take responsibility" for the development of Taiwan but was "unable" to participate in the party's primary in its current form. He expressed his disapproval of the "closed-door negotiations" within the party and called for reform.[26] In order to settle the demand from Han's supporters, the party adopted a resolution to put in place special guidelines to include all its presidential hopefuls, including Han, in its primary on the next day, and also switch the primary method from 70-30 weighing of public polls and party member votes to fully being determined by public polls.[27]

On 15 July, Han Kuo-yu was announced to have won the party's poll in a press conference by KMT Vice Chairman Tseng Yung-chuan.[28] On 11 November, independent Chang San-cheng joined Kuomintang presidential ticket as the vice presidential candidate.[29] Kuomintang ticket completed registration for the election on 18 November 2019.[30][31]

Nominees

2020 Kuomintang ticket
Han Kuo-yu	Chang San-cheng
for President	for Vice President
Mayor of Kaohsiung (2018–2020)	Premier of the Republic of China (2016)

Candidates

Terry Gou	Eric Chu	Chou Hsi-wei	Chang Ya-chung	Wang Jin-pyng	Lo Chih-chiang
Chairman of Foxconn (1974–2019)	Mayor of New Taipei (2010–2018)	Magistrate of Taipei County (2005–2010)	National Taiwan University Professor (2001–present)	Member of the Legislative Yuan (1976–2020)	Taipei City Councillor (2018–present)
LN: July 15, 2019	LN: July 15, 2019	LN: July 15, 2019	LN: July 15, 2019	W: June 6, 2019	W: April 7, 2019
[32]	[33]	[34]	[35]	[21][36]	[37][38]

People First Party

On 13 November 2019, People First Party chairperson James Soong announced his fourth bid for president, along with his running mate, independent and former United Communications Group chairwoman Sandra Yu.[39]

Nominees

2020 People First ticket
James Soong	Sandra Yu
for President	for Vice President
Governor of Taiwan (1994–1998)	United Communications Group chairwoman (2009–2018)

Other parties and independents

Withdrawn candidates

• Chang San-cheng, President of the Executive Yuan (2016)[40][41]
• Yang Shih-kuang, Television presenter and New Party Youth Corps leader[42][43]
• Annette Lu, Vice President of the Republic of China (2000–2008)[44][45]

Debates

A single television debate was held on 29 December 2019 at 2 PM local time. Most of the themes discussed had already been elaborated upon by the candidates during the policy presentations in the weeks immediately prior to the debate. As usual, Cross-Strait relations was a focal point of conversation; the candidates also touched upon military spending, nuclear energy, labour relations, and special interests. Tsai reiterated her commitment to the cross-strait status quo, without "unnecessary provocations" or changes in policy. Han said he would protect the "sovereignty of the Republic of China". James Soong said that Taiwan has inherited Chinese culture and tradition but insists that any changes to the island's political status needed to be achieved via "democratic means."[46]

Han used the debate to paint Tsai variously as being at the mercy of the "New Tide" ultra-progressive wing of her own party, a dictatorial and autocratic figure as president, a leader unable to effectively control her allegedly corrupt subordinates, and a flip-flopper on the issue of cross-strait relations. Tsai said that Han did not have concrete policies of his own and focused undue attention on attacks against her. Tsai acknowledged the DPP's poor performance in the local elections of 2018 but reiterated her position that she was the best candidate to protect against perceived encroachment of sovereignty from China; she repeatedly invoked One Country, Two Systems, suggesting that Han would accede to China's position on the issue, and in her closing remarks said "do not let Taiwan be the next Hong Kong". Tsai and Han each accused the other of using internet trolls, so-called "cyber armies", to smear the other. While Tsai attacked Han for being prejudiced towards marginalized groups, Han tried to brand Tsai as an out-of-touch elitist and himself an everyman who will happily go "have street food" with the common folk as president. James Soong attempted to strike a middle ground, repeating his support for the status quo in cross-strait relations, calling for mutual understanding with the mainland, and denying his own family's connections to mainland business interests.[46]

The debate was noted for some bizarre exchanges involving Han Kuo-yu, who became especially animated on multiple occasions, raising his voice and using wild hand gestures, in addition to employing props to complement his attacks on Tsai. In response to questions from Apple Daily on the relationship between Han and a woman he allegedly had an extramarital affair with, Han called the outlet a "tabloid without the slightest standards," and responded "why don't you also ask how many girlfriends I had in college [...] and when I lost my virginity?" Han used a cross-examination segment to ask the other candidates whether they believed in god, asserted his own Buddhist faith, and said "we will all face judgment one day", without meaningful follow-up. Notably, Han also criticized former KMT president Ma Ying-jeou, saying he was "too soft".[47][46]

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2020 Taiwanese general election

Results

Vote lead by township/city or district

Leading candidates and vote share by township/city

Results of the 2020 Taiwanese presidential election

President		Vice president	Party	Votes	%
	Tsai Ing-wen	William Lai	Democratic Progressive Party	8,170,231	57.13%
	Han Kuo-yu	Simon Chang	Kuomintang	5,522,119	38.61%
	James Soong	Sandra Yu	People First Party (Taiwan)	608,590	4.26%
Valid votes				14,300,940	98.87%
Invalid votes				163,631	1.13%
Total votes				14,464,571	100%
Registered voters/turnout				19,311,105	74.90%
Source: CEC

Incumbent President Tsai Ing-wen won the 2020 Taiwanese presidential election with her Democratic Progressive Party and was re-elected to a second term with a historic record of 8.17 million votes (57.1 per cent),[48] the highest vote share won by a DPP candidate. Rival candidate Han Kuo-yu of the Kuomintang (KMT) was the runner up with 5.52 million votes (38.6 per cent). Despite defeat, the KMT saw a recovery in vote share from 2016, noticeably in traditionally KMT-leaning areas including Hsinchu County, Miaoli, Nantou, Hualien, and Taitung. People First Party's candidate James Soong came third and received 600,000 votes (4.26 per cent).[49] Turnout for the election was 74.9%, the highest among nationwide elections since 2008.[50]

At an election rally after the results were announced, Tsai stated, "Democratic Taiwan and our democratically elected government will not concede to threats and intimidation. The results of this election have made that answer crystal clear."[51]

Results by administrative area[52]

Subdivision	Tsai Ing-wen William Lai			Han Kuo-yu Chang San-cheng		James Soong Sandra Yu		Invalid	Total	Electorate	Turnout
	Votes	%	– 2nd	Votes	%	Votes	%
Total	8,170,231	57.13	+2,648,112	5,522,119	38.61	608,590	4.26	163,631	14,464,571	19,311,105	74.90%
New Taipei City	1,393,936	56.52	+434,305	959,631	38.91	112,620	4.57	28,041	2,494,228	3,321,459	75.09%
Taipei City	875,854	53.65	+190,024	685,830	42.01	70,769	4.34	21,381	1,653,834	2,167,264	76.31%
Taoyuan City	718,260	54.78	+188,511	529,749	40.40	63,132	4.82	14,066	1,325,207	1,780,755	74.42%
Taichung City	967,304	56.95	+320,938	646,366	38.06	84,800	4.99	20,550	1,719,020	2,251,064	76.36%
Tainan City	786,426	67.38	+446,769	339,702	29.10	41,075	3.52	12,341	1,179,589	1,556,845	75.77%
Kaohsiung City	1,097,621	62.23	+486,725	610,896	34.63	55,309	3.14	17,006	1,780,832	2,299,558	77.44%
Yilan County	173,657	63.28	+83,647	90,010	32.80	10,739	3.91	3,029	277,435	375,608	73.86%
Hsinchu County	152,380	46.88	-1,844	154,224	47.45	18,435	5.67	3,970	329,009	438,049	75.11%
Miaoli County	147,034	45.02	-17,311	164,345	50.32	15,222	4.66	3,578	330,179	447,422	73.80%
Changhua County	436,336	57.17	+144,501	291,835	38.24	35,060	4.59	10,277	773,508	1,035,507	74.70%
Nantou County	152,046	50.83	+18,255	133,791	44.72	13,315	4.45	3,555	302,707	413,485	73.21%
Yunlin County	246,116	61.56	+107,775	138,341	34.60	15,331	3.83	5,203	404,991	565,269	71.65%
Chiayi County	197,342	64.22	+98,532	98,810	32.16	11,138	3.62	3,748	311,038	428,640	72.56%
Pingtung County	317,676	62.16	+138,323	179,353	35.10	14,021	2.74	4,992	516,042	688,793	74.92%
Taitung County	44,092	38.12	-23,321	67,413	58.28	4,163	3.60	1,119	116,787	179,536	65.05%
Hualien County	66,509	35.91	-45,325	111,834	60.38	6,869	3.71	2,081	187,293	269,558	69.48%
Penghu County	27,410	53.85	+6,499	20,911	41.08	2,583	5.07	644	51,548	88,432	58.29%
Keelung City	114,966	50.82	+15,606	99,360	43.92	11,878	5.25	2,458	228,662	311,801	73.34%
Hsinchu City	144,274	55.26	+41,549	102,725	39.34	14,103	5.40	3,423	264,525	345,345	76.60%
Chiayi City	99,265	61.37	+42,996	56,269	34.79	6,204	3.84	1,664	163,402	215,055	75.98%
Kinmen County	10,456	21.77	-25,492	35,948	74.83	1,636	3.41	423	48,463	120,721	40.14%
Lienchiang County	1,226	19.81	-3,550	4,776	77.16	188	3.04	82	6,272	10,939	57.34%

See also

• 2018 Taiwanese local elections
• 2020 Taiwanese legislative election

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