1996 in professional wrestling
1996 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.
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List of notable promotions
These promotions held notable shows in 1996.
Promotion Name | Abbreviation | Notes |
---|---|---|
Catch Wrestling Association | CWA | |
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre | CMLL | |
Extreme Championship Wrestling | ECW | |
Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling | FMW | |
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide | AAA | The "AAA" abbreviation has been used since the mid-1990s and had previously stood for the promotion's original name Asistencia Asesoría y Administración. |
New Japan Pro-Wrestling | NJPW | |
World Championship Wrestling | WCW | |
World Wrestling Council | WWC | |
World Wrestling Federation | WWF | |
Calendar of notable shows
January
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 4 | NJPW | Wrestling World 1996 | Tokyo, Japan | |
January 5 | ECW | House Party | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
January 21 | WWF | Royal Rumble | Fresno, California | [1] |
February
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
February 3 | ECW | Big Apple Blizzard Blast | Queens, New York | |
February 3 | N/A | First Annual Eddie Gilbert Memorial Show | Cherry Hill, New Jersey | |
February 11 | WCW | SuperBrawl VI | Petersburg, Florida | |
February 17 | ECW | CyberSlam | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
February 18 | WWF | In Your House 6 | Louisville, Kentucky | [2] |
February 23-March 1 | CMLL | La Copa Junior Tournament | Mexico City, Mexico | [3] |
February 23 | ECW | Just Another Night | Glenolden, Pennsylvania |
March
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
March 8 | ECW | Big Ass Extreme Bash | Queens, New York | |
March 22 | CMLL | Homenaje a Salvador Lutteroth | Mexico City, Mexico | [4] |
March 24 | WCW | Uncensored | Tupelo, Mississippi | |
March 31 | WWF | WrestleMania XII | Anaheim, California | [5] |
April
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
April 4 | FMW | Yamato Nadeshiko III | Osaka, Japan | |
April 13 | ECW | Massacre On Queens Boulevard | Queens, New York | |
April 19 | CMLL | 40. Aniversario de Arena México | Mexico City, Mexico | [6] |
April 20 | ECW | Hostile City Showdown | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
April 28 | WWF | In Your House 7: Good Friends, Better Enemies | Omaha, Nebraska | [7] |
May
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
May 5 | FMW | FMW 7th Anniversary Show | Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan | |
May 11 | AAA | Triplemanía IV-A | Chicago, Illinois | |
May 11 | ECW | A Matter of Respect | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
May 19 | WCW | Slamboree | Baton Rouge, Louisiana | |
May 26 May 28 |
WWF | In Your House 8: Beware of Dog | Florence, South Carolina North Charleston, South Carolina |
[8][9] |
June
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
June 1 | ECW | Fight the Power | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
June 7 | N/A | First Annual Ilio DiPaolo Memorial Show | Buffalo, New York | |
June 7 | CMLL | Torneo Gran Alternativa | Mexico City, Mexico | [10] |
June 15 | AAA | Triplemanía IV-B | Orizaba, Veracruz | |
June 16 | WCW | The Great American Bash | Baltimore, Maryland | |
June 22 | ECW | Hardcore Heaven | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | [11] |
June 23 | WWF | King of the Ring | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | [12] |
June 30 | N/A | First Annual Rikidozan Memorial Show | Yokohama, Japan |
July
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
July 5 | CMLL | International Gran Prix | Mexico City, Mexico | [13] |
July 6 | CWA | Euro Catch Festival in Graz | Graz, Austria | |
July 7 | WCW | Bash at the Beach | Daytona Beach, Florida | [14] |
July 13 | ECW | Heat Wave | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | [11] |
July 14 | WWC | WWC 23rd Aniversario | Caguas, Puerto Rico | |
July 15 | AAA | Triplemanía IV-C | Madero, Tamaulipas, Mexico | |
July 21 | WWF | In Your House 9: International Incident | Vancouver, British Columbia |
August
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
August 1 | FMW | Summer Spectacular | Tokyo, Japan | |
August 3 | ECW | The Doctor is In | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
August 10 | WCW | WCW Hog Wild | Sturgis, South Dakota | [15] |
August 18 | WWF | SummerSlam | Cleveland, Ohio | |
August 23 | ECW | Requiem for a Pitbull | Reading, Pennsylvania | |
August 24 | ECW | Natural Born Killaz | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
August 24 | WWF | Xperience | Toronto, Ontario | [16] |
September
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
September 13 | ECW | Unlucky Lottery | Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania | |
September 14 | ECW | When Worlds Collide (1996) | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
September 15 | WCW | Fall Brawl | Winston-Salem, North Carolina | |
September 20 September 27 |
CMLL | CMLL 63rd Anniversary Show | Mexico City, Mexico | [17][18] |
September 22 | WWF | In Your House 10: Mind Games | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | [19] |
October
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
October 5 | ECW | Ultimate Jeopardy | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
October 20 | WWF | In Your House 11: Buried Alive | Indianapolis, Indiana | [20] |
October 26 | ECW | High Incident | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
October 27 | WCW | Halloween Havoc | Paradise, Nevada |
November
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
November 15 | CMLL | Torneo Gran Alternativa | Mexico City, Mexico | [21] |
November 16 | ECW | November to Remember | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
November 17 | WWF | Survivor Series | New York, New York | |
November 24 | WCW | World War 3 | Norfolk, Virginia |
December
Date | Promotion(s) | Event | Location | Main Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
December 7 | ECW | Holiday Hell | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
December 11 | FMW | Year End Spectacular | Tokyo, Japan | |
December 15 | WWF | In Your House 12: It's Time | West Palm Beach, Florida | [22] |
December 21 | CWA | Euro Catch Festival in Bremen | Bremen, Germany | |
December 29 | WCW | Starrcade | Nashville, Tennessee |
Notable events
Mass Transit Incident
The "Mass Transit incident" was an infamous event in professional wrestling that occurred at an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) house show on November 23, 1996 at the Wonderland Ballroom in Revere, Massachusetts.[23][24][25] It involved Eric Kulas (1979 – May 12, 2002), an aspiring professional wrestler using the ring name "Mass Transit", being bladed too deeply by New Jack of The Gangstas during a tag-team match. Two of Kulas' arteries were severed; he bled profusely and passed out, and needed to be escorted out of the arena with medical attention. Further controversy arose when it came to light that Kulas had lied to ECW owner and booker Paul Heyman about his age and professional wrestling training. The incident led to a future ECW pay-per-view being cancelled (until Heyman negotiated otherwise), a lawsuit from Kulas' family, and went down as one of the most notorious moments of lore in professional wrestling history.[23][24][25]
IWRG created
On January 1 – Mexican promoter Adolfo Moreno created the International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) which held its debut show on this date in Arena Naucalpan.[26]
Accomplishments and tournaments
WCW
Accomplishment | Winner | Date won | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Lord Of The Ring Tournament | Diamond Dallas Page | May 19 | |
World War 3 | The Giant | November 24 | |
WCW United States Championship Tournament | Eddie Guerrero | December 29 | |
WCW Women's Championship Tournament | Akira Hokuto | December 29 |
WWF
Accomplishment | Winner | Date won | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Royal Rumble | Shawn Michaels | January 21 | |
WWF Tag Team Championship Tournament | The Bodydonnas (Skip and Zip) | March 31 | |
Kuwait Cup | Ahmed Johnson | May 12 | |
King of the Ring | Stone Cold Steve Austin | June 23 | |
WWF Intercontinental Championship Tournament | Marc Mero | September 23 | |
Middle East Cup | Bret Hart | December 2 |
WWF Hall of Fame
Category | Inductee | Inducted by |
---|---|---|
Individual | "Baron" Mikel Scicluna | Gorilla Monsoon |
"Captain" Lou Albano | Joe Franklin | |
Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka | Don Muraco | |
Johnny Rodz | Arnold Skaaland | |
Killer Kowalski | Hunter Hearst Helmsley | |
Pat Patterson | Bret Hart | |
Vincent J. McMahon | Shane McMahon | |
Group | The Valiant Brothers | Tony Garea |
Slammy Awards
Poll | Results | |
---|---|---|
Best Buns | Sunny[27] | |
Best Slammin' Jammin' Entrance | Shawn Michaels[28][29][30] | |
"Put A Fork in Him, He's Done" (Best Finisher) | Bret Hart – Sharpshooter[28][29][30] | |
Crime of the Century | Vader's assault on WWF President Gorilla Monsoon[28][29][30] | |
New Sensation of the Squared Circle | Ahmed Johnson[28][29][30] | |
I'm Talking and I Can't Shut Up for Biggest Mouth | Jerry Lawler[28][29][30] | |
Best Threads | Shawn Michaels[28][29][30] | |
Blue Light Special for Worst Dresser | Jim Cornette[28][29][30] | |
WWF's Greatest Hit | The Undertaker drags Diesel into the abyss[28][29][30] | |
Minds Behind the Mayhem for Manager of the Year | Sunny[28][29][30] | |
Lifetime Achievement Award | Freddie Blassie[28][29][30] | |
Most Embarrassing Moment | Jerry Lawler kisses his own foot[28][29][30] | |
Squared Circle Shocker | Shawn Michaels collapses (Owen Hart accepts the award for making Shawn collapse)[28][29][30] | |
Master of Mat Mechanics | Shawn Michaels[28][29][30] | |
Best Music Video | Bret Hart[28][29][30] | |
US West Match of the Year | Shawn Michaels vs. Razor Ramon in a ladder match from SummerSlam '95[28][29][30] | |
Which WWF World Heavyweight Champion, past or present, in attendance, is Hall of Fame bound? | Bret Hart[28][29][30] | |
Leader of the New Generation | Shawn Michaels[28][29][30] |
Awards and honors
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Category | Winner |
---|---|
PWI Wrestler of the Year | The Giant |
PWI Tag Team of the Year | Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) |
PWI Match of the Year | Bret Hart vs. Shawn Michaels (WrestleMania XII) |
PWI Feud of the Year | Eric Bischoff vs. Vince McMahon |
PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year | Shawn Michaels |
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year | Hollywood Hogan |
PWI Comeback of the Year | Sycho Sid |
PWI Most Improved Wrestler of the Year | Ahmed Johnson |
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year | Jake Roberts |
PWI Rookie of the Year | The Giant |
PWI Lifetime Achievement | Danny Hodge |
PWI Editor's Award | Sunny |
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Title changes
ECW
Incoming champion – The Sandman | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 27 | Raven | Live event | ||
October 5 | The Sandman | Ultimate Jeopardy | ||
December 7 | Raven | Holiday Hell |
Incoming champion – Mikey Whipwreck | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 5 | 2 Cold Scorpio | House Party | ||
May 11 | Shane Douglas | A Matter of Respect | ||
June 1 | Pitbull #2 | Fight the Power | ||
June 22 | Chris Jericho | Hardcore Heaven | ||
July 13 | Shane Douglas | Heat Wave | ||
Incoming champions – Cactus Jack and Mikey Whipwreck | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
February 3 | The Eliminators (Kronus and Saturn) |
Big Apple Blizzard Blast | ||
August 3 | The Gangstas (Mustapha Saed and New Jack) |
Doctor Is In | ||
December 20 | The Eliminators (Kronus and Saturn) |
Hardcore TV #193 | ||
FMW
FMW Double Championship | ||||
Incoming champion – The Gladiator | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 5 | Vacant | FMW | ||
February 23 | Super Leather | FMW | ||
May 27 | The Gladiator | FMW |
FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship | ||||
Incoming champions – Lethal Weapon (Hisakatsu Oya and Horace Boulder) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 5 | The Faces of Dead (Super Leather and Jason the Terrible) |
FMW | ||
March 30 | The Headhunters (A and B) | FMW |
FMW Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship | ||||
Incoming champion – Koji Nakagawa | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
May 5 | Taka Michinoku | 7th Anniversary Show |
FMW Women's Championship | ||||
Incoming champion – Combat Toyoda | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
May 5 | Megumi Kudo | 7th Anniversary Show | ||
FMW World Street Fight 6-Man Tag Team Championship | ||||
(Title created) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
May 5 | Puerto Rican Army (Super Leather, Headhunter A and Headhunter B) |
7th Anniversary Show | ||
June 28 | Masato Tanaka, Koji Nakagawa and Tetsuhiro Kuroda | FMW | ||
November 16 | Funk Masters of Wrestling (Hisakatsu Oya, Headhunter A and Headhunter B) |
FMW |
IWRG
Incoming champions – Los Oficiales (Maniac Cop, Oficial and Virgilante) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Uncertain | Los Super Payasos (Bruly, Circus and Rody) | IWRG Show | [31] | |
December 14 | Judo Suwa, Shiima Nobunaga and Sumo Fuji | IWRG Show | [31] |
NJPW
Incoming champion – Keiji Mutoh | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 4 | Nobuhiko Takada | Wrestling World 1996 | ||
April 29 | Shinya Hashimoto | Battle Formation |
Incoming champions – Junji Hirata and Shinya Hashimoto | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
June 12 | Kazuo Yamazaki and Takashi Iizuka | Best of the Super Jr. III | ||
July 16 | Cho-Ten (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Masahiro Chono) |
Summer Struggle 1996 |
Incoming champion – Koji Kanemoto | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 4 | Jushin Thunder Liger | Wrestling World 1996 | ||
April 29 | The Great Sasuke | Battle Formation | ||
October 11 | Ultimo Dragon | Live event |
WCW
Incoming champion – Ric Flair | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 22 | Randy Savage | Nitro | ||
February 11 | Ric Flair | SuperBrawl VI | ||
April 22 | The Giant | Nitro | ||
August 10 | Hollywood Hogan | Hog Wild |
WCW Cruiserweight Championship | ||||
(Title created) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
March 20 | Shinjiro Otani | Hyper Battle 1996 | Defeated Wild Pegasus in tournament final to determine the new WCW Cruiserweight Champion. This was a New Japan Pro-Wrestling event. | |
May 2 | Dean Malenko | WorldWide | ||
July 8 | Rey Misterio, Jr. | Nitro | ||
October 27 | Dean Malenko | Halloween Havoc | ||
December 29 | Ultimate Dragon | Starrcade | ||
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship | ||||
Incoming champion – One Man Gang | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 29 | Konnan | Nitro | ||
July 7 | Ric Flair | Bash at the Beach | ||
November 25 | Vacant | Nitro | Vacated due to Ric Flair suffering a shoulder injury | |
December 29 | Eddie Guerrero | Starrcade | Defeated Diamond Dallas Page in a tournament final | |
(Title created) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
December 29 | Akira Hokuto | Starrcade | Defeated Madusa in a tournament final to become inaugural champion | |
Incoming champion – Johnny B. Badd | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
February 17 | Lex Luger | House show | ||
February 18 | Johnny B. Badd | House show | ||
March 6 | Lex Luger | Saturday Night | ||
August 20 | Lord Steven Regal | Saturday Night | ||
Incoming champions – Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 22 | Sting and Lex Luger | Nitro | ||
June 24 | Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) |
Nitro | ||
July 24 | The Steiner Brothers (Rick and Scott Steiner) |
House show | ||
July 27 | Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) |
House show | ||
September 23 | The Public Enemy (Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock) |
Nitro | ||
October 1 | Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) |
Saturday Night | Aired on tape delay on October 5. | |
October 27 | The Outsiders (Kevin Nash and Scott Hall) |
Halloween Havoc | ||
WWF
Incoming champion – Bret Hart | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
March 31 | Shawn Michaels | WrestleMania XII | It was a 60-minute Iron Man match that went into sudden death with the score 0-0. | |
November 17 | Sycho Sid | Survivor Series |
Incoming champion – Razor Ramon | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
January 21 | Goldust | Royal Rumble | ||
April 1 | Vacant | Raw | Held up when a title defense against Savio Vega ended in a no contest | |
April 1 | Goldust | Raw | Defeated Savio Vega in a rematch for the vacant title | |
June 23 | Ahmed Johnson | King of the Ring | ||
August 12 | Vacant | Raw | Ahmed Johnson forfeited the title after being attacked by the debuting Faarooq after winning an 11-man battle royal | |
September 23 | Marc Mero | Raw | Defeated Faarooq in a tournament final | |
October 21 | Hunter Hearst Helmsley | Raw | ||
Incoming champions – The Smoking Gunns (Billy and Bart Gunn) | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
February 15 | Vacated | House show | Vacated when Billy Gunn suffered a neck injury | |
March 31 | The Bodydonnas (Skip and Zip) |
WrestleMania XII | Defeated The Godwinns in a tournament final | |
May 19 | The Godwinns (Henry O. and Phineas I. Godwinn) |
House show | ||
May 26 | The Smoking Gunns (Billy and Bart Gunn) |
In Your House 8: Beware of Dog | ||
September 22 | Owen Hart and The British Bulldog | In Your House 10: Mind Games | ||
Incoming champion – The Ringmaster | ||||
Date | Winner | Event/Show | Note(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
May 28 | Abandoned | N/A | ||
Retirements
- Akio Sato (1970–1996)
- Biff Wellington (1986–1996)
- Billy Jack Haynes (1982–1996)
- Damian Kane (1980–1996)
- Tom Zenk (1986–1996)
- Tyler Mane (1986–1996)
- Dick Slater (1972–1996)
- Dynamite Kid (December 24, 1975 – October 10, 1996)
- Espanto Jr. (1971–January 1996)
- Jerry Stubbs (1970–1996)
- Mr. Fuji (1965–1996)
- Steve Regal (1977–1996)
- Wahoo McDaniel (1961–1996)
- Rocky Iaukea (1981–1996)
- Tom Lister, Jr. (1989–1996)
Deaths
- May 3 – Ray Stevens, 60[32]
- June 15 – Dick Murdoch, 49
- July 23 – Herb Abrams, 41
- September 11 – Sapphire, 61
See also
- List of WCW pay-per-view events
- List of WWE pay-per-view events
- List of FMW supercards and pay-per-view events
- List of ECW supercards and pay-per-view events
References
- "Royal Rumble 1996 results". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
- "Historical Cards: In Your House 6 (February 18, 1996. Louisville, Kentucky)". PWI Presents: 2007 Wrestling Almanach and book of facts. Kappa Publications. p. 150. 2007 Edition.
- "Copa Junior Tournament 1996". Pro Wrestling History. February 23 – March 31, 1996. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
- "Los Lutteroth / the Lutteroths". Lucha Libre: Masked Superstars of Mexican Wrestling. Distributed Art Publishers, Inc. 2005. pp. 20–27. ISBN 968-6842-48-9.
- Powell, Jason. "Iron Man Match highlights WrestleMania 12". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- Lucha 2000 Staff (April 2006). "Arena México: 50 anos de Lucha Libre". Lucha 2000 (in Spanish). Especial 28.
- "Good Friends, Better Enemies info". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
- "Beware of Dog info". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
- "Beware of Dog 2 info". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
- "CMLL Gran Alternativa #3". Pro Wrestling History. June 7, 1996. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- Note that this was an internet pay-per-view event (iPPV)
- Martin, Finn (1996-09-15). "Power Slam Magazine, issue 26". International Incident (In Your House 9). SW Publishing. pp. 24–25.
- "Gran Prix Tournament 1996". ProWrestlingHistory.com. July 5, 1996. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- "Bash at the Beach 1996". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
- "Hog Wild". Pro Wrestling History. August 10, 1996. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
- Canoe – Slam! Wrestling – the Big Event 21 years later
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- "CMLL Gran Alternativa #4". Pro Wrestling History. November 15, 1996. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- "Historical Cards: In Your House 12 (December 15, 1996. West Palm Beach, Florida)". PWI Presents: 2007 Wrestling Almanak and book of facts. Kappa Publications. p. 151. 2007 Edition.
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- "Slammy Awards History". Wrestling Information Archive. Archived from the original on 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- "WWF Slammy Awards (1996)". TWNP News. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- "WWF Slammy Awards (1996)". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). "MEXICO: Districto Federal Trios Title". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 401. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
- Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-7566-4190-0.