1996 Western North America blackouts

The 1996 Western North America blackouts were two widespread power outages that occurred across Western Canada, the Western United States, and Northwest Mexico on July 2 and August 10, 1996. They were spread 6 weeks apart and were thought to be similarly caused by excess demand during a hot summer.

Though affecting millions, the blackouts were largely an inconvenience, and not emergencies. On both occasions airport operations continued, and power was restored within minutes or hours.

The blackouts raised concerns about the then-recent debates about deregulating electricity utilities.[1]

July 2 blackout

On July 2, 1996, a voltage instability resulted from the loss of steady state equilibrium conditions, caused by reactive power deficiency in the Idaho area.[2] The power failure affected parts of Alberta and British Columbia in Canada, western Mexico, as well as Idaho, Montana, Utah, New Mexico, California, and Arizona, affecting more than two million people.[3] Most power was restored in an hour or two.

President Bill Clinton directed the United States Department of Energy to investigate the reasons for the widespread power outage and whether it could have been prevented.

August 10 blackout

On August 10, 1996, the western electric grid experienced another massive blackout.[4]

This power outage affected customers in seven western US states, two Canadian provinces, and Baja California, Mexico. Approximately 7.5 million customers lost power for periods ranging from several minutes to six hours. The outage stretched from Canada to New Mexico and knocked out power to 4 million customers amid a triple-digit heat wave.

At 2:06 p.m., the Big Eddy-Ostrander line flashed and grounded to a tree. At 2:52 p.m., the John Day–Marion line (also owned by BPA) flashed to a tree. Due to a circuit breaker being out of service, this also took the Marion–Lane line out of operation. At 3:42 p.m., the Keeler–Allston line arced and grounded to a tree near Hillsboro, Oregon, west of Portland. It was the fourth power line in Oregon to fail in less than two hours. Five minutes later, at 3:47 p.m., the 230 kV Ross–Lexington line (also owned by Bonneville Power Administration) flashed and grounded to a tree near Vancouver, Washington, across the Columbia River from the Portland/Hillsboro area. This started a small fire. One minute later, at 3:48 p.m., the 13 turbines at McNary Dam, on the Columbia about 190 miles upstream from Portland, tripped off line.[5]

Within a few seconds, several dozen lines had opened across the Interconnection, and more than a dozen generating units went offline, leaving Oregon disconnected from California and Northern California disconnected from Southern California. High load and demand coupled with inadequate tree-trimming practices, improper system operation, and out of service equipment, contributed to the severity of the disturbance.[6]

gollark: It's not bad, it's just bad.
gollark: ```GoalsThese goals may change or be refined over time as I experiment with what is possible with the language. Embeddable - Similiar to Lua - it is meant to be included in another program which may use the virtual machine to extend its own functionality. Statically typed - The language uses a Hindley-Milner based type system with some extensions, allowing simple and general type inference. Tiny - By being tiny, the language is easy to learn and has a small implementation footprint. Strict - Strict languages are usually easier to reason about, especially considering that it is what most people are accustomed to. For cases where laziness is desired, an explict type is provided. Modular - The library is split into parser, typechecker, and virtual machine + compiler. Each of these components can be use independently of each other, allowing applications to pick and choose exactly what they need.```
gollark: That's rude.
gollark: ```elmlet factorial n : Int -> Int = if n < 2 then 1 else n * factorial (n - 1)factorial 10```A factorial example from the docs.
gollark: Well, yes, it has an interpreter and stuff.

See also
  • List of power outages
  • 1996 Malaysia blackout

References
  1. Golden, Tim (1996-08-19). "May Be Caution Sign on Road to Utility Deregulation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  2. Venkatasubramanian, Vaithianathan; Yuan, Li (August 22–27, 2004). Analysis of 1996 Western American Electric Blackouts (PDF). Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VI. Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. pp. 685–721. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  3. Goldberg, Carey (1996-07-03). "Freakish Blackout in the West Affects More Than a Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  4. Venkatasubramanian, Mani V. (2003-08-20). "Analyzing Blackout Events: Experience from the Major Western Blackouts in 1996" (PDF). Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC). Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  5. Harrison, John (2008-10-31). "Blackout of 1996". Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  6. 1996 System Disturbances (PDF) (Report). Northwest Power and Conservation Council. August 2002. pp. 46–48. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
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