1966 in science

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The year 1966 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

February 3 – The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon.
March 1 – Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface.
March 16 – NASA spacecraft Gemini 8 (David Scott, Neil Armstrong) conducts the first docking in space, with an Agena target vehicle.
March 31 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first spacecraft to enter orbit around the Moon.
November – Notable display of the Leonids over the Americas.[1]
December 15 – Janus, one of the moons of Saturn, is identified by Audouin Dollfus (it had been first photographed on October 29).[2]
December 18 – Epimetheus, another of the moons of Saturn, is discovered, but mistaken for Janus which shares its orbit and they are not distinguished until 1978.
Mullard Space Science Laboratory established in England.

Earth Science

Walter C. Pitman and James Heirtzler present the "magic" Eltanin marine magnetic anomaly profile that confirms the hypothesis of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges.[3]

Biology

The first live specimen of a mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus), Australia's only truly hibernating marsupial, previously known only from the fossil record, is discovered.[4]
German entomologist Willi Hennig's Phylogenetic Systematics is published in English, advancing the study of cladistics.

Computer science

Martin Richards designs the BCPL programming language.
Roger MacGowan and Frederick Ordway first suggest the concept of machine superorganisms in Intelligence in the Universe.

Mathematics

The Fabius function is published.[5]
Chen Jingrun publishes Chen's theorem: every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of a prime and a semiprime.[6]
David Mumford introduces Mumford–Tate groups.[7]
Euler's sum of powers conjecture is disproven by L. J. Lander and T. R. Parkin when, through a direct computer search on a CDC 6600, they have found the counterexample 27⁵ + 84⁵ + 110⁵ + 133⁵ = 144⁵. Their paper[8] announcing the result is one of the shortest published scientific articles ever published.

Physiology and medicine

Gynecologist John McLean Morris and biologist Gertrude Van Wagenen at the Yale School of Medicine report the successful use of oral high-dose estrogen pills for post-coital contraception in women and rhesus macaque monkeys respectively.[9][10]
Victor A. McKusick publishes the first edition of his catalogue of all known genes and genetic disorders, Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
Andreas Rett first describes Rett syndrome.[11]

Psychology

Human Sexual Response is published by Masters and Johnson.
On Aggression and Behind the Mirror are published by Konrad Lorenz.

Technology

January – First proposals for optical fiber communication presented by Charles K. Kao with George Hockham.[12]
October 16 – The "Caspian Sea Monster" ground-effect vehicle first flies in the Soviet Union.[13]
Marie Van Brittan Brown originates the home security system in the United States.

Awards

Fields Prize in Mathematics: Michael Atiyah, Paul Joseph Cohen, Alexander Grothendieck and Stephen Smale
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Alfred Kastler
- Chemistry – Robert S. Mulliken
- Medicine – Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
Turing Award – Alan Perlis

Births

February 23 – Didier Queloz, Swiss astronomer.
April 14 – Polina Bayvel, Ukrainian-born optical communications engineer.
April 21 – Chris Whitty, English epidemiologist, Chief Medical Officer for England.
May 17 – Adrian Owen, English neuroscientist.
June 13 – Grigori Perelman, Russian mathematician.
July 8 – Ralf Altmeyer, German virologist.
August 7 – Jimmy Wales, American internet entrepreneur.

Deaths

January 15 – Sergei Korolev (born 1907), Soviet space scientist.
March 1 – Fritz Houtermans (born 1903), Prussian-born Dutch physicist.
March 12 – Sydney Camm (born 1893), English aircraft designer.
June 20 – Monsignor Georges Lemaître (born 1894), Belgian physicist.
July 7 – George de Hevesy (born 1885), Hungarian winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
August 10 – Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (born 1887), Dutch geophysicist.
October 1 – Mary Logan Reddick (born 1914), African American neuroembryologist.
October 3 – Rolf Maximilian Sievert (born 1896), Swedish physicist.

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References

"Eye witness accounts of the 1966 Leonid Storm". P. Jenniskens/NASA-ARC. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
Gingerich, Owen (1967-01-03). "Probable New Satellite of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular. 1987. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
Le Pichon, Xavier (Summer 2013). "The "revolution" of Plate Tectonics in earth sciences and the relationship between science, reason and truth" (PDF). Euresis Journal. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
Turner, Vivienne; McKay, G. M. (1989). "27. Burramyidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B. J. (eds.). Fauna of Australia, Volume 1B: Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-06056-5.
Fabius, Jaap (1966). "A probabilistic example of a nowhere analytic $C \infty$ -function". Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete. 5: 173–174. doi:10.1007/bf00536652. MR 0197656.
Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
Mumford, David (1966), "Families of abelian varieties", Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 9, Boulder, Colo., 1965), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 347–351, MR 0206003
Lander, L. J.; Parkin, T. R. (1966). "Counterexample to Euler's conjecture on sums of like powers". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (6): 1079. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1966-11654-3.
"Birth Control: The Morning-After Pill". Time. 1966-05-06. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
"Postcoital contraception". IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1 (4): 3. 1967. PMID 12254703.
Rett, A. (September 1966). "On an unusual brain atrophy syndrome in hyperammonemia in childhood". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 116 (37): 723–6. PMID 5300597.
Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (July 1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
Komissarov, Sergey (2002). Russia's Ekranoplans: the Caspian Sea Monster and other WiG craft. Hinkley: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1857801460.

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[1] "Eye witness accounts of the 1966 Leonid Storm". P. Jenniskens/NASA-ARC. Retrieved 2011-10-13.

[2] Gingerich, Owen (1967-01-03). "Probable New Satellite of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular. 1987. Retrieved 2011-12-28.

[3] Le Pichon, Xavier (Summer 2013). "The "revolution" of Plate Tectonics in earth sciences and the relationship between science, reason and truth" (PDF). Euresis Journal. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-11-25.

[4] Turner, Vivienne; McKay, G. M. (1989). "27. Burramyidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B. J. (eds.). Fauna of Australia, Volume 1B: Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-06056-5.

[5] Fabius, Jaap (1966). "A probabilistic example of a nowhere analytic $C \infty$ -function". Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete. 5: 173–174. doi:10.1007/bf00536652. MR 0197656.

[6] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[7] Mumford, David (1966), "Families of abelian varieties", Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 9, Boulder, Colo., 1965), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 347–351, MR 0206003

[8] Lander, L. J.; Parkin, T. R. (1966). "Counterexample to Euler's conjecture on sums of like powers". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (6): 1079. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1966-11654-3.

[9] "Birth Control: The Morning-After Pill". Time. 1966-05-06. Retrieved 2010-05-01.

[10] "Postcoital contraception". IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1 (4): 3. 1967. PMID 12254703.

[11] Rett, A. (September 1966). "On an unusual brain atrophy syndrome in hyperammonemia in childhood". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 116 (37): 723–6. PMID 5300597.

[12] Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (July 1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.

[13] Komissarov, Sergey (2002). Russia's Ekranoplans: the Caspian Sea Monster and other WiG craft. Hinkley: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1857801460.