1260s

The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century 13th century 14th century
Decades:	1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s
Years:	1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269
Categories:	Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments

Events

1260

By place

Africa

• October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.[1][2]
• The civil servant and bard longing for lost al-Andalus, Ibn al-Abbar, is burnt at the stake by the Marinid ruler.[3]

Asia

• The Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, for the title of Great Khan.[4]
• May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes a claimant to the Mongol Empire, after the death of Möngke Khan.[4]
• May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangtze River is destroyed, by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song, due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.
• September 3 – Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee: The Mamluks defeat the Mongols, marking their first decisive defeat, and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. Isa ibn Muhanna is appointed amir al-ʿarab under the Mamluks.[5][6]
• The Chinese era Jingding begins and ends in the Southern Song Dynasty of China.[7]
• The Japanese Shōgen era ends, and the Bun'ō era begins.[8][9]

Europe

• July 12 – Battle of Kressenbrunn: King Ottokar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Béla IV of Hungary.[10]
• July 13 – Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.[11]
• September 4 – Battle of Montaperti: The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs.[12][13]
• September 20 – Second of the two major Prussian uprisings by the Old Prussian tribe of Balts against the Teutonic Order begins.
• The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.[14]
• War breaks out in the Valais (in modern-day Switzerland), as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.
• Croatia is divided into two sub-regions ruled by ban: the Croatian region on the south and Slavonian region on the north, by King Béla IV of Hungary.[15][16]

By topic

Arts and culture

• October 24 – The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France (the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).[17]
• Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.[18][19]
• The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.[20]
• German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.[21][22]
• Construction begins on the Dunkeld Cathedral in Perthshire, Scotland.[23]
• Construction begins on the cathedrals at Meißen and Schwerin.[24]
• Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery.[25]

Religion

• The newly formed Sukhothai Kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.[26]
• The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore, according to his interpretation of the Book of Revelation, chapter 6.[27]

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Significant people

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References

1. Cobb, Paul M. (2014). The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780190614461.
2. Lower, Michael (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780198744320.
3. Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 301. ISBN 9780415185714.
4. Allsen, Thomas T. (2004) [2001]. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780521602709.
5. Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 283. ISBN 9781851096725.
6. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2004) [1995]. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–30. ISBN 9780521522908.
7. Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 757. ISBN 9781107167865.
8. Mass, Jeffrey P. (1989). Lordship and Inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: A Study of the Kamakura Soryo System. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 9780804715409.
9. Conlan, Thomas (2011). From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780199778102.
10. Grant, R. G. (2011). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. New York: Book Sales. p. 175. ISBN 9780785835530.
11. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Volume I: A-E. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 320. ISBN 9780313335372.
12. Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865). A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531. Volume I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 154–160.
13. Lincoln, Bruce (2014). Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–24. ISBN 9780199372386.
14. Gyllenbok, Jan (2018). Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures. Science Networks Historical Studies 57. 2. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser. p. 1266. ISBN 9783319666914.
15. Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG (2008). Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. Osnabrück, Germany: Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 261.
16. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780472082605.
17. Morganstern, Anne McGee (2011). "Chapter Five: The North Transept Porch of Chartres Cathedral". High Gothic Sculpture at Chartres Cathedral, the Tomb of the Count of Joigny, and the Master of the Warrior Saints. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780271048659.
18. Ryan, William Granger (1995) [1993]. Vorágine, Jacobo de (ed.). The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xiii. ISBN 9780691001531.
19. Delaure, Dominic E. (2018). "Chapter 4: Concepts of Solitude in Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea". In Enenkel, Karl A. E.; Göttler, Christine (eds.). Solitudo: Spaces and Places of Solitude in Late Medieval and Early Modern Cultures. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 121. ISBN 9789004367432.
20. Buckley, Jonathan; Jepson, Tim (2009). The Rough Guide to Florence & the best of Tuscany. New York, London, Delhi: Rough Guides UK. p. 160. ISBN 9781848361973.
21. Lord, Suzanne (2008). Music in the Middle Ages: A Reference Guide: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780313083686.
22. Peraino, Judith A. (2011). Giving Voice to Love: Song and Self-Expression from the Troubadours to Guillaume de Machaut. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780199757244.
23. Munro, David M.; Gittings, Bruce (2006). Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places & Landscapes. London and New York: Harper Collins. p. 175. ISBN 9780004724669.
24. Swenson, Astrid (2013). The Rise of Heritage: Preserving the Past in France, Germany and England, 1789–1914. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 9781107469112.
25. Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Volume II: The Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge. p. 747. ISBN 9781579580414.
26. Keown, Damien (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN 9780191579172.
27. Andrews, Frances (2017). "The Influence of Joachim in the 13th Century". In Riedl, Matthias (ed.). A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 241–244. ISBN 9789004339668.