Wales

The Principality of[note 1] Wales[2] is the smallest country on the island of Great Britain (assuming you don't count Cornwall), and is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. It is populated by sheep, growers of daffodils, corgis, leeks, undead singing horses, and Doctor Who (lives in Cardiff). Currently, there are no whales living in Wales, as that would be silly.

The main national flag of Wales, called "The Red Dragon" or "Y Ddraig Goch". The dragon is a satanic symbol of the devil's reign over Wales.[1]

It is wet.

Wales in the United Kingdom

The other national flag of Wales, the Flag of Saint David (Welsh: Baner Dewi Sant). Now it makes much more sense.

An easy mistake to make.

Wales is one of the five Celtic nations located in the British Isles.[note 2] Wales was annexed to become part of England with the Laws of Wales acts in the 16th century and has since then been part of the legal system of England, apart from the matters now devolved to Wales with the new Welsh Assembly. Wales became recognised as a country following the Acts of Union in 1707 which unified England, Scotland and Wales into the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

The word "Wales" derives from the Old English Wealys, meaning "foreigner", whereas the local name Cymru means "brothers". That sums up the relationship between the two countries. The Welsh language is a constant source of bemusement to people in London, who find it hard to believe that it still exists, and that it doesn't use their spelling system. A number of English people genuinely believe that the Welsh only use their language when they are around, especially in public houses.[3]

According to Jan Morris in the Spectator, "Mocking the Welsh is the last permitted bigotry"[4] (but again, similar claims have been made about many other groups[5]). The English expression to "to Welsh on", or "Welch on" someone (thankfully used less often now) means "to cheat" them by not paying up.[6] A popular English rhyme also has it that "Taffy was a Welshman, Taffy was a thief;/ Taffy came to my house and stole a piece of beef". Anti-Welsh prejudice is virulent in the British media, and dates from hundreds of years ago, and up to the present day. For example, English wit and car-driver, Jeremy Clarkson, says: "It's entirely unfair that some people are born fat or ugly or dyslexic or disabled or ginger or small or Welsh. Life, I'm afraid, is tragic." Another wit who refers to himself as A. N. Wilson wrote in the Evening Standard in 1993 that "The Welsh have never made any significant contribution to any branch of knowledge, culture or entertainment.[note 3] They have no architecture, no gastronomic tradition, no literature worthy of the name". Since the English are descended from the Anglo-Saxons of Germany, who invaded Britain around the 7th century AD and drove the native Britons into the west, that would make the Welsh the native Britons and the English prejudice very ironic.

Ever since the Welsh Tudor dynasty took the throne of England in 1485, all English monarchs have descended from the Welshman King Henry VII. Despite so many of them marrying Germans.

Government

Within the parliament of the United Kingdom, Wales is represented by 40 MPs from their 40 voting constituencies, making them the second-smallest represented UK nation behind Northern Ireland. After a referendum in 1997 asking about the devolution of power to Wales, an Assembly for Wales was created the following year, which had its powers extended following the Government of Wales Act in 2006. In 2020, the Assembly was renamed the Welsh Parliament, or in Welsh, Senedd Cyrmu which leads to the informal bilingual name of the Senedd ("SEN-ned"). The Senedd contains 60 members who are elected on five-year terms (it used to be on four-year terms, however, this was changed so that the Senedd elections wouldn't take place the same year as the British General Election of 2015). The Senedd then elects a First Minister (Prif Weinidog Cymru) who in turn selects ministers to form a Welsh Government.

Weather

Despite the permanent waterlogged state, Welsh persons are almost exclusively non-swimmers (the descendants of the ones who could swim are now known as Irish and live in Ireland where they went in prehistoric times to escape the stigma of being Welsh). There were at one time lots of mines which produced Queen Victoria's favourite coal. There are now EistedfodsEisteddfods, rugby, Doctor Who and male voice choirs. To keep warm the native Welsh people were accustomed to burning cottages, but this practice has ceased owing to the increasing shortage of raw material.

Religion

The main religions are Christianity and rugby union. The former is often practiced in small non-Conformist chapels. The Life of Brian was banned in Aberystwyth (west Wales), but then later re-released there, since one of the film's stars (the one who played Judith) happened to be Mayor. The citizenry also got to see her naked in it, next to Graham Chapman.

The language

One of the few words which has migrated into English common parlance from Welsh is "Eisteddfod". By Welsh standards, that's relatively easy to pronounce and spell. This should give you some idea of what Welsh is like.

The Welsh language uses the same script as the English language, but don't let that fool you: it actually uses its own alphabet. For example, Ch, Dd, Ff, Ng, Ll, Rh and Th are their own letters (in the Spanish tradition of smashing two letters together and proclaiming them a single letter), and the letters K, Q, V and Z are completely gone.[7] The Welsh language consistently uses y as a vowel (as opposed to English's "A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y") and also uses w to represent a vowel sound instead of a consonant sound. 78% of Welsh jokes are about English speakers attempting to pronounce Welsh phrases. Unlike English though, Welsh is actually written fairly phonetically, once you get the gist of it. The spelling system of the English language is even more illogical than that of Welsh.

Welsh and English have equal statuses as the official language of Wales. While English is more common in everyday conversation, over 20% of the population is fluent in Welsh, and Welsh is taught as a compulsory subject in primary schools. Welsh was eradicated from many parts of Wales, by bullying and corporal punishment. The "Acts of Union" between England and Wales also banned it, which was inconvenient, since at the time over 90% spoke nothing else. A great deal of its survival is due to the victory of the Welsh church in an old ecclesiastical dispute over their demand to translate the Bible into Welsh as the English had already done for English, which made English a great deal less necessary for many years to come.

Politics

Wales is traditionally a strong area for the Labour Party, especially in its former heavy-industrial regions, and in 1997 and 2001 the Conservative Party won no Welsh seats at all in the Westminster parliament. In 2009, however, the Tories won the largest share of the Welsh vote in the European Parliament elections, the first time any party other than Labour had topped any Welsh poll since the First World War. In 2014 the United Kingdom Independence Party, widely considered to be effectively an English nationalist party, came within fewer than 5,000 votes of beating Labour. The nationalist party, Plaid Cymru, has never made a significant electoral breakthrough outside the areas where Welsh is most commonly spoken (generally in the west of the country). This would seem to suggest that a secessionist movement à la the SNP in Scotland would be unlikely to win mass support. Polls have however shown a higher percentage of the Welsh electorate than in England to be worried about the effects of Scottish independence.

Terrorism

Despite the lack of popular support for independence, there has been a certain amount of extreme nationalism spilling over into terrorism. In the 1960s this included Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (Movement for the Defence of Wales) and Free Wales Army (Byddin Rhyddid Cymru), both groups taking particular offence at the 1969 investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales, a traditional title for the eldest son of the British monarch. Free Wales Army had a particular knack for publicity, claiming links with other nationalist terrorists such as the IRA and promising atrocities such as suicide-bombing dogs.[8] Eventually some members were found guilty of public order offences and jailed.

Meibion Glyndŵr (Sons of Glyndŵr) focused on the destruction of English holiday homes with a large campaign from 1979 that hit over 200 cars, caravans, and houses; most of the cases were never solved.[9] Their activities seemed to cease in 1993 with the jailing of member Sion Aubrey Roberts for a letter-bombing campaign. One Plaid Cymru member suggested they were agents provocateur working for the British government to discredit the Welsh independence movement[10], but such things are said about many extreme nationalists.

Gweler hefyd

For those of you in the mood, RationalWiki has a fun article about Wales.

• Scotland
• England
• Northern Ireland
• United Kingdom
• Welsh Indians
• Sheep
• Australia (not in the British Isles, but boy does it have sheep! It's also the home of New South Wales, but we're not sure where New North Wales is.)
• New Zealand (also not in the British Isles, but it's close to Australia and also has a lot of sheep)

Nodiau

1. Whence the Prince of Wales, although the person is not himself Welsh, being the son of the Queen.
2. The others being Scotland, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and Cornwall. The last is Brittany in France.
3. A lie easily refuted by the works of Robert Recorde, Dylan Thomas, and Catatonia.

Cyfeiriadau

1. Christian group wants 'evil' Welsh flag changed, Wales online, 2007
2. Williams, Owen. "Wales isn't a 'principality' - sorry!". BBC Wales. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/1fa3ef03-d94a-3a3c-a22f-093c74467401. Created 24/07/2014. Accessed 28/01/2015.
3. http://web.archive.org/web/20121111142844/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/voices/pages/pubwelsh.shtml
4. http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/5200003/mocking-the-welsh-is-the-last-permitted-bigotry/
5. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4023
6. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/welch
7. Welsh, Omniglot, accessed 23 Mar 2016
8. See the Wikipedia article on Free Wales Army.
9. Police take fresh look at Sons of Glyndwr, Helen Carter, The Guardian, 11 Mar 2004
10. MP's theory over cottage burnings, BBC News, 10 Dec 2004. This was Elfyn Llwyd, a 23-year MP, once-leader of Plaid in Westminster, and a man whose name sounds like an anime series.

Nations of the world

Africa:Algeria — Democratic Republic of the Congo — Egypt — Eritrea — eSwatini — Ethiopia — Guinea — Kenya — Liberia — Libya — Mali — Nigeria — Somalia — South Africa — Sudan — Togo — Uganda — Zimbabwe

Asia: Afghanistan — Armenia — Azerbaijan — Bahrain — Bangladesh — Brunei — Burma — Cambodia — China — Cyprus — Egypt — Georgia — India — Indonesia — Iran — Iraq — Israel — Japan — Jordan — Kazakhstan — Kuwait — Kyrgyzstan — Laos — Lebanon — Malaysia — Maldives — Mongolia — Nepal — North Korea — Oman — Pakistan — Philippines — Qatar — Russia — Saudi Arabia — Singapore — South Korea — Syria — Tajikistan — Thailand — Timor-Leste — Turkey — Turkmenistan — United Arab Emirates — Uzbekistan — Vietnam — Yemen

Europe: Austria — Belarus — Belgium — Bosnia and Herzegovina — Bulgaria — Croatia — Cyprus — Czechia — Denmark — Estonia — Finland — France — Germany — Greece — Hungary — Iceland — Ireland — Isle of Man — Italy — Latvia — Lithuania — Moldova — Netherlands — North Macedonia — Norway — Poland — Portugal — Romania — Russia — Serbia — Slovenia — Spain — Sweden — Switzerland — Turkey — Ukraine — United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) — Vatican City

North America: Canada — Costa Rica — Cuba — Grenada — Haiti — Jamaica — Mexico — Nicaragua — Panama — United States

Oceania: Australia — Kiribati — Nauru — New Zealand — Papua New Guinea — Pitcairn Islands

South America:Argentina — Bolivia — Brazil — Chile — Colombia — Ecuador — Falkland Islands (Malvinas)— Paraguay — Uruguay — Venezuela

Historical, separatist or disputed: Ancient Egypt — Belgian Congo — British Empire — Catalonia — Confederate States of America — Czechoslovakia — East Germany — French colonial empire — German Empire - Greenland — Holy Roman Empire — Imperial China — Kurdistan — Kosovo — Micronation — Nazi Germany — Palestine — Roman Empire — Soviet Union — Taiwan — Tibet — Vichy France — Western Sahara — Yugoslavia