Maldives

The Republic of the Maldives is a tiny island nation located in the Indian Ocean south of the Indian subcontinent. Malé is the capital and the most populated city, and it's where the Maldives' monarchs historically ruled it. An isolated nation spread across dozens of islands, the Maldives is one of the smallest and poorest countries in the world. With an average ground-level elevation of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) above sea level, the people of the Maldives are critically threatened by climate change and rising sea levels.[2]

“”The Maldives are made up of 1200 islands, of which 200 are inhabited. Our geography is our main challenge. We are also often exposed to natural disasters, like the cyclone that recently hit Vanuatu. A tsunami, like the one that occurred in 2004, takes a few minutes to destroy everything; we spent ten years rebuilding.

—Abdullahi Majeed, the Maldives’ Minister of State for Environment & Energy.[1]

The Maldives first consolidated into a sultanate in the Twelfth Century, when Islam reached the archipelago through trade. The region came under increasing European influence, culminating in the island state becoming a protectorate of the British Empire in 1887. After spending decades as a low-importance British possession, the Maldives gained independence in 1965. After that, its main challenge was to build its economic and infrastructural base as a lone nation in order to prevent itself from being destroyed by an increasingly hostile natural environment. The Maldives also evolved into a republic, but it still has human rights and corruption problems.

Historical overview

Early history

Archaeological evidence indicates that the Maldives was historically a fairly important trade hub between Europe, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. Maldivians consider the introduction of Islam in 1153 CE as the true beginning of their nation's history, and that point saw the Maldives begin to form its modern identity.[3] Islam probably arrived in the Maldives through trade with Muslim powers in East Africa, as the Swahili region had important trade links with India.[4]

Maldivian legend holds that Abu Al Barakat, a North African Arab, drove away the old demonic Maldivian deities by reading the Quran.[5] The Maldivian king was sold on this new religion and ordered his court and subjects to convert.

The Bengal Sultanate, which occupied the territory that is now Bangladesh, was one of the Maldives' most important trading partners since the Maldives produced cowrie shells which Bengal used as currency.[6] The Maldives also produced coconut fiber, called coir, which was historically important in making ropes.[7] Sure, that's boring as fuck, but it was important and it did put the Maldives on the map.

Of course, you couldn't end up as a notable place in southern Asia without attracting the attention of European colonizers...

European influence

Things changed in the 1500s when Portugal expanded its trade empire throughout the Middle East and India. The Portuguese first got permission to build an outpost in Malé, but they soon got more avaricious. In 1558, a Portuguese captain led an expedition to conquer the Maldives, killing Sultan Ali VI and annexing the Maldives as a Portuguese possession.[5] The Portuguese were apparently quite vicious during their occupation, attempting to threaten the Maldivians with death in order to get them to convert to Christianity. The Maldivians weren't gonna have that shit, so they drove the Portuguese out not too long after.

The Portuguese and the Dutch would show up every now and then to attack the Maldives, but the Maldives' sultans managed to keep themselves independent by striking agreements with other European powers.[5]

British protectorate

The British showed up in 1835, apparently interested in charting the seas around their recently acquired Indian empire. The Maldivians were nervous about allowing the British to survey their islands, mostly because the dangerous reefs around those islands had been one of their most important lines of defense against European naval invasions.[8] The British, though, eventually went ahead and did it anyways.

Over time, British merchants poured in to the Maldives from trade ports in India, hoping to control the flow of goods through the Maldives.[5] It didn't take long for them to monopolize this trade and leverage that monopoly into political influence. In 1887, the sultan of the Maldives signed an agreement with the British making the arrangement official and confirming the Maldives as a British protectorate.

The Maldives proved itself to be just a bit too unimportant as a colony to see large-scale British settlement; it mostly served as a base for trade. The British did care enough, though, to impose a constitution on the Maldives in 1932 to make official some democratic limits on the sultans' powers. Later on, the Maldives suffered greatly during World War II because the Japanese invasion of India meant that its trade was cut off from the subcontinent. This caused rice shortages and starvation.[5]

After the war, the Maldives slowly became more autonomous from the British, culminating in the abolition of the monarchy and the Maldives' independence from the British.

Environmental problems

Climate change and rising seas

“”The Maldives stands at the frontline of the climate change battle.

—Dr. Mohammed Waheed Hassan, Vice President of the Maldives.[9]

Climate change presents an existential threat to the Maldives. In recent years, the Maldives' diplomats have been almost exclusively focused on begging the international community and the United Nations for money to help them protect their islands from rising sea levels.[10] The people of the Maldives are already extremely vulnerable to storms and surges, and rising sea levels will eventually start swallowing up their islands.

All the way back in 2004, the Maldives got colossally fucked by a tsunami that killed 16 people and completely wiped out multiple Maldivian islands.[11] The Maldives' first idea was to try to find some land somewhere to buy and relocate. When that unsurprisingly didn't pan out, the Maldives switched to fortifying their existing islands and trying to build artificial islands that sit higher in the sea.[12]

Combating sea level rise is urgent for the Maldives. Harsher storms and an increasing scarcity of freshwater are conditions that would be exacerbated by rising seas.[13] Most of the Maldives' housing and vital infrastructure is clustered around its coastlines.

Coral bleaching

Bleached coral in the Maldives.

“”Before 1998, we never thought that this reef would die. We had always taken for granted that these animals would be there, that this reef would be there forever. El Niño gave us a wake-up call that these things are not going to be there forever. Not only this, they also act as a natural barrier against the tropical storms, floods and tsunamis. Seaweeds grow on the skeletons of dead coral.

—Azeez Hakim, Maldivian marine biologist.[14]

Rising temperatures in the oceans also kill off corals, resulting in them becoming ghastly white and unable to support life. The Maldives got its wake-up call when the 1998 El Niño season killed about 60% of the Maldives' coral reefs.[15] Since then, the Maldives and the world proved itself unable to prevent disaster. Starting in 2014, severe coral bleaching set in, impacting between 60% and 90% of the Maldives' reefs depending on the area.[16] This has become the longest coral bleaching event in known history, and recent studies indicate that the Maldives' reefs might be completely destroyed by the 2030s.[17]

The scary thing is that reefs that bleach often don't come back, meaning that reef ecosystems are destroyed and the people who rely on those ecosystems for food are imperiled.[18] Since the Maldives relies heavily on fishing, this could cause urgent food insecurity.

Gallery

See also

• Global warming
• Kyoto Protocol
• Environmentalism

References

1. Maldives. Wikiquote.
2. The last days of paradise. The Guardian.
3. Maldives History. Country Studies.
4. Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 235–236, 320. ISBN 9780330418799.
5. History of the Maldives. Lonely Planet.
6. Boomgaard, P. (1 January 2008). Linking Destinies: Trade, Towns and Kin in Asian History. BRILL. ISBN 9789004253995
7. The Art of Coir Rope Making. The Maldives Expert.
8. Maldives. British Empire.
9. Climate Change in the Maldives. The World Bank.
10. 'We can't wait': Maldives desperate for funds as islands risk going under. Reuters.
11. Devastated by the 2004 Tsunami, the Island in the Maldives Welcomes a Tsunami Drill. UNDP Asia Pacific.
12. On front line of climate change as Maldives fights rising seas. New Scientist.
13. Republic of Maldives. Union of Concerned Scientists.
14. See the Wikipedia article on Maldives.
15. Maldives Nurses Its Coral Reefs Back to Life. Global Coral Reef Alliance. Archived.
16. Can the Maldives save its coral reefs? CNN.
17. Coral bleaching spreads to Maldives, devastating spectacular reefs. The Guardian.
18. Everything You Need to Know about Coral Bleaching—And How We Can Stop It. World Wildlife Fund.

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