Voter registration in the United States

Voter registration in the United States is required for voting in federal, state and local elections in the United States. The only exception is North Dakota, which does not require registration, although North Dakota law allows cities to register voters for city elections.[1][2] Voter registration takes place at the county level in many states and at the municipal level in several states. Most states set cutoff dates for voter registration, ranging from 2 to 4 weeks before an election; while a third of states have Election Day or "same-day" voter registration which enables eligible citizens to register or update their registration when they vote before or on Election Day.

Map of the District of Columbia, states, and territories in the United States that require voter registration to vote:
  Voter registration required for federal and state elections
  No voter registration required for federal or state elections, except some local city elections require voter registration
A group of African American children gather around a sign and booth to register voters. Early 1960s.

It has been argued that some registration requirements deter some people (especially disadvantaged people) from registering and therefore exercising their right to vote, resulting in a lower voter turnout. According to a 2012 study, 24% of the voting-eligible population in the United States are not registered to vote, equaling some 51 million U.S. citizens.[3][4] While voters traditionally had to register at government offices by a certain period of time before an election, in the mid-1990s, the federal government made efforts to facilitate registering, in an attempt to increase turnout. The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (the "Motor Voter" law) now requires state governments to either provide uniform opt-in registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail-in registration, or to allow Election Day voter registration, where voters can register at polling places immediately prior to voting. In 2016, Oregon became the first state to make voter registration fully automatic (opt-out) when issuing driver licenses and ID cards, since followed by four more states. Political parties and other organizations sometimes hold "voter registration drives", that is, events to register new voters.

In most states, persons registering to vote may at the same time declare an affiliation with a political party.[5]

History

In 1800, Massachusetts became the first state to require voter registration as a prerequisite for voting statewide[6], followed by Maine (1821), Pennsylvania (1836) and Connecticut (1839). Throughout the 19th century, and especially after the Civil War, more states and cities would follow in establishing registration of eligible voters as a prerequisite to voting, partially to stymie the ability of immigrants in cities to vote. However, it was not until 1913 when Nebraska became the first state to establish a permanent statewide registry of voters, to be overseen by an election commissioner.

In 2002, Arizona became the first state to allow for voter registration over the Internet. In 2016, Oregon became the first state to implement a fully automatic (opt-out) voter registration system tied into the process of issuing driver licenses and ID cards.

Federal jurisdiction

While the United States Congress has jurisdiction over laws applying to federal elections, it has deferred the making of most aspects of election laws to the states. The United States Constitution prohibits states from restricting voting rights in ways that infringe on a person's right to equal protection under the law (14th Amendment), on the basis of race (15th Amendment), on the basis of sex (19th Amendment), on the basis of having failed to pay a poll tax or any tax (24th Amendment), or on the basis of age for persons age 18 and older (26th Amendment). The administration of elections, however, vary widely across jurisdictions.

Only US citizens have the right to vote in federal elections.[7] In a few cases, permanent residents ("green card" holders) have registered to vote and have cast ballots without realizing that doing so was illegal. Non-citizens convicted in criminal court of having made a false claim of citizenship for the purpose of registering to vote in a federal election can be fined and imprisoned for up to a year. Deportation and removal proceedings have resulted from several such cases.[8] Some municipalities allow non-citizen residents to vote in municipal or school district elections only.

Some states prohibit convicted felons from voting, a practice known as felony disenfranchisement. Of these states, some prohibit voting only during parole or probation but allow voting after. A small number of states may require repeat offenders to have their voting rights restored through court action.[9]

Effect on participation
A Sumter County, Florida Voter Information Card.

A 2012 study by The Pew Charitable Trusts estimates that 24% of the voting-eligible population in the United States are not registered to vote, a percentage that represents "at least 51 million eligible U.S. citizens."[10][11] The study suggests that registration requirements contribute to discouraging people from exercising their right to vote, thereby causing a lower voter turnout. The extent of discouragement and its effect on increasing the socioeconomic bias of the electorate however remain contested.

In a 1980 landmark study, Raymond E. Wolfinger and Steven J. Rosenstone came to the conclusion that less restrictive registration requirements would substantially increase the electoral turnout. According to their probit analysis, if all states adopted the procedures of the most permissive state regulations, which would mean:

  1. eliminating the closing date
  2. opening registration offices during the forty-hour work week
  3. opening registration offices in the evening or on Saturday
  4. permitting absentee registration for the sick, disabled and absent

(p 73) turnout in the 1972 presidential election would have been 9.1% higher, with 12.2 million additional people having voted.[12] In a seminal 1988 book, sociologists Richard Cloward and Francis Fox Piven argued that lowering registration requirements would improve socioeconomic equality in the composition of the electorate.[13]

Findings such as this have inspired lawmakers to facilitate the registration process, eventually leading to the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (or "Motor Voter" act) that required states to allow voter registration at various public offices, including drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, as well as mail-in registration, unless a state adopts Election Day voter registration. The way towards passing this piece of federal legislation was however lengthy and rocky, as these reforms were highly contested. In an expanded 1990 edition of their 1988 book, titled "Why Americans still don't vote: and why politicians want it that way," Cloward and Piven argued that the reforms were expected to encourage less-privileged groups which happen to lean towards the Democratic Party.[14]

While the turnout at federal elections did substantially increase following the electoral reforms, the effect fell short of Wolfinger and Rosenstone's expectations while Cloward's and Piven's hope of improving the demographic representativeness of the electorate wasn't fulfilled at all. Political scientist Adam Berinsky concluded in a 2005 article that the reforms designed to make voting "easier" in their entirety had an opposite effect, actually increasing the preexisting socioeconomic biases by ensuring "that those citizens who are most engaged with the political world – those with politically relevant resources – continue to participate, whereas those individuals without such resources fall by the wayside."[15] As Berinsky reaffirms in a 2016 piece, the only way to increase turnout while improving representativeness is making more people become interested in politics.[16]

Forms of facilitation

Registration centers

Traditionally, voters have had to register at government offices to vote, but in 1993 Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as the "Motor Voter" law, which came into effect on January 1, 1995, to make registering easier, in an attempt to increase turnout. The law requires state governments to provide opt-in registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail-in registration, though the States which since March 11, 1993, have not required voter registration for federal elections or had same-day voter registration on Election Day were exempt from the Act. Six states qualify for the exemption: North Dakota (which does not have registration), Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

Online
Map of the District of Columbia, states, and territories in the United States that allow online voter registration:
  Online voter registration available[lower-alpha 1]
  Online voter registration to be implemented
  No online voter registration available

As of December 6, 2017, 37 states and the District of Columbia offer online registration, along with two other states (Oklahoma and New Jersey) that has passed legislation to create online voter registration systems, but not yet implemented it.[17]

Federal district or state Date online voter
registration implemented		 Website
 Alabama 2016-12-01[18] Alabama Votes
 Alaska 2015-11[19] Alaska Online Voter Registration
 Arizona 2002-07[20] EZ Voter Registration
 California 2012-09-19[21] California Online Voter Registration
 Colorado 2010-04-01[22] Go Vote Colorado
 Connecticut 2014-01-01[23] Connecticut Online Voter Registration
 Delaware 2014-04[17] I Vote Delaware
 District of Columbia 2015[19] District of Columbia Online Voter Registration
 Florida 2017-10-01[17] Register to Vote Florida Voter Registration
Georgia 2014-03[19] Georgia Online Voter Registration
 Guam [data unknown/missing] Guam Online Voter Registration
 Hawaii 2015-08-04[24] Hawaii Online Voter Registration
 Idaho 2017-12-06[25] Idaho Votes
 Illinois 2014-06-17[26] Illinois Online Voter Registration
 Indiana 2010-07-01[27] Indiana Online Voter Registration
 Iowa 2016-01-04[28] Iowa Online Voter Registration
 Kansas 2009-05[19] Kansas Online Voter Registration
 Kentucky 2016-03-01[29] Kentucky Online Voter Registration
 Louisiana 2010-04[19] Geaux Vote
 Maryland 2012-07-01[30] Maryland Online Voter Registration
 Massachusetts 2015-06-23[31] Massachusetts Online Voter Registration
 Michigan 2019-12-02[32] Michigan Online Voter Registration
 Minnesota 2013-09-26[33] MN Votes
 Missouri[lower-alpha 2] 2014[17] Vote Missouri
 Nebraska 2015-09-22[34] Nebraska Online Voter Registration
 Nevada 2012-09[19] Nevada Online Voter Registration
 New Jersey 2020[35] Not implemented yet
 New Mexico 2016-01-01[36] New Mexico Online Voter Registration
 New York 2011[17] New York Electronic Voter Registration 
 Ohio 2017-01-01[37] Ohio Online Voter Registration
 Oklahoma 2020[38] Not fully implemented yet[38][lower-alpha 3]
 Oregon 2010-03-01[39] OreStar
 Pennsylvania 2015-08-27[40] PA Online Voter Registration
 Rhode Island 2016-08-01[41] RI Online Voter Registration
 South Carolina 2012-10-02[42] S.C. Online Voter Registration
 Tennessee 2017-08-29[43]

GoVote TN Voter Registration

 Utah 2010-06[19] Utah Online Voter Registration
 Vermont 2015-10-12[44] Vermont Online Voter Registration
 Virginia 2013-07-23[45] Virginia Voter Registration
Washington 2008-01[19] MyVote
 West Virginia 2015-09[19] West Virginia Online Voter Registration
 Wisconsin 2017-01-09[46] My Vote Wisconsin
  1. In Missouri, a person can register to vote online and electronically provide a signature using a mobile device, tablet computer or touchscreen computer, but not a standard desktop computer. The state reviews the information and prints out the registration form, which it sends to the person's local elections office for verification.
  2. In Missouri, a person can register to vote online and electronically provide a signature using a mobile device, tablet computer or touchscreen computer, but not a standard desktop computer. The state reviews the information and prints out the registration form, which it sends to the person's local elections office for verification.
  3. In Oklahoma, Registered Voters can update their registration information online but new voters as well as voters who has changed names or moved to a different county can only registered by filling out a paper form.

Automatic
Map of the District of Columbia, states, and territories in the United States that allow automatic voter registration:
  Automatic voter registration available
  Automatic voter registration to be implemented
  No automatic voter registration available

As of April 22, 2019, 11 states and the District of Columbia provide automatic registration when citizens interact with state agencies such as the DMV, along with 7 other states that have passed legislation or committed administratively to create automatic registration systems, but not yet implemented it.[47][48] Those interacting with the state agencies have the option to opt-out of registering.

From January 1, 2016, Oregon implemented the Motor Voter Act, a fully automatic (opt-out) voter registration system tied into the process of issuing driver licenses and ID cards.[49] By April 2016 three more states – California, West Virginia, and Vermont – had followed suit, and in May 2016 Connecticut announced plans to implement it administratively rather than by legislation, bringing the number of states with automatic voter registration policies to five.[50][51] Alaskan voters approved Measure 1 during the November 8, 2016, general election, allowing residents the ability to register to vote when applying annually for the state's Permanent Dividend Fund.[52][53] Voter approval of Measure 1 made Alaska the first state to implement automatic (opt-in) voter registration via ballot initiative and the sixth state to implement automatic registration by any means including passing legislation. Several more states have considered legislation for automatic registration.[54] On August 28, 2017, Governor Bruce Rauner signed Illinois SB1933, which sets implementation of automatic voter registration at motor vehicle agencies for July 1, 2018, and a year later at other state agencies.[55]

Federal district or state Automatic voter
registration implemented
 Alaska 2017-03-01[56]
 California 2017-04[48]
 Colorado 2017-02[48]
 Connecticut 2018
 District of Columbia 2018-06-26[57]
Georgia 2016-09[48]
 Illinois 2018-07-02[58]
 Maine 2022-01[59][60]
 Maryland 2019-07-01[48]
 Massachusetts 2020-01[48]
 Michigan 2019-09-09[61]
 Nevada 2020-01[62]
 New Jersey 2018-11-01[63][48]
 New Mexico [data unknown/missing][64]
 Oregon 2016-01-01[65]
 Rhode Island 2018-06[48]
 Vermont 2017-01[48]
Washington 2019-07[48]
 West Virginia 2019-07[48]

Election Day / same-day
Map of the District of Columbia, states, and territories in the United States that allow same-day voter registration:
  Same-day and early voting period voter registration available
  Same-day voter registration available[lower-alpha 1]
  Early voting period voter registration available
  Same-day and early voting period voter registration not implemented yet
  No same-day and early voting period voter registration available

The majority of states require voters to register two to four weeks before an election, with cutoff dates varying from 30 to 15 days.

Some states allow Election Day voter registration (also known as EDR) which enables eligible citizens to register to vote or update their registration when they arrive to vote. Some states call the procedure same-day registration (SDR) because voters can register and vote during an earlier voting period before Election Day.

EDR allows eligible citizens to register or update their registration at the polls or their local election office by showing valid identification to a poll worker or election official, who checks the identification, consults the registration list and, if they are not registered or the registration is out of date, registers them on the spot.

As of March 27, 2018, 17 states and the District of Columbia offer same day voter registration, which allows any qualified resident of the state to go to register to vote and cast a ballot all in that day. Additionally, 1 state (Washington) has enacted same day vote registration, which has yet to be implemented.[66] Also, 9 states have voter registration possible for a portion of their early voting periods.

Five states are exempt from the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 because they have continuously since 1993 had EDR: Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Maine lost the exemption when it abolished EDR in 2011, though it was subsequently restored. North Dakota is also exempt because it does not have a registration requirement. In June 2011, Maine abolished EDR, which had been in place since 1973, and abolished absentee voting during the two business days before an election.[67] However, the stipulation banning EDR was overturned in a November 2011 citizen referendum ("people's veto") titled Question 1,[68] when Maine voters reinstated EDR with 59% in favor.[69]

Voter turnout is much higher in states using EDR than in states that do not. A 2013 report analyzing turnout in the 2012 United States presidential election, had SDR states averaging at a turnout of 71%, well above the average voter turn-out rate of 59% for non-SDR states.[70] According to official turnout data report in the 2014 edition of America Goes to the Polls,[71] voter turnout in EDR states has averaged 10–14 percent higher than states that lack that option.[72] Research suggests that EDR increases turnout between three and fourteen percentage points.[73][74][75][76][77] A 2004 study summarizes the impact of EDR on voter turnout as "about five percentage points".[78]

Federal district or state Same day voting registration implemented Early voting period registration implemented
 California [data unknown/missing][66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Colorado [data unknown/missing][66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Connecticut [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 District of Columbia [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 Hawaii [data unknown/missing][66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Idaho [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 Illinois [data unknown/missing][lower-alpha 2][66] N/A[66]
 Iowa [data unknown/missing][66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Maine 1973 [79][66] N/A[66]
 Maryland N/A[66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Michigan 2019[80][66] 2019[80][66]
 Minnesota [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 Montana [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 New Hampshire [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 New Mexico [data unknown/missing][64][81][66] [data unknown/missing][64][81][66]
 North Carolina N/A[66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Utah [data unknown/missing][66] [data unknown/missing][66]
 Vermont [data unknown/missing][66] [data unknown/missing][66]
Washington 2019[66] 2019[66]
 Wisconsin [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
 Wyoming [data unknown/missing][66] N/A[66]
  1. In Illinois, you can register 27 days before though election day
  2. In Illinois, you can register 27 days before though election day

Permanent & portable
Map of the District of Columbia, states, and territories in the United States that allow permanent & portable voter registration:
  Permanent & portable voter registration available for registered voter
  Permanent & portable voter registration available for registered voters who move to a precinct that has an electronic poll book or are an active military member
  Provisional ballots available for registered voters who move
  No permanent & portable registration available

As of 2014, Delaware, Hawaii, Oregon, and Texas allow registered voters who have moved within the state to update their registrations when they vote, and are given a regular ballot when they vote. Florida requires any registered voter who moved to another county and another voting precinct to vote only by a provisional ballot, except if "the precinct to which you have moved has an electronic poll book or you are an active military member", in which case the voter would be given a regular ballot when they vote. As of 2014, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Ohio, and Utah allow registered voters who have moved within the state or the District of Columbia to vote in their new county without re-registering at their new address, but they can only vote a provisional ballot, which could require further action from the voter before it is counted.[82][83]

Preregistration
Map of the District of Columbia, states, and territories in the United States that allow preregistration prior to turning 18 years old:
  Preregistration after turning 16 years old
  Preregistration after turning 17 years old
  Preregistration prior to turning 18 years old
  No preregistration; can only vote after turning 18 years old
  Unknown
Federal district of state Preregistration requirements
 Alabama 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Alaska Within 90 days preceding 18th birthday[84]
 Arizona 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Arkansas 18 years old by the election date[84]
 California 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Colorado 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Connecticut 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Delaware 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 District of Columbia 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Florida 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Georgia 17.5-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Hawaii 16-year-olds may preregister, and 17-year-olds may register but not vote[84]
 Idaho 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Illinois 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Indiana 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Iowa 17.5-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Kansas 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Kentucky 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Louisiana 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Maine 17-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Maryland 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Massachusetts 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Michigan 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Minnesota 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Mississippi 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Missouri 17.5-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Montana 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Nebraska 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Nevada 17-year-olds may preregister[84]
 New Hampshire 18 years old by the election date[84]
 New Jersey 17-year-olds may preregister[84]
 New Mexico 18 years old by the election date[84]
 New York 18 years old by the election date[84]
 North Carolina 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Ohio 18-year-olds by the election date[84]
 Oklahoma 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Oregon 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Pennsylvania 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Rhode Island 16-year-olds may preregister, and 17-year-olds may register if they will be 18 years old by the election[84]
 South Carolina 18 years old by the election date[84]
 South Dakota 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Tennessee 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Texas Individuals 17 years and 10 months old may register
 Utah 16-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Vermont 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Virginia 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Washington 18 years old by the election date[84]
 West Virginia 17-year-olds may preregister[84]
 Wisconsin 18 years old by the election date[84]
 Wyoming 18 years old by the election date[84]

Drives
An October 2008 voter registration rally held on behalf of Barack Obama's presidential campaign, on Philadelphia's Benjamin Franklin Parkway

A voter registration drive is an effort undertaken by government authorities as well as political parties and other entities to register to vote all persons otherwise entitled to vote. In many countries the functions of electoral authorities includes endeavours to get as many people to register to vote as possible. In most jurisdictions, registration on the electoral roll is a prerequisite to a person being able to vote at elections.

In the United States, such drives are often undertaken by a political campaign, political party, or other outside groups (partisan and non-partisan), that seeks to register persons who are eligible to vote but are not registered. In all states except North Dakota, registration on the electoral roll in the United States is a prerequisite to a person being able to vote at federal, state or local elections, as well as to serve on juries and perform other civil duties. Sometimes these drives are undertaken for partisan purposes, and target specific demographic groups that are likely to vote for one candidate or other; on the other hand, such drives are sometimes undertaken by non-partisan groups and targeted more generally.

In 2004, the Nu Mu Lambda chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity held a voter registration drive in DeKalb County, Georgia, from which Georgia Secretary of State Cathy Cox (Dem.) rejected all 63 voter registration applications on the basis that the fraternity did not follow correct procedures, including obtaining specific pre-clearance from the state to conduct their drive. Nu Mu Lambda filed Charles H. Wesley Education Foundation v. Cathy Cox (Wesley v. Cox)[85] on the basis that the Georgia's long-standing policy and practice of rejecting mail-in voter registration applications that were submitted in bundles, by persons other than registrars, deputy registrars, or "authorized persons", violated the requirements of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 by undermining voter registration drives. A senior U.S. District Judge upheld earlier federal court decisions in the case, which also found private entities have a right, under the federal law, to engage in organized voter registration activity in Georgia at times and locations of their choosing, without the presence or permission of state or local election officials.[86]

Notable national organizations that regularly work to register voters and promote citizens' engagement in elections include:

Party affiliation

In 31 states and the District of Columbia, voters are allowed to mark their party affiliation, or their unaffiliated status, on their voter registration form. In those states which host closed primaries for political parties, voters are often mandated to declare their party affiliation prior to receiving a primary ballot, whether on the day of the primary or by a prior deadline. In addition, voters who are party-affiliated in their voter files are most often allowed to participate in intra-party elections and decision-making.

Deadline to re-register with a party for a primary election
Federal district of state Deadline to re-register with a political party for a partisan primary election Deadline to re-register with a political party for the 2020 U.S. Presidential Caucuses and Primary elections
 Colorado 29th day prior to the partisan primary election[87] 2020-02-03[87]
 Connecticut 3 months prior to the partisan primary election[88] [data unknown/missing][89]
 Delaware The last Saturday in May of the year of the partisan primary election [data unknown/missing][90]
 District of Columbia 21st day prior to the partisan primary election[91] [data unknown/missing][91]
 Idaho 10th Friday prior to the partisan primary election[92][lower-alpha 1] [data unknown/missing][93]
 Kansas 14th day prior to the partisan primary election[94][lower-alpha 2] [data unknown/missing][95]
 Kentucky December 31 of the year prior to the partisan primary election[96] [data unknown/missing][96]
 Maine 15th day prior to the partisan primary election[94][lower-alpha 3] [data unknown/missing][97]
 New Hampshire 1st Tuesday of June of the year of the partisan primary election[98][lower-alpha 4] [data unknown/missing][99]
 New Jersey 55th day prior to the partisan primary election[94][lower-alpha 5] 2020-04-08[100]
 New York The Friday 10 weeks before the Presidential Primary Election in 2020 [101] 2020-02-14[102]
 Rhode Island 90th day prior to the partisan primary election[103] [data unknown/missing][104]
 Wyoming 14th day prior to the partisan primary election[105] [data unknown/missing][105]
  1. In Idaho, unaffiliated registered voters may re-register up to and on the partisan primary day
  2. In Kansas, unaffiliated registered voters may re-register up to and on the partisan primary day
  3. In Maine, unenrolled registered voters may re-register up to and on the partisan primary day
  4. In New Hampshire, unafflicted registered voters may re-register up to and on the partisan primary day
  5. In New Jersey, unaffiliated registered voters may re-register up to and on the partisan primary day

See also

Further reading

References
  1. "The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  2. Secretary of State North Dakota. "Voter Registration in North Dakota". Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  3. "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient: Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade" (PDF). The Pew Charitable Trusts. February 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  4. "Make It Easy: The Case for Automatic Registration". Democracy. 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  5. Navigating Election Day: What Every Voter Needs To Know, Before You Vote Archived October 5, 2006, at the Library of Congress Web Archives
  7. "The Right to Vote". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
  8. Kirk Semple, ""Immigrants Find Voting Can Come At a Cost". New York Times, October 15, 2010.
  9. "Felon Voting Rights". ncsl.org.
  10. "Inaccurate, Costly, and Inefficient: Evidence That America's Voter Registration System Needs an Upgrade" (PDF). The Pew Charitable Trusts. February 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  11. "Make It Easy: The Case for Automatic Registration". Democracy. 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  12. Raymond E. Wolfinger and; Steven J. Rosenstone (1980). Who Votes?. Yale University Press. pp. 73, 78. ISBN 978-0-300-02552-1.
  13. Frances Fox Piven; Richard A. Cloward (1988). Why Americans don't vote. Random House. ISBN 978-0394553962.
  14. Toby S. James (2012). Elite Statecraft and Election Administration: Bending the Rules of the Game?. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-30842-8.
  15. Adam Berinsky (July 2015). "The perverse consequences of electoral reform in the United States" (PDF). American Politics Research. 33 (4): 471–491. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.5567. doi:10.1177/1532673X04269419.
  16. Adam Berinsky (February 8, 2016). "Making Voting Easier Doesn't Increase Turnout". Stanford Social Innovation Review. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  17. Online Voter Registration
  18. You can now register to vote online in Alabama
  19. List of States Adopting Electronic Registration, Online Voter Registration, or Both
  20. ONLINE VOTER REGISTRATION (OLVR) SYSTEMS IN ARIZONA AND WASHINGTON: EVALUATING USAGE, PUBLIC CONFIDENCE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES
  21. California launches online voter registration
  22. Online Voter Registration
  23. Voter Registration and Absentee Ballots
  24. Office of Elections launches online voter registration system
  25. "Idaho launches online voter registration | the Spokesman-Review".
  26. Online voting registration begins in Illinois
  27. Voter Registration
  28. Iowa Residents Can Register to Vote Online
  29. Online voter registration comes to Kentucky
  30. Online Voter Registration
  31. Massachusetts Launches Online Voting Registration System
  32. "SOS - Benson announces beginning of online voter registration and availability of eNotary services in Michigan". www.michigan.gov. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  33. Editorials: Online voter registration offers multiple advantages | Mark Ritchie/PostBulletin
  34. Want to register to vote online in Nebraska? Now you can
  35. NJ.com, Brent Johnson | NJ Advance Media for; NJ.com, Matt Arco | NJ Advance Media for (January 21, 2020). "N.J. will soon allow you to register to vote online". nj. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  36. Online Voter Registration Now Available in New Mexico!
  37. Ohio's Online Voter Registration System is Now Live
  38. Online Voter Registration
  39. Oregon offers online voter registration
  40. Pennsylvania Launches Online Voter Registration to Increase Efficiency and Offer Convenience
  41. R.I. secretary of state: Voter registration is easier with new online system
  42. South Carolina Launches Online Voter Registration System
  43. After A Year In The Works, Online Voter Registration Goes Live In Tennessee
  44. Online Voter Registration Now Open In Vermont
  45. Virginia residents can now register to vote online
  46. The Launch of Online Voter Registration in Wisconsin through MyVote.wi.gov
  47. "National Conference of State Legislatures: Automatic Voter Registration". ncsl.org. April 22, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  48. "Automatic Voter Registration". Brennan Center for Justice. July 24, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  49. "Oregon Secretary of State: Oregon Motor Voter Act FAQ". sos.Oregon.gov. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  50. "Automatic Voter Registration". Brennan Center for Justice. April 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  51. "Shumlin signs into law automatic voter registration". Vermont Business Magazine. April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  52. Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott (March 7, 2016). "Proper Filing Letter" (PDF). Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  53. "Unofficial Results - November 8, 2016 General Election" (PDF). Alaska Division of Elections. November 23, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  54. "Automatic Voter Registration". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  55. "Illinois governor signs automatic voter registration law". Washington Post. August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  56. PFD Automatic Voter Registration & Updates to Registrations FAQ’s
  57. Automatic Voter Registration Begins at DC DMV on June 26, 2018
  58. Automatic voter registration at DMV begins in IL
  59. "Automatic Voter Registration | League of Women Voters". www.lwvme.org. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  60. Dwyer, Paul. "State lawmakers get update on automatic voter registration". www.wabi.tv. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  61. "SOM - Secretary Benson announces modernized voter registration on National Voter Registration Day". www.michigan.gov. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  62. Independent, TABITHA MUELLER SHANNON MILLER, JAZMIN OROZCO RODRIGUEZ KRISTYN LEONARD The Nevada. "Nevada voter rolls swell as automatic registration takes effect". Elko Daily Free Press. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  63. Writer, MICHELLE BRUNETTI POST Staff. "Voter registration now automatic at NJ Motor Vehicle Commission". Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  64. "Gov. Lujan Grisham enacts same-day, automated voter registration | Office of the Governor - Michelle Lujan Grisham". Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  65. Oregon Motor Voter Act FAQ
  66. Same Day Voter Registration
  67. June 11, 2011,Bill to end same-day registration approved Portland Press Herald
  68. August 14, 2011, Citizens rise up in Maine Boston Globe
  69. November 8, 2011, Huff Post Politics, Maine Election Day Registration Restored By Voters
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  74. Rhine, Staci L. (January 1, 1996). "An Analysis of the Impact of Registration Factors on Turnout in 1992". Political Behavior. 18 (2): 171–185. doi:10.1007/BF01498789. JSTOR 586605.
  75. Ansolabehere, Stephen; Konisky, David M. (December 21, 2006). "The Introduction of Voter Registration and Its Effect on Turnout". Political Analysis. 14 (1): 83–100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.170.1688. doi:10.1093/pan/mpi034. ISSN 1047-1987.
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  82. Millions to the Polls
  83. FAQ - Voting
  84. Preregistration for Young Voters
  85. Charles H. Wesley Education Foundation v. Cathy Cox.
  86. Cox Violated Voter Rights, Judge Declares Archived 2014-08-29 at the Wayback Machine
  87. 2020 Election Calendar
  88. VOTER REGISTRATION PROCEDURE
  89. Deadline looming to switch party before Connecticut primary
  90. Party affiliation change deadline approaching
  91. Deadline to change party affiliation status
  92. Primary Elections in Idaho
  93. Friday is deadline to change party affiliation in Idaho
  94. Deadlines to change party affiliation in closed primary states
  95. Deadline nears to change party affiliation
  96. Deadline to Change Party Affiliation Ahead of 2018 May Primary is Dec. 31
  97. Deadline to Change Party Enrollment in Time to Vote in June 12 Primary
  98. Party Affiliation in New Hampshire
  99. June 5, 2018 Deadline to Change Party Affiliation for Voting in the September 11, 2018 State Primary Election
  100. Division of Elections Reminds Registered Voters of Upcoming April 11 Deadline for Change of Party Affiliation Declaration Forms for Primary Election to be Filed with County Commissioners of Registration
  101. New York Consolidated Laws, Election Law - ELN § 5-304. Enrollment;  change of enrollment or new enrollment by previously registered voters
  102. "You Have Until February 14th To Change Your Party Registration For The 2020 Presidential Primary". Retrieved December 27, 2020. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  103. Frequently Asked Questions
  104. R.I. voters have until June 14 to switch party affiliations before Sept. 12 primary
  105. Welcome to the FAQs
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