Uyghur genocide

Critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs have accused the Chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in Xinjiang in the 21st century, calling this policy an ethnocide or a cultural genocide of Uyghurs.[1][2][3][4][5][6] In particular, they have highlighted the concentration of Uyghurs in state-sponsored re-education camps,[7][8] suppression of Uyghur religious practices[9][10] and testimonials of alleged human rights abuses including forced sterilization and contraception.[11][7][12]

Part of a series on
Genocide
Issues
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Late Ottoman genocides
World War II (1941–1945)
Cold War
Genocides in postcolonial Africa
Ethno-religious genocide in contemporary era
Related topics
Category

The allegations have not received formal United Nations recognition, with 54 member states supporting China's policies in Xinjiang,[13][14][15] while 23 condemning them.[16][17]

Background
See also: History of Xinjiang, Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang, and East Turkestan independence movement

Xinjiang conflict
Main article: Xinjiang conflict

Various Chinese dynasties have historically exerted control over parts of modern-day Xinjiang.[18] The region came under modern Chinese rule as a result of the westward expansion of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, which also saw the conquests of Tibet and Mongolia.[19]

After the 1928 assassination of Yang Zengxin, the governor of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate in east Xinjiang under the Republic of China, Jin Shuren, succeeded Yang as the governor of the Khanate. On the death of the Kamul Khan Maqsud Shah in 1930, Jin entirely abolished the Khanate and took control of the region as warlord.[20] In 1933, the breakaway First East Turkestan Republic was established in the Kumul Rebellion.[21] In 1934, the First Turkestan Republic was conquered by warlord Sheng Shicai with the aid of the Soviet Union before Sheng reconciled with the Republic of China in 1942.[22] In 1944, the Ili Rebellion led to the Second East Turkestan Republic with dependency on the Soviet Union for trade, arms, and "tacit consent" for its continued existence before being absorbed into the People's Republic of China in 1949.[23]

From the 1950s to the 1970s, the Chinese government sponsored a mass migration of Han Chinese to the region and introduced a number of policies to suppress the cultural identity and religion of Uyghurs.[24] During this time, several Uyghur separatist organizations with potential support from the Soviet Union emerged, with the East Turkestan People's Party being the largest in 1968.[25] During the 1970s, the Soviets supported the United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan (URFET) to fight the Chinese.[26]

In 1997, a police roundup and execution of 30 suspected separatists during Ramadan led to large demonstrations in February 1997 that resulted in the Ghulja incident, a People's Liberation Army (PLA) crackdown that led to at least nine deaths.[27] The Ürümqi bus bombings later that month killed nine people and injured 68 with responsibility acknowledged by Uyghur exile groups.[28] In March 1997, a bus bomb killed two people with responsibility claimed by Uyghur separatists and the Turkey-based Organisation for East Turkistan Freedom.[29]

In July 2009, riots broke out in Xinjiang in response to a violent dispute between Uyghur and Han Chinese workers in a factory that resulted in over one hundred deaths.[30] Following the riots, Uyghur terrorists killed dozens of Han Chinese in coordinated attacks from 2009 to 2016.[31][32] These included the August 2009 syringe attacks,[33] the 2011 bomb-and-knife attack in Hotan,[34] the March 2014 knife attack in the Kunming railway station,[35] the April 2014 bomb-and-knife attack in the Ürümqi railway station,[36] and the May 2014 car-and-bomb attack in an Ürümqi street market.[37] The attacks were conducted by Uyghur separatists, with some orchestrated by the UN-designated terrorist organization[38] Turkistan Islamic Party (formerly the East Turkistan Islamic Movement).[39][40][41][42] Abroad, Uyghur terrorists bombed the Chinese embassy in Kyrgyzstan in 2016; in 2014, they killed 25 people in an attack on a Thai shrine popular with Chinese tourists.[43]

During the peak of Syria's civil war (2011- 2017), thousands of Uyghurs from China went to Syria and joined ISIS and Al Qaeda.[44][45] The Uyghur fighters wanted to learn combat skills and return to China.[43] About 50,000 Uyghurs also moved to Turkey, mostly in towns close to the border with Syria.[46]

Government policies
Xinjiang Police Jobs as they grow with Internment Camps
Number of re-education related government procurement bids in Xinjiang

Initial "Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism"

In April 2010, after the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, Zhang Chunxian replaced the former Communist Party chief Wang Lequan, who had been behind religious policies in Xinjiang for 14 years.[47] In May 2014, China launched the "Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism" in Xinjiang in response to growing tensions between Han Chinese and the Uyghur population of Xinjiang itself.[48] In announcing the campaign, Chinese leader Xi Jinping stated that "practice has proved that our party's ruling strategy in Xinjiang is correct and must be maintained in the long run" in May 2014.[49]

Regulations since 2017

New bans and regulations were implemented on 1 April 2017. Abnormally long beards and wearing veils in public were both banned.[50] Not watching state-run television or listening to radio broadcasts, refusing to abide by family planning policies, or refusing to allow one's children to attend state run schools were all prohibited.[50] Giving a child a name that would "exaggerate religious fervor," such as Muhammad, was made illegal. Along with this, many mosques were demolished or destroyed.[50]

Re-education efforts began in 2014 and were expanded in 2017.[51][52] At this time, detainment camps were built for the housing of students of the re-education programs, most of whom are Uyghurs. The Chinese government did not acknowledge their existence until 2018 and called them "vocational education and training centers."[51] This name was changed to "vocational training centers" in 2019. The camps tripled in size from 2018 to 2019 despite the Chinese government claiming that most of the detainees had been released.[51]

Counter-terrorism justification

China has used the global "war on terror" of the 2000s to frame separatist and ethnic unrest as acts of Islamist terrorism to legitimize its counter-insurgency policies in Xinjiang.[53]

In August 2018, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination decried the "broad definition of terrorism and vague references to extremism" used by Chinese legislation, noting that there were numerous reports of detention of large numbers of ethnic Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities on the "pretext of countering terrorism".[54]

In 2019, the editorial board of The Wall Street Journal, Sam Brownback, and Nathan Sales said that the Chinese government consistently misuses "counterterrorism" as a pretext for cultural suppression and human rights abuses.[55][56]

Cultural effects

Mosques
Mosque in Tuyoq, Xinjiang

There are about 24,400 mosques in Xinjiang, an average of one mosque for every 530 Muslims.[57]

In 2005, Human Rights Watch reported that "information scattered in official sources suggests that retaliation" against mosques not sponsored by the Chinese State was prevalent, and that the Xinjiang Party Secretary expressed that Uyghurs "should not have to build new places for religious activities."[58] The Chinese government prohibited minors from participating in religious activities in Xinjiang in a manner that, according to Human Rights Watch, "has no basis in Chinese law."[58]

According to an analysis from The Guardian, over one-third of mosques and religious sites in China suffered “significant structural damage” between 2016 and 2018, with nearly one-sixth of all mosques and shrines completely razed.[59] This includes the tomb of Imam Asim, a mud tomb in the Taklamakan desert. According to The Guardian, Uyghur Muslims believe that repeated pilgrimages to the tomb would fulfill a Muslim's obligation to complete the Hajj.[59]

According to The Guardian, a reporter who visited the eastern region of Qumul in 2017 learned from local officials that over 200 of the 800 mosques in the region were destroyed and over 500 more were scheduled for demolition in 2018.[60]

A 2019 CNN report suggested that dozens of mosques have been destroyed in China's crackdown.[61]

Allegations about Id Kah Mosque
See also: Id Kah Mosque

Id Kah Mosque is the largest mosque in Xinjiang and the largest in China.[62][63]

Radio Free Asia reported that in 2018, a plaque containing Quranic scriptures, that had long hung outside the front entrance of the mosque, had been removed by the authorities in order to "eliminate Uyghur faith, literary works, and language".[64]

However, in July 2020, the Chinese embassy in the US tweeted a video interview with the imam showing the plaque hanging inside the mosque, claiming that the mosque had been renovated.[65][66] The imam stated that the plaque had been moved inside to protect it from exposure to the rain and sun.[65]

Education

In 2011, schools in Xinjiang transitioned to "bilingual education." The majority of the instruction occurs in Mandarin Chinese, with only a few hours a week devoted to Uyghur literature. Despite this emphasis on "bilingual education," few Han children are taught to speak Uyghur.[67]

Uyghur students are also increasingly being sent to residential schools far from their home communities where they are able to speak Uyghur.[68]

According to a 2020 report from Radio Free Asia, monolingual Mandarin Chinese education has been introduced in an influential high school in Kashgar which formerly provided bilingual education.[69]

Detained academics and religious figures

The Uyghur Human Rights Project has identified at least 386 Uyghur intellectuals that were detained and have disappeared since early 2017 as victims of the massive campaign of ethno-religious repression carried out by the Chinese government in the Uyghur homeland.[70]

Uyghur economist Ilham Tohti was sentenced to life in prison in 2014. Amnesty International called his sentence unjustified and deplorable.[71] Rahile Dawut, a prominent Uyghur anthropologist who studied and preserved Islamic shrines, traditional songs and folklore, has also been imprisoned.[72]

According to Radio Free Asia, the Chinese government jailed Uyghur Imam Abduheber Ahmet after he took his son to a religious school not sanctioned by the Chinese state. Ahmet had previously been lauded by China as a "five-star" imam, but was sentenced in 2018 to over five years in prison for his action.[73]

Graveyards

In September 2019, Agence France-Presse (AFP) visited 13 destroyed cemeteries across four cities and witnessed exposed bones still remaining in 4 of them. Through examination of satellite images, the press agency determined that the grave destruction campaign had been active for more than a decade.[74] According to a previous AFP report, three cemeteries in Xayar County were among dozens of Uyghur cemeteries destroyed in Xinjiang between 2017 and 2019. The unearthed human bones from the cemeteries in Xayar County were discarded.[75][76] In January 2020, a CNN report based on analysis of Google Maps satellite imagery said that Chinese authorities have destroyed more than 100 graveyards in Xinjiang, primarily Uyghur ones. CNN has linked the destruction of the cemeteries to the governments campaign to control the Uyghurs and Muslims more broadly. The Chinese government terms the cemetery and tomb destruction as "relocations" and claim that the dead are re-interred in new standardized cemeteries.[77][78]

This is all part of China's campaign to effectively eradicate any evidence of who we are, to effectively make us like the Han Chinese. ... That's why they're destroying all of these historical sites, these cemeteries, to disconnect us from our history, from our fathers and our ancestors.

— Salih Hudayar, whose great-grandparents' graveyard was demolished[75][76]

Among the destroyed cemeteries is Sultanim Cemetery (37°07′02″N 79°56′04″E), the central Uyghur historical graveyard with generations of burials and the most sacred shrine in Hotan city, which was demolished and converted into a parking lot between 2018 and 2019.[79][80][81][82][83] CGTN, a Chinese state-owned international channel affiliated with the Communist Party of China, claimed that the graves were relocated.[84]

Marriage incentives
Uyghur Woman in Xinjiang

According to the outreach coordinator for the U.S.-based Uyghur Human Rights Project,[85] Zubayra Shamseden, the Chinese government "wants to erase Uighur culture and identity by remaking its women."[86]

According to gender studies expert Leta Hong Fincher, the Chinese government has offered Uyghur couples incentives to have fewer children, and for women to marry outside of their race.[87]

Marriages between Uyghurs and Han Chinese persons are encouraged with subsidies by the government. In October 2017, the marriage of a Han Chinese man from Henan Province to a Uyghur woman from Lop County was celebrated on the county's social media page:

“They will let ethnic unity forever bloom in their hearts,”
“Let ethnic unity become one’s own flesh and blood.”[88]

Clothing

Chinese authorities discourage the wearing of headscarves, veils, and other Islamic dress in the region. On May 20, 2014, a protest broke out in Alakaga (Alaqagha, Alahage), Kuqa (Kuchar, Kuche), Aksu Prefecture when 25 women and schoolgirls were detained for wearing headscarves. According to a local official, two died and five were injured when special armed police fired into the protesters. Subsequently, a Washington Post team was detained in Alakaga and ultimately deported from the region.[89][90][91][89][92]

Children's names

According to Radio Free Asia, in 2015, a list of banned names for children called "Naming Rules For Ethnic Minorities", was promulgated in Hotan, banning potential names including Islam, Quran, Mecca, Jihad, Imam, Saddam, Hajj, and Medina. Use of list was later extended throughout Xinjiang.[93]

Allegations of human rights abuses
Further information: Human rights in China § Uyghur Muslims

Inside internment camps
Main article: Xinjiang re-education camps

Torture

Human Rights Watch, a New York-based nonprofit organisation, has alleged "'rampant abuses,' including torture and unfair trials" of the Uyghurs.[94]

Mihrigul Tursun, a young Uyghur mother, said that she was "tortured and subjected to other brutal conditions... " She was drugged, interrogated for days without sleep, and strapped in a chair and jolted with electricity. It was her third time being sent to a camp since 2015. Tursun told reporters that she remembers interrogators telling her: "Being a Uighur is a crime."[95] Another past detainee, Kayrat Samarkand, said that "'They made me wear what they called 'iron clothes,' a suit made of metal that weighed over 50 pounds... It forced my arms and legs into an outstretched position. I couldn't move at all, and my back was in terrible pain...They made people wear this thing to break their spirits. After 12 hours, I became so soft, quiet and lawful.'"[96]

Compulsory sterilizations and contraception

Zumrat Dwut, a Uyghur woman, claimed that she was forcibly sterilized during her time in a camp before her husband was able to get her out through requests to Pakistani diplomats.[97] While Dwut does not specify how she was sterilized, other women recount having forcefully received contraceptive implants.[98][99][12]

The Heritage Foundation reported that officials forced Uyghur women to take unknown drugs and drink some kind of white liquid that caused them to lose consciousness and sometimes caused them to stop menstruating.[11]

Brainwashing

Kayrat Samarkand described his camp routine in an article for NPR: "In addition to living in cramped quarters, he says inmates had to sing songs praising Chinese leader Xi Jinping before being allowed to eat. He says detainees were forced to memorize a list of what he calls '126 lies' about religion: 'Religion is opium, religion is bad, you must believe in no religion, you must believe in the Communist Party,' he remembers. 'Only [the] Communist Party could lead you to the bright future.'"[96]

Documents which were leaked to The New York Times by an anonymous Chinese official advised that "Should students ask whether their missing parents had committed a crime, they are to be told no, it is just that their thinking has been infected by unhealthy thoughts. Freedom is only possible when this 'virus' in their thinking is eradicated and they are in good health."[100]

The Heritage Foundation reported that "children whose parents are detained in the camps are often sent to state-run orphanages and brainwashed to forget their ethnic roots. Even if their parents are not detained, Uyghur children need to move to inner China and immerse themselves into Han culture under the Chinese government's 'Xinjiang classrooms' policy."[11]

Labor

According to Quartz, the Xinjiang region is described as a "'cotton gulag' where prison labor is present in all steps of the cotton supply chain..."[101]

Tahir Hamut, a Uyghur Muslim, worked in a labor camp during elementary school when he was a child, and he later worked in a re-education camp as an adult, performing such tasks as picking cotton, shoveling gravel, and making bricks. "Everyone is forced to do all types of hard labor or face punishment," he said. "Anyone unable to complete their duties will be beaten."[102]

Outside internment camps

IUDs and birth control

According to researcher Adrian Zenz, 80% of all new IUD placements in China in 2018 were performed in Xinjiang, despite the region only constituting 1.8% of China’s population.[103][104][105] However, publicly available statistics from the National Health Commission indicate that the actual figure is 8.7%;[106] leading Chinese state-controlled tabloid Global Times to criticize Zenz's 80% claim, concluding that it "cannot be arrived at by any calculation, except by misplacing the decimal point."[107]

Forced cohabitation and abortion

In 2018, Chinese public servants began mandatory home stays with Uyghur families for assimilation aid.[61]

A 37-year-old pregnant woman from the Xinjiang region said that she attempted to give up her Chinese citizenship in order to live in Kazakhstan but was told by the Chinese government that she needed to come back to China in order to complete the process. She received an abortion that she alleged was required to prevent her brother from being detained.[108]

Organ harvesting
Main article: Organ transplantation in China § Allegations of organ harvesting in Xinjiang

Ethan Gutmann, a fellow at the conservative think-tank Foundation for Defense of Democracies and China watcher, concluded that organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience became prevalent when members of the Uyghur ethnic group were targeted in security crackdowns and "strike hard campaigns" during the 1990s. According to Gutmann, organ harvesting from Uyghur prisoners dropped off by 1999 with members of the Falun Gong religious group overtaking the Uyghurs as a source or organs.[109][110][111]

In the 2010s, concerns about organ harvesting from Uyghurs resurfaced.[112][113] According to a unanimous determination by the China Tribunal, China has persecuted and medically tested Uyghurs. Its report expressed concerns that Uyghurs were vulnerable to being subject to organ harvesting but did not yet have evidence of its occurrence.[114][115][116][117][118][119][120]

Use of biometric and surveillance technology

Chinese authorities have been utilizing biometric technology to track individuals in the Uyghur community.[61] According to Yahir Imin, a 38-year-old Uyghur, Chinese authorities in Xinjiang drew blood, scanned his face, recorded his fingerprints, and documented his voice.[61] As stated in the article written by Sui-Lee Wee, a key piece in China's strategy is to collect genetic material from millions of people in the Xinjiang region. The genetic material contributes to an extensive database that can track Uyghur individuals who defy the campaign. China has been exploring the use of facial recognition technology to sort people by ethnicity and how to use DNA to tell if an individual is a Uyghur. According to an assistant professor at the University of Windsor in Ontario, Mark Munsterhjelm, The PRC is creating "technologies used for hunting people."[121]

In 2017, security-related construction tripled in Xinjiang. According to Charles Rollet, “the projects [in China] include not only security cameras but also video analytics hubs, intelligent monitoring systems, big data centers, police checkpoints, and even drones."[122] The Ministry of Public Security has invested billions of dollars into two main government plans: the Skynet project (天网工程) and the Sharp Eyes project (雪亮工程).[122] These two projects combined are reaching to oversee China's population by the year 2020 through video camera facial recognition. According to Morgan Stanley, by 2020, there will be installments of 400 million security cameras.[122] Various Chinese start-ups have been building algorithms to allow the Chinese government to track the Muslim minority group. These start-ups include SenseTime, CloudWalk, Yitu, Megvii, and Hikvision.[123]

Biometric data

Officials in Tumxuk have gathered hundreds of blood samples from Uyghur individuals, contributing to the campaign in mass-collecting DNA.[121] Tumxuk was named a "major battlefield for Xinjiang's security work" by the state news media.[121] In January 2018, a forensic DNA lab overseen by the Institute of Forensic Science of China was built in Tumxuk.[121] Documents from within the lab showed that the lab was supported by software created by Thermo Fisher Scientific, a Massachusetts company.[121] This software was used in correspondence to create genetic sequencers, helpful in analyzing DNA. In response, Thermo Fisher declared in February that it would discontinue selling to the Xinjiang region as a result of "fact-specific assessments."[121]

GPS tracking on cars

Security officials have ordered residents in China's Northwest region to install GPS tracking devices in their vehicles so authorities can track their movements. This measure affects residents in the Xinjiang region and authorities have claimed that it "is necessary in order to counteract the activities of Islamist extremists and separatists". An announcement from officials in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture proclaimed that "there is a severe threat from international terrorism, and cars have been used as a key means of transport for terrorists as well as constantly serving as weapons. It is therefore necessary to monitor and track all vehicles in the prefecture."[124]

Installation of China-made Beidou satellite navigation systems in all private, secondhand, and government vehicles was made necessary from 20 February 2020.[124]

International responses

Reactions at the United Nations

In July 2019, 22 countries issued a joint letter to the 41st session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), condemning China's mass detention of Uyghurs and other minorities, calling upon China to "refrain from the arbitrary detention and restrictions on freedom of movement of Uyghurs, and other Muslim and minority communities in Xinjiang".[16][17][125]

In the same session, 50 countries issued a joint letter supporting China's Xinjiang policies,[15][16] criticizing the practice of "politicizing human rights issues". The letter stated, "China has invited a number of diplomats, international organizations officials and journalist to Xinjiang" and that "what they saw and heard in Xinjiang completely contradicted what was reported in the media."[15]

In October 2019, 23 countries issued a joint statement to the UN urging China to "uphold its national and international obligations and commitments to respect human rights".[126]

In response, 54 countries issued a joint statement supporting China's Xinjiang policies. The statement "spoke positively of the results of counter-terrorism and de-radicalization measures in Xinjiang and noted that these measures have effectively safeguarded the basic human rights of people of all ethnic groups."[127][128][14]

Reactions by country/region

Europe

In addition to signing a joint statement regarding ethical violations affecting the Uyghur community in Xinjiang, countries such as Germany and Norway have taken further steps to express their opinions on this issue. Germany has specifically called on China to provide UN human rights access to the camps.[129] In addition, Norway has formed an anti-internment camp awareness group.[130]

India

In a 2020 article in The Kashmir Magazine, Kashimiri leader Hashim Qureshi pointed out that Uyghurs are forcibly put in concentration camps in Xinjiang, adding, “Muslim officials are not allowed to grow beards or offer prayers. Mosques cannot raise tall minarets."[131]

Middle East

Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and many others all signed a UN document defending China's human rights record.[132][133] A spokesperson for the Turkish Foreign Ministry criticized the camps,[134] but Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan later defended China during his visit there.[135] Iraq and Iran have also remained silent[136] while Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey have been accused of deporting Uyghurs to China.[137][138][139][140][141] The United Arab Emirates has formally defended China's human rights records.[142] Qatar supported China's policies in Xinjiang until August 21, 2019; Qatar was the first Middle Eastern country to withdraw their defense of the Xinjiang Camps.[143][144][145]

Central Africa

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Somalia, and many other central African countries have defended China.[132]

Southeast Asia

Cambodia, Myanmar, and The Philippines signed formal support of China's policies.[132] Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia have all deported Uyghur people on China's request.[146]

In December 2009, the Uyghur American Association expressed concern at the return of 20 Uyghur refugees from Cambodia to China.[147]

New Zealand

The prime minister of New Zealand, Jacinda Ardern, visited Beijing after Christchurch mosque shootings and discussed Xinjiang privately with Xi Jinping. Nothing resulted from such conversations and Ardern did not pursue this topic further. The New York Times thought that the seeming lack of concern was because New Zealand exports many products to China, including milk, meat, and wine.[148]

Pakistan

A study by the Pakistan government found that conservative journals and clerics in the country are opposed to the crackdown on the Uyghurs, often calling for greater religious freedom for Uyghurs. Presented with the report, the Chinese embassy asked Pakistan to manage negative sentiments about China within Pakistan.[149]

Russia

Russia has expressed support of China's treatment of Uyghurs on multiple occasions.[150] It signed both statements at the UN (in July and October 2019) that supported China's Xinjiang policies.[17][15][128]

United States

The United States Congress passed the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act in reaction to the re-education camps.[151][152] The Uyghur American Association has claimed that Beijing's military approach to terrorism in Xinjiang is state terrorism.[153] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has issued statements[154][155][156] about the conditions in Xinjiang writing in part:

The Chinese government’s campaign against the Uyghurs in Xinjiang is multi-faceted and systematic. It is characterized by mass detention, forced labor, and discriminatory laws, and supported through high-tech manners of surveillance.[157]

Official visits to the camps

China has invited more than 1,000 diplomats, officials of international organizations, journalists and religious personages to visit Xinjiang. Many diplomats, officials, and journalists from various countries have already visited the region.[158][159][160][161][162][163]

UN counter-terrorism chief Vladimir Voronkov visited Xinjiang in 2019 and found nothing incriminating at the camps.[164][165][166][167] The visit prompted anger from the U.S. State Department.[168]

In July 2019, a joint letter signed by 50 nations at the United Nations Human Rights Council talked about official visits to China's Xinjiang region:

"China has invited a number of diplomats, international organizations officials and journalist to Xinjiang to witness the progress of the human rights cause and the outcomes of counter-terrorism and deradicalization there. What they saw and heard in Xinjiang completely contradicted what was reported in the media."

The U.S. has called these visits "highly choreographed" and characterized them as having "propagated false narratives."[169]

Labeling the Chinese government's policy in Xinjiang an "ethnocide" or a "cultural genocide"

Since the release of the Xinjiang papers and the China Cables in November 2019, various journalists and researchers have called the Chinese government's treatment of Uyghurs an ethnocide or a cultural genocide. In November 2019, Adrian Zenz described the classified documents as confirming "that this is a form of cultural genocide".[170] Azeem Ibrahim of Foreign Policy called the Chinese treatment of Uyghurs a "deliberate and calculated campaign of cultural genocide" in December 2019 after the release of the Xinjiang papers and China Cables.[171] James Liebold, a professor at the Australian La Trobe University, has called the treatment of Uyghurs by the Chinese government a "cultural genocide" and stated that "in their own words, party officials are 'washing brains' and 'cleansing hearts' in order to 'cure' those bewitched by extremist thoughts."[172]

International Criminal Court complaint

In July 2020, Uyghur activist groups filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court calling for it to investigate PRC officials for crimes against Uyghurs including allegations of genocide.[173][174]

References
  1. ""'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'" - The Independent, 5 July 2019". Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  2. ""'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs" - The Times 17 December 2019". Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  3. ""China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'" - 28 November 2019". Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  4. ""Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture" - Financial Times 12 September 2019". Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  5. ""The Uyghur Minority in China: A Case Study of Cultural Genocide, Minority Rights and the Insufficiency of the International Legal Framework in Preventing State-Imposed Extinction" November 2019". Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  6. ""China's crime against Uyghurs is a form of genocide" - Summer 2019". Archived from the original on 2020-02-01. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  7. Danilova, Maria (2018-11-27). "Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  8. Stewart, Phil (2019-05-04). "China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  9. Congressional Research Service (18 June 2019). "Uyghurs in China" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
  10. Blackwell, Tom (25 September 2019). "Canadian went to China to debunk reports of anti-Muslim repression, but was 'shocked' by treatment of Uyghurs". National Post. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  11. Enos, Olivia; Kim, Yujin (29 August 2019). "China's Forced Sterilization of Uighur Women Is Cultural Genocide". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  12. "China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs". BBC News. 2020-06-29. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  13. "Joint Statement delivered by Permanent Mission of Belarus at the 44th session of Human Rights Council". www.china-un.ch. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  14. "54 countries renew support for China's Xinjiang policy - Global Times". www.globaltimes.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  15. "Letter to UNHRC" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  16. "The "22 vs. 50" Diplomatic Split Between the West and China Over Xinjiang and Human Rights". Jamestown. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  17. "Who cares about the Uyghurs". The Economist.
  18. Clarke, Michael E. (8 March 2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-136-82706-8.
  19. Millward, James (7 February 2019). "'Reeducating' Xinjiang's Muslims". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  20. Forbes, Andrew D. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 W. (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5212-5514-1. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  21. Dillon, Michael (2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-64721-8.
  22. Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1318-9. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  23. Benson, Linda (1990). The Ili Rebellion: the Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7.
  24. "Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Vol. 17 no. 2. April 2005. Post 9/11: labeling Uighurs terrorists, p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  25. Clarke, Michael E. (2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-1368-2706-8. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  26. Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-3133-6540-9. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  27. "China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang". Human Rights Watch. October 2001. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  28. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-2311-3924-3. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  29. Debata, Mahesh Ranjan (2007). China's Minorities: Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang. Pentagon Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-81-8274-325-0.
  30. Branigan, Tania; Watts, Jonathan (5 July 2009). "Muslim Uighurs riot as ethnic tensions rise in China". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  31. "Wary Of Unrest Among Uighur Minority, China Locks Down Xinjiang Region". NPR. 26 September 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020. In the years that followed, Uighur terrorists killed dozens of Han Chinese in brutal, coordinated attacks at train stations and government offices. A few Uighurs have joined ISIS, and Chinese authorities are worried about more attacks on Chinese soil.
  32. Kennedy, Lindsey; Paul, Nathan. "China created a new terrorist threat by repressing this ethnic minority". Quartz. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  33. "Chinese break up 'needle' riots". BBC Online. 4 September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  34. Richburg, Keith B. (19 July 2011). "China: Deadly attack on police station in Xinjiang". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  35. "Deadly Terrorist Attack in Southwestern China Blamed on Separatist Muslim Uighurs". Time. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  36. "Deadly China blast at Xinjiang railway station". BBC News. BBC. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  37. "Urumqi car and bomb attack kills dozens". The Guardian. 22 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  38. "Governance Asia-Pacific Watch". United Nations. April 2007. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  39. Morin, Adrien (23 February 2017). "Is China's Counterterrorism Policy in Xinjiang Working?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020. according to Kyrgyzstan state security, the attack was ordered by Uyghur militants active in Syria and carried out by a member of ETIM.
  40. Karen, Leigh (9 October 2019). "The Uighurs". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Tensions erupted in 2009... Attacks by Uighur separatists intensified in the years that followed, with one of the groups that carried them out—the Turkistan Islamic Party—also being credited with having thousands of jihadist fighters in Syria.
  41. Zenn, Jacob (2018). "The Turkistan Islamic Party in Double-Exile: Geographic and Organizational Divisions in Uighur Jihadis". Terrorism Monitor. 16 (17). Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020. The TIP also claimed several other attacks in China after 2008... the 2011 hit-and-run attack in Kashgar was credibly proven to be organized by the TIP in Afghanistan
  42. Clarke, Colin P. (26 August 2019). "China's Global War on Terrorism". Slate. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020. Over the past decade, groups advocating separatism for Xinjiang’s Muslim Uighur minority—including the Turkistan Islamic Party and before it, the East Turkistan Islamic Movement—have been linked to numerous low-level attacks using knives and vehicles as weapons.
  43. "AP Exclusive: Uighurs fighting in Syria take aim at China". AP NEWS. 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  44. "Israeli report: Thousands of Chinese jihadists are fighting in Syria". Ynetnews. 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  45. "Syria says up to 5,000 Chinese Uighurs fighting in militant groups". Reuters. 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  46. McKernan, Bethan (2020-05-24). "'I miss my homeland': fearful Uighurs celebrate Eid in exile in Turkey". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  47. Wines, Michael. "Wang Lequan Is China's Strongman in Controlling Uighurs". Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  48. "China Steps Up 'Strike Hard' Campaign in Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  49. Wong, Edward (30 May 2014). "China Moves to Calm Restive Xinjiang Region". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  50. Shepherd, Christian; Blanchard, Ben (2017-03-30). "China sets rules on beards, veils to combat extremism in Xinjiang". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  51. Maizland, Lindsay. "China's Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang". Council on Foreign Relations.
  52. Groot, Gerry (2019), "Internment and Indoctrination—Xi's 'new Era' in Xinjiang", in Golley, Jane; Jaivin, Linda; Farrelly, Paul J.; Strange, Sharon (eds.), Power, ANU Press, pp. 98–112, ISBN 978-1-76046-280-2, JSTOR j.ctvfrxqkv.14
  53. Trédaniel, Marie; Lee, Pak K. (2017-09-18). "Explaining the Chinese framing of the "terrorist" violence in Xinjiang: insights from securitization theory" (PDF). Nationalities Papers. 46 (1): 177–195. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1351427. ISSN 0090-5992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  54. "UN calls on China to free Uighurs from alleged re-education camps". Straits Times. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  55. The Editorial Board (18 November 2019). "Beijing's Secrets of Xinjiang". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  56. Sales, Nathan; Brownback, Sam (22 May 2019). "China's attack on Uighurs isn't counterterrorism. It's ugly repression". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  57. "China Cables: One mosque for every 530 Muslims in Xinjiang, says Beijing". Hindustan Times. 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  58. "Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 17 (2): 1–112. April 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  59. Kuo, Lily (6 May 2019). "Revealed: new evidence of China's mission to raze the mosques of Xinjiang". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  60. Harris, Rachel (2019-04-07). "Bulldozing mosques: the latest tactic in China's war against Uighur culture | Rachel Harris". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  61. Ben Westcott; Yong Xiong. "Xinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says". CNN. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  62. Peter Neville-Hadley. Frommer's China. Frommer's, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7645-6755-1. Page 302.
  63. "Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar of Xinjiang: History & Opening Hours". www.topchinatravel.com. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  64. "Removal of Islamic Motifs Leaves Xinjiang's Id Kah Mosque 'a Shell For Unsuspecting Visitors'". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  65. "Chinese Embassy in US". Twitter. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  66. "Xinjiang mosques renovated, equipped with better amenities". news.cgtn.com. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  67. "Tongue-Tied; Education in Xinjiang". The Economist. June 27, 2015.
  68. "China's Effort to Silence the Sound of Uyghur". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-15. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  69. "Xinjiang Authorities Institute Mandarin-Only Instruction at Prominent Uyghur High School". Radio Free Asia.
  70. "Detained and Disappeared: Intellectuals Under Assault in the Uyghur Homeland". Uyghur Human Rights Project. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11.
  71. "Ilham Tohti". World Uyghur Congress. 2016-09-12. Archived from the original on 2019-11-15. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
  72. Ramzy, Austin (2019-01-05). "China Targets Prominent Uighur Intellectuals to Erase an Ethnic Identity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
  73. Shohret Hoshur (10 May 2018). "Xinjiang Authorities Jail Uyghur Imam Who Took Son to Unsanctioned Religious School". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  74. "'No space to mourn': the destruction of Uygur graveyards in Xinjiang". scmp.com. South China Morning Post. AFP. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  75. "Even in death, Uighurs feel long reach of Chinese state". France 24. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020. In just two years, dozens of cemeteries have been destroyed in the northwest region, according to an AFP investigation with satellite imagery analysts Earthrise Alliance.
    Some of the graves were cleared with little care -- in Shayar county, AFP journalists saw unearthed human bones left discarded in three sites.
  76. Eva Xiao, Pak Yiu (11 October 2019). "China disturbs even the Uighur dead in 'development' of Xinjiang". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020. Some of the graves were cleared with little care — in Shayar County, journalists saw unearthed human bones left discarded at three sites.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  77. Rivers, Matt. "More than 100 Uyghur graveyards demolished by Chinese authorities, satellite images show". cnn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  78. Osborne, Samuel. "China has destroyed more than 100 Uighur Muslim graveyards, satellite images show". independent.co.uk. The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  79. Matt Rivers (3 January 2020). "More than 100 Uyghur graveyards demolished by Chinese authorities, satellite images show". CNN. Retrieved 11 August 2020. The Sultanim Cemetery in the center of Hotan City is one of the most famous ancient cemeteries in Xinjiang. It was destroyed between January to March 2019.
  80. Fred Hiatt (3 November 2019). "In China, every day is Kristallnacht". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Before After
    Cemetery demolished
    The site of Sultanim cemetery in Hotan, Xinjiang, in December, 2018 and March 2019.
  81. Kurban Niyaz, Joshua Lipes. (1 May 2020). "Xinjiang Authorities Construct Parking Lot Atop Historic Uyghur Cemetery". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  82. Asim Kashgarian (1 December 2019). "US: China Targets Uighur Mosques to Eradicate Minority's Faith". Voice of America. Retrieved 11 August 2020. 37°7′2.13″N 79°56′2.96″E
    Satellite imagery with a comparative analysis of Sultanim Cemetery in Hotan city, in China's northwest Xinjiang province.
  83. Bahram K. Sintash (October 2019). "Demolishing Faith: The Destruction and Desecration of Uyghur Mosques and Shrines" (PDF). Uyghur Human Rights Project. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 11 August 2020. The Sultanim Cemetery has a history of over 1,000 years. King Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1211) conquered Hotan (the Buddhist Kingdom Udun at that time), and spread Islam around 960 AD. During the conquest, four Kara-khan commanders, including Prince Sultan Kilich Khan, were killed and Muslims buried them at this location. Since then, the cemetery has been known as Sultanim Maziri (My Sultan Shrine) and became one of the most important cemeteries among Uyghur Muslims who have paid their respects here for over 1,000 years. In the center, the four commanders’ graves were still there until China completely bulldozed the entire cemetery in 2019. Many religious leaders, scholars and other important people in Hotan’s far and recent history have been buried in this cemetery.
  84. Handley, Erin (17 Jan 2020). "Safe and sound? China launches propaganda blitz to discredit Uyghur #StillNoInfo campaign". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  85. Shamseden, Zubayra. "Uyghur Human Rights Project". Archived from the original on 2019-12-03.
  86. Lynch, Elizabeth M. (21 October 2019). "China's attacks on Uighur women are crimes against humanity". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019.
  87. Hong Fincher, Leta (2018). Betraying Big Brother. Verso. ISBN 9781786633644.
  88. DAKE KANG and YANAN WANG (1 December 2018). "China's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. In recent years, the government has even encouraged Uighurs and Han Chinese to tie the knot. Starting in 2014, Han-Uighur spouses in one county were eligible to receive 10,000 yuan ($1,442) annually for up to five years following the registration of their marriage license. Such marriages are highly publicized. The party committee in Luopu county celebrated the marriage of a Uighur woman and a “young lad” from Henan in an official social media account in October 2017. The man, Wang Linkai, had been recruited through a program that brought university graduates to work in the southern Xinjiang city of Hotan. “They will let ethnic unity forever bloom in their hearts,” the party committee’s post said. “Let ethnic unity become one’s own flesh and blood.”CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  89. Simon Denyer (19 September 2014). "China's war on terror becomes all-out attack on Islam in Xinjiang". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  90. Shohret Hoshur, Richard Finney (23 May 2014). "Over 100 Detained After Xinjiang Police Open Fire on Protesters". Translated by Shohret Hoshur. Retrieved 9 July 2020.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  91. Eset Sulaiman, Parameswaran Ponnudurai (20 May 2014). "Xinjiang Police Open Fire at Protest Against Clampdown on Islamic Dress". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Eset Sulaiman. Retrieved 9 July 2020.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  92. "THE GLOBAL MAGNITSKY HUMAN RIGHTS ACCOUNTABILITY ACT". US Government Publishing Office. 2015. p. 13 & 15 – via Internet Archive.
  93. Xin Lin (20 April 2017). =Luisetta Mudie (ed.). "China Bans 'Extreme' Islamic Baby Names Among Xinjiang's Uyghurs". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Luisetta Mudie. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  94. "Inside Chinese camps thought to be detaining a million Muslims". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  95. "A tale of torture in a Chinese internment camp for Uighurs". U.S. Virtual Embassy Iran. 2018-12-07. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  96. Samark, Former detainee Kayrat. "Ex-Detainee Describes Torture In China's Xinjiang Re-Education Camp". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  97. "First she survived a Uighur internment camp. Then she made it out of China". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  98. "China accused of genocide over forced abortions of Uighur Muslim women as escapees reveal widespread sexual torture". The Independent. 2019-10-06. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  99. "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization". Associated Press. 2020-06-29. Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  100. Board, The Editorial (2019-11-18). "Opinion | This Is Not Dystopian Fiction. This Is China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  101. Bain, Marc. "Clothing made by Chinese forced labor is likely being sold in the US". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  102. "China profiting off of forced labor in Xinjiang: report". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  103. "Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang" (PDF). Jamestown Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  104. Washington Post Editorial Board. "What's happening in Xinjiang is genocide". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  105. "Pompeo calls report of forced sterilisation of Uighurs 'shocking'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  106. 中国卫生健康统计年鉴 (PDF). National Health Commission. p. 228. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2020-07-12.
  107. "GT investigation busts West's birth control lies in Xinjiang - Global Times". www.globaltimes.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  108. "'They Ordered Me To Get An Abortion': A Chinese Woman's Ordeal In Xinjiang". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  109. "Congressional Testimony:Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF). Ethan Gutmann. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  110. Ethan Gutmann, “The Xinjiang Procedure” Archived 2018-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, The Weekly Standard, 5 December 2011.
  111. David Brooks, “The Sidney Awards Part II” Archived 2020-01-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 22 December 2011.
  112. Martin, Will. "China is harvesting thousands of human organs from its Uighur Muslim minority, UN human-rights body hears". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  113. Batha, Emma (24 September 2019). "U.N. urged to investigate organ harvesting". reuters.com. Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  114. "Short Form of the China Tribunal's Judgement" (PDF). China Tribunal. Retrieved 4 August 2020. These individual conclusions, when combined, led to the unavoidable final conclusion that; [...] The concerted persecution and medical testing of Uyghurs is more recent and it may be that evidence of forced organ harvesting of this group may emerge in due course. [...] In regard to the Uyghurs the Tribunal has evidence of medical testing on a scale that could allow them, amongst other uses, to become an 'organ bank'.
  115. Smith, Saphora (18 June 2019). "China forcefully harvests organs from detainees, tribunal concludes". NBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  116. https://www.foxnews.com/world/organ-harvesting-china-survivors-victims
  117. https://www.businessinsider.com/china-organ-harvesting-medical-report-claims-falsified-donation-data-2019-11
  118. https://nypost.com/2019/06/23/the-ugly-truth-about-chinas-organ-harvesting/
  119. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2020-08-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  120. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-china-rights/china-is-harvesting-organs-from-falun-gong-members-finds-expert-panel-idUSKCN1TI236
  121. Wee, Sui-Lee; Mozur, Paul (2019-12-03). "China Uses DNA to Map Faces, With Help From the West". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  122. Xu, Danielle Cave, Fergus Ryan, Vicky Xiuzhong (2019-08-22). "Mapping more of China's tech giants: AI and surveillance". aspi.org.au. Archived from the original on 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  123. Mozur, Paul. "One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a Minority". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  124. Phillips, Tom (2017-02-21). "China orders hundreds of thousands of private cars to have GPS trackers installed for monitoring". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  125. "UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 2019-07-10. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  126. Ben Westcott and Richard Roth. "China's treatment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang divides UN members". CNN. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  127. CNN, Ben Westcott and Richard Roth. "China's treatment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang divides UN members". CNN. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  128. 张悦. "Statement at UN supports China on Xinjiang". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  129. World, Republic. "Xinjiang: Germany asks China to allow officials after fresh evidence". Republic World. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  130. Baloch, Kiyya. "Norway: Automated calls from China embassy spook Uighur diaspora". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  131. Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury (1 August 2020). "Senior Kashmiri leader slams concentration camp-type treatment of Uyghurs". Economic Times. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  132. Qiblawi, Tamara. "Muslim nations are defending China's crackdown on Muslims. It shatters the myth of Islamic solidarity". CNN. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  133. "Muslim Counties Join China in Cultural Genocide". Washington Post. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-11-24.
  134. "Turkey criticises China's Uyghur detention camps as 'a great cause of shame for humanity'". ABC News. 2019-02-11. Archived from the original on 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  135. Ma, Alexandra (6 July 2019). "The last major opponent of China's Muslim oppression has retreated into silence. Here's why that's a big deal". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  136. "Iran careful on Uyghur Issue". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12.
  137. "Turkey's Uighurs fear for future after China Deportation". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  138. "Saudia Arabia supports Xinjian Policy". Archived from the original on 2020-02-04.
  139. "Silence on Muslim Repression". France 24. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04.
  140. hermesauto (2019-08-18). "'Nightmare' as Egypt helps China to detain Uighurs". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  141. Alsaafin, Linah. "Uighurs arrested in Egypt face unknown fate". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-04. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  142. "Muslim Countries' Support For China's Detention of Uyghurs is not Surprising". Al Bawaba. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  143. "Qatar Withdraws Support for China Over Its Treatment of Muslims". 2019-08-21. Archived from the original on 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  144. Sanchez, Raf (2019-08-21). "Qatar retracts support for China's detention of Uighur Muslims". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2020-01-05. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  145. Arab, The New. "Qatar becomes first Muslim country to withdraw support over China's treatment of Uighur". alaraby. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  146. Sauer, Pjotr (2019-10-09). "'If They Send Us Back to China We Will Die': Uighur Brothers Fight Deportation From Russia". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  147. "U.S. slams deportation of Uyghur refugees from Cambodia to China". CNN. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  148. Perlez, Jane (2019-09-25). "China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. It's Succeeding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  149. "Atrocities on Uighurs Muslims: China asks Pakistan to manage negative sentiments domestically". World is One News. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020 – via YouTube.
  150. "Saudi Arabia, Russia express support for China's treatment of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang". ABC News. 2019-07-13. Archived from the original on 2019-10-13. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  151. "China protests as US House passes Uygur bill demanding sanctions over Xinjiang". South China Morning Post. 2019-12-04. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  152. Lipes, Joshua (June 17, 2020). "Trump Signs Uyghur Rights Act Into Law, Authorizing Sanctions For Abuses in Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  153. Gaye Christoffersen (2 September 2002). "Constituting the Uyghur in U.S.-China Relations The Geopolitics of Identity Formation in the War on Terrorism" (PDF). Strategic Insights. 1 (7): 7. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  154. Matt Hadro (12 March 2020). "Chinese forced labor is in US supply chain, Congressional report finds". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 13 May 2020. As many as 1.8 million Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and other Muslim minorities are or have been detained in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), a situation which groups like the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum are now calling a “crime against humanity.”
  155. "USCIRF Commends U.S. Holocaust Museum Spotlight on China". United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) today commended the decision of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum to add China to its list of case studies due to concerns about the mass internment of Uighur and other Muslims.
  156. Alim Seytoff, Joshua Lipes (6 March 2020). "US Holocaust Museum Labels China's Persecution of Uyghurs in Xinjiang 'Crimes Against Humanity'". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 13 May 2020. The Chinese government’s persecution of ethnic Uyghurs—including their mass detention in internment camps—constitutes “crimes against humanity,” according to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, opening an avenue for what one expert said could be legal action in an international court of law.
  157. "China". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  158. "Joint Statement delivered by Permanent Mission of Belarus at the 44th session of Human Rights Council". www.china-un.ch. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  159. "China invites Turkish delegation to observe Uighurs' situation". DailySabah. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  160. "Wary of Xinjiang backlash, China invites waves of diplomats to visit". Reuters. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  161. "China invites European diplomats to visit Xinjiang to inspect camps". South China Morning Post. 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  162. "China Focus: Diplomats from 7 countries visit Xinjiang - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  163. 李齐. "Diplomats from 8 countries visit Xinjiang". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  164. Gramer, Colum Lynch, Robbie. "Xinjiang Visit by U.N. Counterterrorism Official Provokes Outcry". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  165. "UN counterterrorism chief visits internment camps in Xinjiang". South China Morning Post. 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  166. "UN counterterrorism chief visits internment camps in Xinjiang". South China Morning Post. 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  167. "UN anti-terror official makes controversial trip to Xinjiang". AP NEWS. 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  168. Welle (dw.com), Deutsche. "Anger boils over Xinjiang visit by UN counterterrorism chief | DW | 14.06.2019". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  169. Blanchard, Ben (March 23, 2019). "U.S. Official Denounces 'Choreographed' Visits to China's Xinjiang". US News and World Report. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019.
  170. "Secret documents reveal how China mass detention camps work". The Associated Press. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  171. Ibrahim, Azeem (3 December 2019). "China Must Answer for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  172. Liebold, James (28 July 2019). "China's treatment of Uighurs is cultural genocide". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  173. Simons, Marlise (2020-07-06). "Uighur Exiles Push for Court Case Accusing China of Genocide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  174. Kuo, Lily (2020-07-07). "Exiled Uighurs call on ICC to investigate Chinese 'genocide' in Xinjiang". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.