Toʻrtkoʻl

Toʻrtkoʻl (Uzbek: Toʻrtkoʻl/Тўрткўл; Karakalpak: Tórtkúl/Төрткүл, also spelled as Turtkul (Russian: Турткуль), is a city in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan and the administrative center of the Toʻrtkoʻl District.

Toʻrtkoʻl

Tórtkúl/Төрткүл  (Karakalpak)
Toʻrtkoʻl/Тўрткўл  (Uzbek)
Турткуль  (Russian)
Toʻrtkoʻl
Location in Uzbekistan
Coordinates: 41°33′N 61°00′E
Country Uzbekistan
Autonomous RepublicKarakalpakstan
DistrictToʻrtkoʻl District
Elevation
85 m (279 ft)
Population
 (2004)
 • Total50 800

History

The city was founded as a Russian garrison after the Khivan campaign of 1873 and before 1920 was known as Petroaleksandrovsk (Russian: Петро-Александровск). It was then a major jewelry producing center of Uzbekistan,[1] and was equipped with telegraph in 1913 and with a radio station in 1922; the station began regular translations in 1930.[2]

In 1932, the city was renamed to Turtkul (from Turkish törktkül meaning square[3]) and between 1932 and 1939 was the capital of the newly formed autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan. The city was standing nearby a major Amu Darya River, which is known for significantly altering its flow path several times in its history. In 1932, Amu Darya once more changed its terrain and flooded Turtkul. This and past damage by Amu Darya urged the authorities to move the capital of Karakalpakstal over 170 km to Nukus in 1939.[4][5] The river banks were reinforced, stopping further flooding. However, in 1942 the river suddenly moved on Turtkul destroying it overnight.[6][7] Consequently, in 1949 Turtkul had been relocated.[4]

Climate

Toʻrtkoʻl has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk). The climate is continental, arid and hot. The coldest month is January with the average temperature of −25 °C (−13 °F) and the hottest month is July with an average temperature of 45 °C (113 °F). The annual average is 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). Annual precipitation is 97 mm; it is the highest in March at about 20 mm and is nearly zero between July and September.[8][9] The evaporation exceeds precipitation on average by 36 times and sometimes up to 270 times.[10]

Economy

The city has a cotton processing factory, a reinforced concrete plant, an asphalt plant and an external section of Nukus Medical School. Its population was 22,000 in 1975 [4] and 38,200 in 1991.

Notable residents
  • Tuti Yusupova, longevity claimant, died in 2015, possibly 135 years old

References
  1. Chahryar Adle et al. (2005) History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century, Volume 6 of History of Civilizations of Central Asia, UNESCO ISBN 92-3-103985-7, p. 632
  2. History of communication in Uzbekistan
  3. Bertold Spuler, F.R.C Bagley The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4, ISBN 90-04-06196-7 p. 151
  4. Турткуль, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  5. Нукус, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
  6. V. A. Mezentsev (1988). Энциклопедия чудес. Vol. 1. Обычное в необычном (Encyclopedia of wonders. Usual within unusual) (in Russian). Moscow: Znanie.
  7. A.B. Avakyan, M. H. Istomina (2001). "Природные причины наводнений (Natural causes of floods)". ЭНЕРГИЯ (in Russian). 4.
  8. Maria Shahgedanova (2002) The physical geography of northern Eurasia, Volume 3 of Oxford regional environments, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823384-1 p. 269
  9. Robert E. Gabler et al. (2008) Physical Geography, ISBN 0-495-55506-1 p. 246
  10. Kenneth Walton (2007) The Arid Zones, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-202-30928-2, p. 37


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