Texas's 22nd congressional district

Texas's 22nd congressional district of the United States House of Representatives covers a largely suburban south-central portion of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. The district includes the majority of Fort Bend County, including most of the cities of Sugar Land, Missouri City, Rosenberg, Needville and the county seat of Richmond as well as the county's share of the largely unincorporated Greater Katy area west of Houston. In addition, the district also contains portions of northern Brazoria County, including Pearland and Alvin, as well as a small portion of southeast Harris County centered on Friendswood.

"TX-22" redirects here. TX-22 may also refer to Texas State Highway 22.

Texas's 22nd congressional district
Texas's 22nd congressional district since January 3, 2013
Representative
  Pete Olson
R–Sugar Land
Distribution
  • 93.09% urban[1]
  • 6.91% rural
Population (2016)881,407[2]
Median income$94,048[2]
Ethnicity
Cook PVIR+10[3]

The district is represented by Republican Pete Olson, who was elected in 2008 over one-term incumbent Democrat Nick Lampson. Before 2006, the district had been represented by former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay since 1985, and before that, former Congressman and three-time presidential candidate Ron Paul briefly in 1976 and again from 1979 to 1985. In 2006, 52% of poll respondents identified as Republicans, 32% as Democrats, and 16% as independents.[4]

In 2020, Sri Preston Kulkarni, the 2018 Democratic nominee for this seat, will face off once again for this seat, but this time against Fort Bend County incumbent sheriff Troy Nehls.

History

The district was originally created in 1958, replacing the abolished at-large district represented by Democrat Martin Dies, Jr. from 1953 to 1959. At the time, each of Texas's 254 counties were represented by one member of Congress. The new district made history with its placement in Harris County, home to the city of Houston and previously represented in its entirely by Democrat Albert Thomas in the state's 8th congressional district, making Harris the first county in Texas since World War II to be divided into more than one congressional district.

The new 22nd district, largely made up of suburban territory outside of Houston along with southern portions of the city itself, was won by Democrat Robert R. Casey, a former Harris County Judge (a post equivalent to that of a county executive in Texas). The 8th and 22nd districts were separated by a boundary consisting roughly of what is now U.S. 290, the western and southern portions of Loop 610, and the portion of Buffalo Bayou east of downtown Houston including the Houston Ship Channel. All points south of this boundary were in the 22nd, while the remainder was in the 8th. These boundaries would remain effective until the 1964 elections.

After a federal court in Houston ruled Texas' congressional redistricting practices as unconstitutional in Bush v. Martin, effective with the 1966 elections, Harris County was realigned into three separate congressional districts — the existing 8th and 22nd districts, plus the newly realigned 7th district on the west side of Houston and Harris County. The new 7th would elect former Harris County Republican Party chairman (and future President) George H. W. Bush, while Casey's 22nd district was made the most compact of the three, stretching from southwest Houston to southeast Harris County, including Pasadena and Clear Lake City, and also encompassing the Johnson Space Center. The district was not realigned until following the 1970 Census.

Beginning with the 1972 elections, the 22nd district lost some largely African-American portions to the newly realigned, majority African-American 18th district (which would elect Democrat Barbara Jordan), while other areas along the Houston Ship Channel went to the 8th district, now represented by Democrat Bob Eckhardt and primarily concentrated in north Houston.

Those areas were replaced by rapidly growing Fort Bend and Brazoria counties, home to growing Republican constituencies of white upper-middle-class families — natives and transplants alike — moving to jobs in Houston's growing energy sector, as well as at the Johnson Space Center and the Texas Medical Center, and drawn to affordable housing and top-rated schools in the area's burgeoning master-planned communities. A mid-decade redistricting in 1974 added southern Waller County, with a similar character to Fort Bend and Brazoria. As with most growing exurban areas in the Southern United States, these new areas also had large blocs of conservative white Democrats disenchanted with their party's support for restoration of civil rights promoted by the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson and the national Democratic Party. While Casey continued to win reelection in 1972 and 1974 without significant opposition, his resignation following his appointment to the Federal Maritime Commission in 1976, combined with increased suburban growth in the aforementioned counties, opened the door for a Republican upset in the special election that followed.

Months after Casey's resignation, on April 3, 1976, Republican Ron Paul, a physician and Air Force veteran who had moved from the Pittsburgh area in the previous decade with his wife and settled in Brazoria County, won a special election to fill the remainder of Casey's unexpired term. While Paul lost the general election later that year to Democratic State Senator Bob Gammage by fewer than 300 votes, in 1978 he defeated Gammage in a rematch by a 1,200-vote margin, coinciding with the election of Bill Clements as Texas' first Republican Governor since Reconstruction. In 1980, Paul would go on to win a second term, defeating Democratic attorney Mike Andrews, a former Harris County prosecutor, by a narrow margin.

Following the 1980 Census, rapid growth in the Houston area resulted in most of the Harris County portion of the 22nd being transferred to the new 25th congressional district, which Andrews won in 1982 and would hold for six terms before pursuing an unsuccessful run for the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate in 1994. The redistricting left Paul with a district comprising three major portions, all of which were strongly Republican. These included:

  • all of Fort Bend County, by this time a booming suburban county anchored by the development of the First Colony master-planned community in Sugar Land, and also containing other booming suburbs including Missouri City, Stafford and Rosenberg.
  • much of Paul's political base in Brazoria County, except for a tiny western portion around the communities of Sweeny and West Columbia located in the adjacent 14th district; and
  • most of southwest Houston and Harris County along the Southwest Freeway, including the Westwood, Sharpstown and Fondren areas of Houston. This portion also included the Richmond Avenue entertainment corridor, The Galleria and the adjacent Transco Tower, the inner suburbs of Bellaire and West University Place, Houston Baptist University, and Greenway Plaza including The Summit (then the home of the NBA's Houston Rockets). Much of the area's retail activity, centered on the aforementioned Galleria as well as the Sharpstown and Westwood malls, along with most of southwest Houston's automotive dealerships (some of them among the top dealers in the nation), was also concentrated in the Harris County portion of the district and extended as far south as Stafford (then home to a major manufacturing facility for Texas Instruments).

This configuration would remain in effect for the remainder of the 1980s, including the first four terms of Republican Tom DeLay's tenure, as Paul unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in 1984 against eventual winner Phil Gramm. DeLay would serve as President of the conservative Republican Study Committee and became a Republican Whip while representing this configuration of the district.

Following the 1990 Census, the 22nd district was redrawn to take in all of Fort Bend County, all of Brazoria County save for its western and southern edges, and a small portion of southwest Houston in Harris County around the Alief, Westchase and Sharpstown areas. The district was further realigned after the 2000 Census, taking effect after the 2002 elections, when DeLay was re-elected and became House Majority Leader. The district maintained its share of both Fort Bend and Brazoria counties (save for Fort Bend's share of the city of Houston), while also gaining a large portion of southeast Harris County, including portions of Clear Lake City, Pasadena, La Porte, Deer Park and Seabrook.

In 2003, following the Republican takeover of the Texas House of Representatives, the Texas Legislature engineered a mid-decade redistricting. The 22nd lost its share of Brazoria County except for Pearland, as well as communities on Fort Bend County's northern and western edges, to the 14th district. That district was now represented by Paul, who was elected and returned to Congress in 1997 after a 12-year absence. The 22nd district now included Pearland, almost all of southeast Harris County, including the Johnson Space Center, and a largely working-class western portion of Galveston County, including Santa Fe and La Marque, in addition to much of DeLay's political base in Sugar Land, Missouri City, Rosenberg and surrounding areas. The district would remain unchanged through the rest of the decade, but changed its incumbent three times after Tom DeLay resigned on June 9, 2006 in the wake of corruption allegations related to the 2003 redistricting.

As the result of a special election on November 7, 2006 to fill DeLay's vacant congressional seat, Republican Shelley Sekula-Gibbs filled the remainder of DeLay's term in late 2006, having lost the general election to Democrat Nick Lampson in a bizarre set of circumstances. Lampson had previously represented Texas's 9th congressional district, based in Beaumont and Galveston, before the 2003 redistricting resulted in that district being renumbered as the 2nd district and pushed into heavily Republican northern Houston. Lampson was defeated in the 2004 election Republican Harris County district court judge Ted Poe. Ahead of the 2006 election, Lampson moved to Stafford, where his grandparents had settled after they immigrated from Italy. Additionally, the 22nd included a large slice of his former base; he'd previously represented much of the Galveston County portion of the district, as well as the area around the Johnson Space Center. Lampson benefited from Sekula-Gibbs being forced to run a write-in campaign, as DeLay had resigned one month after winning a contentious Republican primary against three challengers (one of whom won over 20 percent of the vote, but not enough to overcome DeLay's vote of over 60 percent). After one term and despite a vigorous campaign, Lampson lost the seat to Republican Pete Olson in 2008, who has held the seat ever since, often winning with double-digit margins. However in 2018, Olson won a sixth term in a surprisingly close race fueled by Democratic coattails (mostly involving straight ticket voting) from the Senate campaign of El Paso congressman Beto O'Rourke, who won Fort Bend County and narrowly lost the 22nd district in his unsuccessful (albeit close) bid against incumbent Republican Ted Cruz.

Since 2013, the district has included most of Fort Bend County, save for most of the communities of Stafford, Mission Bend, Fresno, northern Missouri City and the Fort Bend Houston "super neighborhood" in far southwest Houston. Also within the district lie northern parts of Brazoria County, including Pearland and Alvin, and portions of southeast Houston and Harris County running along Interstate 45 south of the Sam Houston Tollway. The affluent residents of the district tends to vote strongly Republican and has an average median household income of $82,899 as of the 2012 American Community Survey. It is the wealthiest congressional district in Texas and also a diverse district with sizable minority constituencies, who are educated and of the professional class.

Mitt Romney won the district with 62% of the vote in 2012, with Republicans holding the overwhelming majority of elected offices in the district. The district also voted for Donald Trump in 2016 despite Hillary Clinton becoming the first Democrat to carry Fort Bend County since 1964. Democratic strength within the district is largely concentrated in heavily Hispanic communities in Rosenberg, along with some parts of Missouri City, where the African-American population exceeds one-third, and western precincts in Pearland; these favored Barack Obama with around 50-60% of the vote. But these voting blocs are outnumbered by large blocs of suburban Republican voters in much of the district, including groups of moderate-leaning ethnic Asian voters centered on Sugar Land, along with some conservative-leaning Hispanic and African-American voters in more affluent parts of the district. Still, due to Fort Bend County's recent status as a classic suburban "swing county" in state and national politics, as well as Democratic gains at the local level in the 2018 elections, many observers speculate that this district is likely to be competitive in future elections.

Recent election results from presidential races
Year Result
2004 George W. Bush 64 – 36%
2008 John McCain 60 – 39%
2012 Mitt Romney 62 – 37%
2016 Donald Trump 52 – 44%

List of members representing the district
Member Party Years Cong
ress		 Electoral history Location
District created January 3, 1959

Robert R. Casey		 Democratic January 3, 1959 –
January 22, 1976		 86th
87th
88th
89th
90th
91st
92nd
93rd
94th		 Elected in 1958.
Re-elected in 1960.
Re-elected in 1962.
Re-elected in 1964.
Re-elected in 1966.
Re-elected in 1968.
Re-elected in 1970.
Re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Re-elected in 1976.
Resigned to become commissioner of the U.S. Maritime Commission.		 1959–1963
[data unknown/missing]
1963–1973
[data unknown/missing]
1973–1983
[data unknown/missing]
Vacant January 22, 1976 –
April 3, 1976		 94th

Ron Paul		 Republican April 3, 1976 –
January 3, 1977		 Elected to finish Casey's term
Lost re-election.

Robert Gammage		 Democratic January 3, 1977 –
January 3, 1979		 95th Elected in 1976.
Lost re-election.

Ron Paul		 Republican January 3, 1979 –
January 3, 1985		 96th
97th
98th		 Re-elected in 1978.
Re-elected in 1980.
Re-elected in 1982.
Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
1983–1993
[data unknown/missing]

Tom DeLay		 Republican January 3, 1985 –
June 9, 2006		 99th
100th
101st
102nd
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th
108th
109th		 Elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Re-elected in 1990.
Re-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Re-elected in 2002.
Re-elected in 2004.
Resigned.
2005–2013
Vacant June 9, 2006 –
November 13, 2006		 109th

Shelley Sekula-Gibbs		 Republican November 13, 2006 –
January 3, 2007		 Elected to finish DeLay's term.
Lost election to the next term.

Nick Lampson		 Democratic January 3, 2007 –
January 3, 2009		 110th Elected in 2006.
Lost re-election.

Pete Olson		 Republican January 3, 2009 –
Present		 111th
112th
113th
114th
115th
116th		 Elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Re-elected in 2012.
Re-elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
2013–Present

Recent elections

1974

Incumbent Democrat Robert R. Casey defeated ob/gyn Ron Paul, a delegate to the Texas Republican convention; Democrats won 1974 heavily.

1976 special

When President Gerald Ford appointed Casey to head the Federal Maritime Commission, Paul won a 1976 special election to fill the empty seat, against Democrat Robert Gammage; Paul was sworn in on April 3. Paul had decided to enter politics on August 15, 1971, when President Richard Nixon closed the "gold window" by implementing the U.S. dollar's complete departure from the gold standard.[5]

Paul was the first Republican elected from the area since Reconstruction, and the first from the state since Bill Guill was elected from the 14th congressional district in 1950. He led the Texas Reagan delegation at the national Republican convention.[6] His successful campaign against Gammage surprised local Democrats, who had expected to retain the seat easily following the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon. Gammage underestimated Paul's support among local women.[7]

1976 general

Gammage defeated Paul some months later in the general election, by fewer than 300votes (0.2%).

1978

Paul defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch.

1980

Paul won a new term in 1980.

1982

Paul won a new term in 1982.

1984

In 1984, Paul chose to run for the U.S. Senate instead of re-election to the House.[8] He was succeeded by former state representative Tom DeLay.[9]

2004
2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas: Texas District 22
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Republican Tom DeLay 150,386 55.2 -8.0
Democratic Richard Morrison 112,034 41.1 +6.0
Independent Michael Fjetland 5,314 1.9 +1.9
Libertarian Tom Morrison 4,886 1.8 +0.8
Majority 38,352 14.1
Turnout 272,620
Republican hold Swing -7.0

2006 special

On January 2, 2006, Nick Lampson, a Jefferson County tax assessor-collector, filed as a Democrat to challenge incumbent Tom DeLay for the 2006 general election. Lampson had represented the adjacent ninth district until DeLay engineered the 2003 Texas redistricting, after which Lampson lost his seat to Republican Ted Poe in 2004.

DeLay won the Republican primary on March 7, 2006, taking 62% of the vote in the four-way race.[10] It was DeLay's weakest showing in a primary election, which prompted questions about whether he could win the general election. On April 3, 2006, three days after his former aide Tony Rudy pleaded guilty to various charges of corruption relating to the Jack Abramoff scandal, DeLay announced that he would withdraw from the race.[11][12]

Under Texas law, it was too late for the Republican Party to select another candidate for the 2006 general election. DeLay announced on August 8, 2006 that he would withdraw in order to allow the party to organize a campaign for a write-in candidate. Texas Governor Rick Perry announced on August 29, 2006 that a special election would take place for the remainder of DeLay's term (November 2006 to January 2007).

The Texas Republican Party supported Houston City Councilwoman Shelley Sekula-Gibbs as their write-in candidate.[13] Lampson chose not to run in the special election. Sekula-Gibbs won and was sworn in on November 13, 2006. She represented the district for the remaining few weeks of the 109th United States Congress. Sekula-Gibbs promised to fix health care, taxes, and immigration.

2006 general

Due to DeLay's late announcement, no Republican was listed on the ballot for the two-year term that began in January 2007.[14]

The special election was held concurrently with the general election on November 7, 2006. Voters cast votes twice on that date, once for the special election, once for the general election. This arrangement ensured that Sekula-Gibbs's name appeared on a November 7 ballot.

Lampson won the general election was sworn in on January 4, 2007.

2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas: Texas District 22[15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Nick Lampson 71,122 50.8 +9.7
Republican Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (write-in) 59,914 42.8 -12.4
Libertarian Bob Smither 8,482 6.1 +4.2
Republican Don Richardson (write-in) 408 0.3
Independent Joe Reasbeck (write-in) 86 0.1
Majority 11,208 8.0 -6.1
Turnout 140,012
Democratic gain from Republican Swing

2008

In addition to Sekula-Gibbs, the following candidates ran in the Republican primary:

  • Pete Olson, who won the primary. Former Navy pilot and former Senate liaison officer. Assistant to Phil Gramm. Chief of staff for Senator John Cornyn from 2002 to 2007.
  • Kevyn Bazzy, Army Reservist. Graduate of the University of Houston who served in Iraq as a civilian intelligence officer for U.S. Central Command in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
  • Cynthia Dunbar, graduate of Regent University School of Law, former director of governmental affairs for Fort Bend County Precinct 3, and member of the Texas State Board of Education District 10.[16]
  • Dean Hrbacek, former councilman and mayor of Sugar Land. A business attorney, board certified in tax law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization, and a Certified Public Accountant.
  • Brian Klock, naval reserve commander. President of the Greater Houston Council of the Navy League and former president of the Military Officers Association of America, Houston Chapter. Formerly financial advisor with Merrill Lynch. Twice deployed to the Balkans in support of Naval and Marine forces, and recalled to duty after the September 11, 2001, attacks to support U.S. forces in Operation Enduring Freedom.
  • John Manlove, former councilman and mayor of Pasadena, who resigned to run for Congress. Businessman and former missionary to Latin America.
  • Ryan Rowley, computer professional, NASA and Department of Defense contractor, oil industry consultant, and military veteran.
  • James D. Squier, Harris County Family District Court Judge for 20 years.
  • Robert Talton, state representative since 1992. Former police officer, prosecutor, city attorney, municipal court judge, and attorney in private practice.

Pete Olson and Nick Lampson faced each other in 2008 general election, a faced each other in 2008 general electionlong with John Wieder, Libertarian, Vietnam veteran, retired businessman, and community volunteer.

Pete Olson won the general election on November 4, 2008, and was sworn into office in January 2009.

2010

In 2010, Olson defeated Kesha Rogers, a LaRouche Movement supporter, in the general election on November 2, 2010.[17]

2012

Two-term Republican incumbent Pete Olson sought re-election. He was challenged in the primary by conservative newspaper columnist Barbara Carlson,[18] ultimately winning 76 percent of the vote.[10]

Kesha Rogers, a political activist with ties to the Lyndon LaRouche movement, won the Democratic Party's nomination by 103 votes. Rogers was the party's candidate in 2010 as well, and was disavowed by some local Democrats for her controversial platform, which included impeaching President Obama and colonizing outer space.

Don Cook ran as the Green Party candidate.

Texas 22nd Congressional District 2012 [10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Olson (Incumbent) 160,668 64.03
Democratic Kesha Rogers 80,203 31.96
Libertarian Steven Susman 5,986 2.39
Green Don Cook 4,054 1.62
Total votes 250,911 100

2014

The incumbent, Republican Pete Olson, represented the district since 2009. Democrats Frank Briscoe and Mark Gibson ran for their party's nomination; Briscoe won with 53.18% of the vote. Libertarian Rob Lapham ran in the election. Olson was reelected with 66.55% of the vote.

Democratic primary[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Frank Briscoe 3,378 53.18
Democratic Mark Gibson 2,973 46.81
Total votes 6,351 100
Republican primary[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Olson 33,167 100
Texas's 22nd Congressional District, 2014[19]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Olson (Incumbent) 100,861 66.55
Democratic Frank Briscoe 47,844 31.57
Libertarian Rob Lapham 2,861 1.89
Total votes 151,566 100
Republican hold

2016

The incumbent, Republican Pete Olson, represented the district since 2009. Democrats Mark Gibson, who lost in his party's primary in 2014, and A. R. Hassan ran for their party's nomination; Gibson won the Democratic nomination this time, with 76.16% of the vote. Olson was reelected with 59.52% of the vote.

Democratic primary[20]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mark Gibson 23,084 76.16
Democratic A. R. Hassan 7,226 23.84
Total votes 30,310 100
Republican primary[21]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Olson 73,375 100
Total votes 73,375 100
Texas's 22nd Congressional District, 2016 [22]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Olson 181,864 59.52
Democratic Mark Gibson 123,679 40.48
Total votes 305,543 100
Republican hold

2018
Texas's 22nd congressional district, 2018[23]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Pete Olson (incumbent) 152,750 51.4
Democratic Sri Preston Kulkarni 138,153 46.4
Libertarian John McElligott 3,261 1.1
Independent Kellen Sweny 3,241 1.1
Total votes 297,405 100
Republican hold

Living former representatives

As of 2019, there are 4 people currently living who formerly represented Texas' 22nd congressional district.

Representative Term of office Date of birth (and age)
Ron Paul 1976-77; 1979–85 (1935-08-20) August 20, 1935
Tom DeLay 1985-2006 (1947-04-08) April 8, 1947
Shelley Sekula-Gibbs 2006-2007 (1953-06-22) June 22, 1953
Nick Lampson 2007-2009 (1945-02-14) February 14, 1945

See also

References
  1. https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/cd_state.html
  2. https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=48&cd=22
  3. "Partisan Voting Index – Districts of the 115th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  4. Meck, Kristen (October 30, 2006). "Write-in for DeLay spot has a shot". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
  5. Gwynne, Sam C. (October 1, 2001). "Dr. No". Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  6. "The Ron Paul Story" (YouTube). Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  7. Goodwyn, Wade (October 7, 2007). "Paul Has Long Drawn Support from Unlikely Places". the '08 Candidates' First Campaign. National Public Radio. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
  8. Rudin, Ken (July 26, 2007). "Ron Paul, George and Ringo". Political Junkie. National Public Radio.
  9. "Members and leaders of the Texas Legislature". Legislative Reference Library of Texas. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
  10. "Office of the Secretary of State Race Summary Report 2012 General Election". Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  11. Aulds, T.J (April 4, 2006). "Tom DeLay to step down". Galveston County Daily News. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006.
  12. Bash, Dana (April 3, 2006). "Sources: DeLay to leave House re-election race". CNN. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
  13. Lozano, Juan A (August 18, 2006). "Texas GOP Back Houston Councilwoman: Texas Republicans back Houston councilwoman as write-in nominee over DeLay". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
  14. "Races with Candidates with Addresses Report: 2006 General Election" (PDF). Texas Secretary of State. November 7, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
  15. "2006 General November Elections: Unofficial Election Results". Texas Secretary of State. November 8, 2006.
  16. "Biography of Cynthia Dunbar".
  17. "District 22 Dems go for Rogers". Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  18. "Barbara Carlson for U.S. Congress". Archived from the original on March 15, 2017.
  19. "Race Summary Report 2014 General Election". Texas Secretary of State.
  20. "2016 Primary Election Official Results, March 1, 2016". Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  21. "2016 Primary Election Official Results, March 1, 2016". Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  22. "Race Summary Report 2016 General Election". Texas Secretary of State.
  23. "Race Summary Report 2018 General Election". Texas Secretary of State.

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