Sterling Allen Brown

Sterling Allen Brown (May 1, 1901 – January 13, 1989) was a black professor, folklorist, poet, literary critic, and first Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia. He chiefly studied black culture of the Southern United States and was a full professor at Howard University for most of his career. He was a visiting professor at several other notable institutions, including Vassar College, New York University (NYU), Atlanta University, and Yale University.

Sterling Allen Brown
Born1 May 1901
Washington D.C.
Died13 January 1989 (1989-01-14) (aged 87)
NationalityAmerican
Other namesSterling A. Brown
EducationMaster's degree
Alma materDunbar High School, Williams College, Harvard University
EmployerHoward University
Known forPoetry
Spouse(s)Daisy Turnbull
Parent(s)Adelaide Allen and Sterling Nelson Brown

Early life and education

Brown was born on the campus of Howard University in Washington D.C., where his father, Sterling N. Brown, a former slave, was a prominent minister and professor at Howard University Divinity School.[1][2] His mother Grace Adelaide Brown, who had been the valedictorian of her class at Fisk University,[3] taught in D.C. public schools for more than 50 years. Both his parents grew up in Tennessee and often shared stories with Brown, their only child, who heard his father's stories about famous leaders such as Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.[1]

Brown's early childhood was spent on a farm on Whiskey Bottom Road in Howard County, Maryland. He was educated at Waterford Oaks Elementary and Dunbar High School, where he graduated as the top student. He received a scholarship to attend Williams College in Massachusetts. Graduating from Williams Phi Beta Kappa in 1922, he continued his studies at Harvard University, receiving an MA a year later.[4] That same year of 1923, he was hired as an English lecturer at Virginia Theological Seminary and College in Lynchburg, Virginia, a position he would hold for the next three years. He never pursued a doctorate degree, but several colleges he attended gave him honorary doctorates.[1] Brown won "the Graves Prize for his essay 'The Comic Spirit in Shakespeare and Moliere'" in his time at Williams College.[5]

Marriage and family

Brown married Daisy Turnbull in 1927 and they went on to adopt a son together. Daisy was an occasional muse for Brown: his poems "Long Track Blues" and "Against That Day" were inspired by her.[6]

Married for over 50 years, the second poem in Alfred Edward Housman's A Shropshire Lad was meaningful to the couple. Brown read the poem to Daisy on their wedding day and she read it to him fifty years later on their anniversary.[7] They had one son, John L. Dennis.

Academic career

Brown began his teaching career with positions at several universities, including Lincoln University and Fisk University, before returning to Howard in 1929. He was a professor there for 40 years. Brown's poetry used the south for its setting and showed slave experiences of the African American people. Brown often imitated southern African-American speech, using "variant spellings and apostrophes to mark dropped consonants".[8] He taught and wrote about African-American literature and folklore. He was a pioneer in the appreciation of this genre. He had an "active, imaginative mind" when writing and "a natural gift for dialogue, description and narration".[9]

Brown was known for introducing his students to concepts then popular in jazz, which along with blues, spirituals and other forms of black music formed an integral component of his poetry.

In addition to his career at Howard University, Brown served as a visiting professor at Vassar College, New York University (NYU), Atlanta University, and Yale University.

Some of his notable students include Toni Morrison, Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael), Kwame Nkrumah, Thomas Sowell, Ossie Davis, and Amiri Baraka (aka LeRoi Jones).

In 1969 Brown retired from his faculty position at Howard and turned full-time to poetry.

Literary career

In 1932 Brown published his first book of poetry Southern Road. It was a collection of poems, many with rural themes and treated the simple lives of poor, black, country folk with extra poignancy and dignity. Brown's work included pieces authentic dialect and structures as well as formal work.[10] Despite the success of this book, he struggled to find a publisher for the followup, No Hiding Place. Sterling Brown was most known for his authentic southern black dialect.[5]

His poetic work was influenced in content, form and cadence by African-American music, including work songs, blues and jazz. Like that of Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes and other black writers of the period, his work often dealt with race and class in the United States. He was deeply interested in a folk-based culture, which he considered most authentic. Brown is considered part of the Harlem Renaissance artistic tradition, although he spent the majority of his life in the Brookland neighborhood of Northeast Washington, D.C.

Quotes
  • "Harvard has ruined more niggers than bad liquor."
    • Brown's warning to Thomas Sowell, as quoted in Sowell's A Personal Odyssey (2000).[11]

Honors

In 1979, the District of Columbia declared May 1, his birthday, Sterling A. Brown Day.[12]

His Collected Poems won the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize in the early 1980s for the best collection of poetry published that year.[13]

In 1984 the District of Columbia named him its first poet laureate, a position he held until his death from leukemia at the age of 88.[13]

The Friends of Libraries USA in 1997 named Founders Hall at Howard University a Literary Landmark, the first so designated in Washington, DC.[12]

The home where Brown resided is located in the Brookland section of Northeast Washington, DC. An engraved plaque and a sign created by the DC Commission On Arts And Humanities are featured in front of the house.[14]

Works
  • Southern Road, Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932 (original poetry)
  • Negro Poetry (literary criticism)
  • The Negro in American Fiction, Bronze booklet - no. 6 (1937), published by The Associates in Negro Folk Education (Washington, D.C.)
  • Negro Poetry and Drama: and the Negro in American fiction, Atheneum, 1972 (criticism)
  • The Negro Caravan, 1941, co-editor with Arthur P. Davis and Ulysses Lee (anthology of African-American literature)
  • The Last Ride of Wild Bill (poetry)
  • Michael S. Harper, ed. (1996). The Collected Poems of Sterling A. Brown. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-5045-4. (1st edition 1980)
  • The Poetry of Sterling Brown, recorded 1946-1973, released on Smithsonian Folkways, 1995
  • Mark A. Sanders, ed. (1996). A son's return: selected essays of Sterling A. Brown. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-55553-275-8.
  • Old Lem (Poem)

Old Lem was put to music by Carla Olson with the permission of Sterling Brown’s estate. The resulting song is called Justice and was recorded by Carla backed by former member of The Rolling Stones Mick Taylor and former member of the Faces Ian McLagan along Jesse Sublett on bass and Rick Hemmert on drums.

References
  1. Thompson-Taylor, Betty (2008). "The Poetry of Brown". Master plots II: African American Literature.
  2. Ellen Conroy Kennedy (1998). "Looking for Sterling Brown's Howard County". Callaloo. Johns Hopkins University Press. 21 (4): 870–881. doi:10.1353/cal.1998.0227. JSTOR 3299758.
  3. Gabbin, Joanne (1985). Sterling A. Brown: Building the Black Aesthetic Tradition. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  4. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. September 30, 1996. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. "Sterling Brown Biography".
  6. Thompson-Taylor, Betty (2008). "The Poetry of Brown". His wife Daisy inspired Brown's poems, 'Long Track Blues' and 'Against That Day.' Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. Allen, Samuel (Fall 1998). "Recollections of Sterling Allen Brown: Wit and Wisdom". Callaloo. 21 (4). Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  8. Thompson-Taylor, Betty (2002). "Sterling Brown". Critical Survey of Poetry.
  9. Fleming, Robert (May 1, 2007). "A Negro Looks At The South". Black Issues Book Review. The Free Library. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  10. https://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2019/01/sonnets-and-seeds-by-hollis-robbins.html
  11. Thomas Sowell, "Halls of Ivy", A Personal Odyssey, The Free Press, 2000, p. 117.
  12. Imogene Zachery, "A Literary Tribute to Sterling A. Brown", Howard University, accessed April 15, 2008.
  13. Sterling A. Brown, The Literacy Encyclopedia, accessed April 15, 2008.
  14. "Brookland History Lives! Sterling Brown House", The Brookland Bridge, September 1, 2012.
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