District of Columbia Public Schools

District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) is the local, traditional public school system of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. DCPS should not be confused with the independently governed DC Public Charter Schools (DCPCS), which also operates in Washington, D.C.

"Washington Public Schools" redirects here. For similarly named school districts, see Washington School District (disambiguation) and Columbia School District (disambiguation).

District of Columbia Public Schools
Location
1200 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002
Mid-Atlantic, Southeast

United States
District information
TypePublic
GradesPK–12
Established1805 (1805)
ChancellorDr. Lewis Ferebee
Schools111 (2014–2015 academic year)
Budget$701,344,630
Students and staff
Students47,548
Teachers4,137
Student–teacher ratio11.49
Other information
WebsiteGovernment website
Education in the United States
 Education portal
 United States portal

Composition and enrollment

District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) consists of 111[1][2] of the 238 public elementary and secondary schools and learning centers located in Washington, D.C. These schools have a grade span of prekindergarten to twelfth grade and, as of 2000, a kindergarten entrance age of 5 years old.[3] School is compulsory for DCPS students between the ages of 5 and 18.[4] DCPS schools typically start the last Monday in August. The school day is generally approximately six hours.

The ethnic breakdown of students enrolled in 2014 was 67% Black, 17% Hispanic (of any race), 12% non-Hispanic White, and 4% of other races. As of 2014, the District itself has a population that is 44% White (includes White Hispanics), 49% Black and 10% Hispanic (of any race).[5] Gentrification and demographic changes in many DC neighborhoods has increased the White and Hispanic populations in the city, while reducing the Black population. In 2008, DCPS was 84.4% Black, 9.4% Hispanic (of any race), 4.6% non-Hispanic White, and 1.6% of other races.[6]

Facilities reform legislation in DC has led to many school openings and closings. The most recent closure announcement is that River Terrace Elementary School and Shaed Education Campus are shutting their doors at the end of the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 school years, respectively. Students attending River Terrace Elementary School will transition with Emery Education Campus to the Langley Building. In 2019, a proposal was submitted to close Metropolitan High School, an alternative school.[7] In addition, the Montessori program is expanding into the Montessori School (PS-5th grade). A part of this will be the Jefferson 6th Grade Academy, which will only house 6th grade students. As of the 2009–2010 school year, there was a total enrollment of 43,866 students and 4,017 classroom teachers. The current student to teacher ratio is 10.92, an improvement from the 2006–07 ratio of 13.5.[8] However, student enrollment was at a peak of 72,850 students with a much larger staff totaling 12,000. The reason for this sudden enrollment drop in DCPS is that the Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007 separated DC Public Charter Schools (DCPCS) from District of Columbia Public Schools.

The District of Columbia passed charter school legislation in 1996, which went into effect in September 1999. The legislation gave the District the power to grant charters for 15 years. Although this is longer than the traditional 3–5 year term observed in 31 other states, a required review takes place every 5 years. 4.4% of public school students enrolled in a charter school for the 1999 academic school year; the 28 schools had a total enrollment of approx. 3,000 students. After legislation was enacted in 2007, chartering authority was placed under the D.C. Public Charter School Board and disaffiliated from DCPS. The governance of DCPS was also restructured, and the district was placed under the control of the Mayor. In 2010 about 38% of Washington, D.C. public school students attended 60 charter schools.[9] There are 52 public charter schools in the District, with 93 campuses and 30,000 students. The total number of public charter schools has been reduced from 60 schools on 96 campuses in 2008–09 to 53 schools on 98 campuses as of the 2011–12 school year. However, the addition of grades to the charter schools are still increasing enrollment and decreasing from DCPS’ numbers.

Students

Health

In 2009, 43% of all DCPS public school students were overweight or obese. This was one of the highest rates in the United States.[10]

Dropout rate

In the graduating class of spring 2008, the average freshman graduation rate for DCPS was 56%‚ compared with a national average of 74.9%. This constituted a large drop from the freshman graduation rate of 68.4% in 2002 and 68.8% as recently as 2005. In just the 2008–09 school year alone, 1,075 black students dropped out of high school. This figure raises concern since there were 1,246 students that dropped out of DCPS schools that year.[11] However, these numbers are not meant to be misleading; the 62.8% freshman graduation rate of black students in 2008 was above the state average.

Governance
Theodore Roosevelt High School in Petworth.

Within DCPS, schools are classified as either a "neighborhood school" or a "destination school." Neighborhood schools are elementary or secondary schools assigned to students based on his or her address. Destination schools are feeder-schools for elementary or secondary institutions from a school a student is already attending. Since the fall of 2009, students may choose a destination school, regardless of their neighborhood location. Locations of all of the schools and the neighborhood divides can be found on the DCPS website.[12]

For the school year ending in spring 2007, the DCPS was governed by the D.C. Board of Education, with eleven members, including two students who had the right to debate but not to vote. Five members were elected and four were appointed by the Mayor. The Board established DCPS policies and employed a superintendent to serve as chief executive officer of the school district, responsible for day-to-day operations. Four Board members represented specific geographical boundaries and the Board President was elected at large. One condition of the District of Columbia Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007 was the creation of DCPS as a separate cabinet-level agency from the D.C. Board of Education. This moved DCPS within the executive branch of the District of Columbia government—specifically, under Mayoral control. Currently, this means that DCPS is subordinate to District of Columbia Mayor Muriel Bowser. D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty proposed putting the public schools under the direct control of the Mayor's Office upon taking office in January 2007. However, this reform to District of Columbia Public Schools was encouraged by his predecessor and constituents at large. It also placed all of the District of Columbia public charter schools under the care of a new board—District of Columbia Public Charter School Board (PCSB). Although these schools were previously a part of DCPS, they are now considered to be a separate district controlled by the D.C. Public Charter School Board (PCSB).

The D.C. Council passed the Mayor's proposal into law but since the change amended the Home Rule Act, the change needed to gain Federal approval before taking effect. D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton introduced H.R. 2080, a bill to amend the D.C. Home Rule Charter Act to provide for the Mayor's proposal. H.R. 2080 was passed by the United States House of Representatives under an expedited procedure on May 8, 2007 by a voice vote. After three U.S. Senators (Ben Cardin of Maryland, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana, and Carl Levin of Michigan) initially placed "holds" on the bill to prevent its consideration in the United States Senate, the Senate agreed to pass H.R. 2080 without amendment on May 22, 2007 by unanimous consent. On May 31, 2007, the bill was presented to the President and President Bush signed H.R. 2080 into law on June 1, 2007. After the standard Congressional review period expired on June 12, 2007, the Mayor's office had direct control of the Superintendent and the school budget. On June 12, Mayor Fenty appointed Michelle Rhee the new Chancellor, replacing Superintendent Clifford B. Janey.

D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003
Main article: D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program

In January 2004, Congress passed the D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003. The law established a federally-funded private school voucher program known as the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP). The OSP distributes vouchers to low-income families to cover private school tuition. Because there are more eligible applicants than available vouchers, they are distributed by lottery. In 2010, a randomized controlled trial conducted under the auspices of the Department of Education examined the impacts of the OSP students, finding that it raised graduation rates.[13] Students who were offered vouchers had a graduation rate of 82%, while those who actually used their vouchers had a graduation rate of 91%. By comparison, the rate for students who did not receive vouchers was only 70%. The study received the Department of Education's highest rating for scientific rigor.[14] Over 90% of the study's participants were African American, and most of the remainder were Latino American. Further research found that students who received vouchers were 25% more likely to enroll in college than students with similar demographic characteristics who did not receive vouchers.[15]

D.C. Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007

The Council of the District of Columbia enacted the DC Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007. This act established a DC public school agency based on authority given to the council in the District of Columbia Home Rule Act of 1973. The Department of Education that was established under the Mayor triggered several changes. The largest was already discussed—DCPCS gained sole authority over chartering and charted schools, DCPS became subordinate to the Mayor's office. Secondly, many smaller authoritative changes took place. The first is that the State Education Office (SEO) became the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE). The four subsections of the District were reaffirmed through location-based State Board of Education selectees. In addition, the smaller eight school election wards were reaffirmed. Finally, the commission was established through this legislature. The "Commission" is the Interagency Collaboration and Services Integration Commission, which includes the Mayor, Chairman of the Council of the District of Columbia, Chief Judge of the DC Superior Family Court, Superintendent of Education, Chancellor of DCPS, Chair of DCPCSB and fourteen others. After the 2007–2008 school year, about one-fifth of the teachers and one-third of the principals resigned, retired, or were terminated from DCPS. A very strong negative impact was initially experienced by DCPS due to the loss. A GAO-conducted study[16] recommended that the Mayor direct DCPS to establish planning processes for strikes and look to performance reviews from central offices to strengthen accountability. These recommendations were followed and accountability has increased through academic and financial report generation. Increased accountability made way for other small reforms. One example is the implementation of a requirement that students entering 9th grade are now required to sit down with a school counselor and construct a course-plan to reach graduation.

No Child Left Behind compliance

In accordance with Section 1116, a provision of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), entitled "Academic Assessment and Local Education Agency and School Improvement", the Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE) of the District of Columbia oversees compliance with Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). A large portion of meeting AYP is based on standardized-tests performance; the District used the summative assessment called the District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System ("DC CAS") through the 2013–2014 school year, after which it switched to tools from the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) and the National Center and State Collaborative (NCSC).[17][18][19]

Many schools are failing to meet AYP, even though DCPS educators offer support and tools to students to be academically successful. DCPS has created an evaluation tool to assess schools by more than their standardized test scores. They call this a Quality School Review, which uses the Effective Schools Framework[20] to assess schools through rubrics on topics such as classroom observations, interviews with parents, students, teachers, and school leadership, staff surveys and reviewing artifacts (i.e. handbooks, student work).[21] In 2007, Karin Hess of the National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment conducted an analysis that has also gone into the alignment of DCPS standards and the "DC CAS Alt", the assessment for students with cognitive disabilities.

Budget

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, DCPS had a budget of $1.2 billion and spent $29,409 per pupil in FY 2009–10.[22]

In 1989–90, DCPS reported that it had spent $10,200 (1999 adj. dollars) per pupil and a decade later, in 1999–2000, its reported per pupil expenditures had increased to $11,500. However, those figures likely underreport DCPS's actual total per pupil expenditures. In 2012, the Cato Institute's Andrew J. Coulson showed that DCPS's reported per pupil expenditures figures were based on incomplete data.[23] That year, the U.S. Census Bureau had reported that DCPS's 2008–09 per pupil expenditures were $18,181, but DCPS officials had neglected to include about $400 million in spending. Informed by Coulson's observations, the U.S. Census Bureau revised its data collection methods and reported that per pupil expenditures were $28,170.[24] Those revisions are reflected in the Bureau's 2009–10 reports.

In FY 2009–2010, the District received 6.7% of its total revenues for elementary and secondary education from federal sources.[22]

Statistics

In 2008, in terms of testing 36% of students demonstrated proficiency in mathematics and 39% demonstrated proficiency in reading.[25]

The average educator was paid $67,000 in 2010. A contract signed in 2010 was expected to raise that figure to $81,000 in 2012.[26]

Schools and locations

All DCPS schools are located in Washington, D.C..

Many of the District's public schools are undergoing evolving relationships with the central office as they seek to compete for students leaving the system for charter schools. According to school choice researcher Erin Dillon, "In its winning application for federal Race to the Top funds, DCPS, for example, touted its three models for autonomous schools: The aptly named 'Autonomous Schools,' which are granted autonomy as a reward for high performance; 'Partnership Schools,' which are run by outside organizations that are granted autonomy in the hope of dramatically improving performance; and the 'D.C. Collaborative for Change,' or DC3, a joint effort of some of the District’s highest- and lowest-performing schools that have been granted autonomy as a tool for innovating with curriculum and professional development. (Meanwhile, highly autonomous charter schools, a growing presence in the District of Columbia, educate almost 40 percent of the city’s public school students.)"[27]

High schools

Traditional high schools
Woodrow Wilson High School, Tenleytown
Eastern High School, Kingman Park
School nameStudents*Low gradeHigh grade
Anacostia High School4499th12th
Ballou High School9309th12th
Calvin Coolidge High School3469th12th
Dunbar High School5849th12th
Eastern High School8189th12th
H.D. Woodson Senior High School6349th12th
Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School6689th12th
Woodrow Wilson High School1,7509th12th

Selective high schools
School nameStudents*Low gradeHigh grade
Benjamin Banneker Academic High School4829th12th
Bell Multicultural High School (CHEC)2889th12th
Duke Ellington School of the Arts5379th12th
McKinley Technology High School6199th12th
Phelps Architecture, Construction, and Engineering High School3289th12th
School Without Walls High School5859th12th

Middle schools
School nameStudents*Low grade High grade
Alice Deal Middle School14776th8th
Brookland Middle School2546th8th
Eliot-Hine Middle School2006th8th
Hardy Middle School3746th8th
Hart Middle School3496th8th
Jefferson Middle School Academy3056th8th
John Hayden Johnson Middle School2526th8th
Kelly Miller Middle School4496th8th
Kramer Middle School1936th8th
MacFarland Middle School726th7th
McKinley Middle School2136th8th
Sousa Middle School2556th8th
Stuart-Hobson Middle School4416th8th
Ida B. Wells Middle School2556th[lower-alpha 1]
  1. Ida B. Wells Middle School opened in August 2019 with a sixth-grade class. It will add one grade each school year until it has sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students.[28]

Elementary schools
School nameStudents*Low grade High grade
Aiton Elementary School244Prekindergarten (3)5th
Amidon-Bowen Elementary School339Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Bancroft Elementary School567Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Barnard Elementary School620Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Beers Elementary School489Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Brent Elementary School432Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Bruce-Monroe Elementary School451Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Bunker Hill Elementary School221Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Burroughs Elementary School273Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Burrville Elementary School295Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Cleveland Elementary School304Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
C.W. Harris Elementary School232Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Dorothy L. Height Elementary School480Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Drew Elementary School236Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
John Eaton Elementary School474Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Garfield Elementary School291Prekindergarten (3)5th<[29]
Garrison Elementary School277Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
H.D. Cooke Elementary School387Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Hearst Elementary School331Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Hendley Elementary School366Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Houston Elementary School277Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Hyde-Addison Elementary School352Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Janney Elementary School739Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
J.O. Wilson Elementary School477Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Ketcham Elementary School300Prekindergarten (3)6th[29]
Key Elementary School399Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Kimball Elementary School343Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
King Elementary School295Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Lafayette Elementary School887Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Langdon Elementary School353Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Langley Elementary School290Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Lawrence E. Boone Elementary School430Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Ludlow-Taylor Elementary439Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Malcolm X Elementary School242Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Mann Elementary School397Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Marie Reed Elementary School437Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Maury Elementary School407Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Miner Elementary School361Prekindergarten (3)6th[29]
Moten Elementary School323Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Murch Elementary School601Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Nalle Elementary School370Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Noyes Elementary School224Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Oyster Adams Bilingual School706Prekindergarten (4)8th<[29]
Patterson Elementary School386Prekindergarten (3)5th<[29]
Payne Elementary School346Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Peabody Elementary School226Prekindergarten (3)Kindergarten[29]
Plummer Elementary School331Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Powell Elementary School535Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Randle Highlands Elementary329Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Ross Elementary School190Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Savoy Elementary School271Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Seaton Elementary School390Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Shepherd Elementary School379Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Simon Elementary School241Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Smothers Elementary School249Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Stanton Elementary School473Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Stoddert Elementary School463Prekindergarten (4)5th[29]
Thomas Elementary School355Prekindergarten (3)5th<[29]
Thomson Elementary School331Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Tubman Elementary School548Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Turner Elementary School497Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Tyler Elementary School512Prekindergarten (3)5th[29]
Van Ness Elementary School270Prekindergarten (3)4th[29]
Watkins Elementary School4441st5th[29]

Education campuses
School nameStudents*Low grade High grade
Brightwood Education Campus755Prekindergarten (3)8th
Browne Education Campus309Prekindergarten (3)8th
Cardozo Education Campus7976th12th
Columbia Heights Education Campus (CHEC)1,3366th12th
LaSalle-Backus Education Campus369Prekindergarten (3)8th
Leckie Education Campus553Prekindergarten (3)8th
McKinley Education Campus1154Prekindergarten (3)12th
Raymond Education Campus613Prekindergarten (3)8th
School Without Walls at Francis-Stevens471Prekindergarten (3)8th
Takoma Education Campus468Prekindergarten (3)8th
Truesdell Education Campus679Prekindergarten (3)8th
Walker-Jones Education Campus451Prekindergarten (3)8th
West Education Campus315Prekindergarten (3)8th
Wheatley Education Campus321Prekindergarten (3)8th
Whittier Education Campus341Prekindergarten (3)8th

Alternative and citywide schools
School nameStudentsLow gradeHigh grade Type
Ballou STAY538AdultAdultAlternative
Capitol Hill Montessori School361Prekindergarten (3)8thCitywide
CHOICE Academy56th12thLong-term suspended or expelled students
Dorothy I. Height Elementary School518Prekindergarten (3)5thCitywide
Inspiring Youth Program489th12thIncarcerated students
Luke C. Moore High School2669th12thStudents who have dropped out of school
River Terrace Education Campus1313rdAdultSpecial Education
Ron Brown College Preparatory High School1059th10thCitywide
Roosevelt STAY268AdultAdultAlternative
School-Within-School307Prekindergarten (3)5thCitywide
Washington Metropolitan High School1258th12thAlternative
Youth Services Center887th12thStudents charged with crimes

Leadership

Below is a partial list of superintendents and chancellors of the D.C. Public School system. The head of the school system was known as "Superintendent" until 2007. After June 2007, it was known as "Chancellor".

LeaderIn officeUnconfirmed statusSources
Hugh J. ScottSeptember 1, 1970 – June 29, 1973[30]
Floretta D. McKenzieJune 29, 1973 – August 7, 1973 (acting)[31][32]
Barbara A. SizemoreAugust 8, 1973 – October 9, 1975[32][33]
Vincent E. ReedMarch 18, 1976 – December 31, 1980October 9, 1975 – March 17, 1976 (acting)[34]
James GuinnessJanuary 3, 1981 – June 17, 1981 (acting)[35]
Floretta D. McKenzieJuly 1, 1981 – February 8, 1988[36][37]
Andrew E. JenkinsMay 25, 1988 – May 15, 1991February 9, 1988 – May 24, 1988 (acting)[37][38][39]
Franklin L. SmithMay 15, 1991 – November 4, 1996[39][40]
Julius W. Becton, Jr.November 5, 1996 – March 26, 1998[40][41]
Arlene AckermanMarch 27, 1998 – July 17, 2000[42]
Paul L. VanceJuly 18, 2000 – November 14, 2003[43][44]
Elfreda W. MassieNovember 19, 2003 – April 21, 2004 (acting)[45][46]
Robert C. RiceApril 22, 2004 – September 14, 2004 (acting)[46][47]
Clifford P. JaneySeptember 15, 2004 – June 12, 2007[48][49]
Michelle RheeJuly 10, 2007 – October 30, 2010June 12, 2007 – July 9, 2007 (acting)[49][50][51]
Kaya HendersonJune 22, 2011 – September 30, 2016November 1, 2010 – June 21, 2011 (interim)[51][52][53]
John DavisOctober 1, 2016 to February 1, 2017 (interim)[53]
Antwan WilsonFebruary 1, 2017 – February 20, 2018[54][55]
Amanda Alexander February 20, 2018 – December 3, 2018 (interim)[55]
Lewis FerebeeMarch 5, 2019 – present December 3, 2018 – March 4, 2019 (acting)[56][57]

Graduation scandal

In 2018, it was revealed by WAMU and NPR that progress achieved by the school district in relation to graduation rates the year prior had been inflated by high schools who granted diplomas to students who should have failed according to city law.[58] According to The Washington Post, only 46 percent of the school district's public school students were on track to graduate in 2018 after the school system began to adhere to stricter attendance policies.[59]

See also
  • List of parochial and private schools in Washington, D.C.
  • Susan E. W. Fuller, artist, first instructor of art in the District's public schools[60]

References
  1. "DCPS Opens With Students Ready to Learn and Build on Previous Year Success" (Press release). DCPS. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Today, 111 District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) opened...
  2. "State Education Data Profiles". National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Education. 2009–2010.
  3. Paige, Rod (July 2003). "District of Columbia Public Schools--School Locator" (PDF). Overview and Inventory of State Education Reforms: 1990–2000. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Department of Education. p. 137.
  4. "Education Commission of the States: 2010 Collection" (PDF). 2010 Collection of Education Commission of the State Notes and Policy Briefs. Washington, DC: ECS Publications. 2010. p. 382. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2011.
  5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. "Key State Education Policies on PK–12 Education: 2008". Washington, DC: Council of Chief State School Officers. 2009. p. 38.
  7. "DC Proposes Closing Metropolitan High School". The Washington Post. November 27, 2019.
  8. "2010–2011 Public School District Directory Information". National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Education. 2010–2011.
  9. Birnbaum, Michael (April 29, 2010). "Taking baby steps towards charter schools". Washington, DC: Washington Pose. pp. 18 in Casual Living.
  10. Craig, Tim (May 2, 2010). "D.C. Council targets childhood obesity". Washington, DC: Washington Post. pp. A8.
  11. "Public School Graduates and Dropouts From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2008–09" (PDF). National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Education. 2008–2009.
  12. "District of Columbia Public Schools--School Locator". Washington, DC: The Government of the District of Columbia.
  13. Wolf, Patrick. "Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program: Final Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education -- Institute of Education Sciences.
  14. "WWC Quick Review of the Report "Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program: Final Report"" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education -- Institute of Education Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2013.
  15. "Funding Cuts for Programs That Send More Kids to Graduation AND College?". Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014.
  16. "District of Columbia Public Schools: Important Steps Taken to Continue Reform Efforts, But Enhanced Planning Could Improve Implementation and Sustainability" (PDF). Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009.
  17. "DC CAS". Office of the State Superintendent of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  18. "How Students Are Assessed". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  19. "Assessment Glossary". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  20. "DCPS Effective Schools Framework". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  21. "Race to the Top: District of Columbia Report Year 1: School Year 2010 –2011" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  22. "Public Education Finances: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  23. Coulson, Andrew. "Census Bureau Confirms: DC Spends $29,409 / pupil". Cato.org.
  24. Coulson, Andrew. "DC Vouchers Solved? Generous Severance for Displaced Workers". Cato.org.
  25. Ripley, Amanda (December 8, 2008). Can She Save Our Schools. Time Magazine.
  26. Turque, Bill (April 8, 2010). "Fenty, teachers union promote deal". Washington, DC: Washington Post. pp. B2.
  27. Dillon, Erin. "The Road to Autonomy: Can Schools, Districts, and Central Offices Find Their Way?". The Road to Autonomy: Can Schools, Districts, and Central Offices Find Their Way?. Education Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  28. "FAQs". Ida B. Wells Middle School. District of Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  29. DCPS School Profiles, DCPS, 4/15/2020
  30. Feinberg, Lawrence (September 1, 1970). "Detroit Administrator Hugh J. Scott Named D.C. School Superintendent". The Washington Post. p. A1; Prince, Richard E. (January 10, 1973). "Scott to Quit D.C. Schools In October". The Washington Post. p. A1.
  31. "D.C. Names Woman, 38, Acting Superintendent". The Washington Post. June 5, 1973. p. C5.
  32. Prince, Richard E. (August 8, 1973). "D.C. School Board Names Mrs. Sizemore by 7-3 Vote". The Washington Post. p. C1.
  33. Hamilton, Martha M. (October 10, 1975). "City School Board Fires Sizemore, 7 to 4". The Washington Post. p. A1.
  34. Hamilton, Martha M. (October 12, 1975). "Supt. Reed Seen as a Strong Leader". The Washington Post. p. A15; Daniels, Lee (March 18, 1976). "Diggs Fails To Halt Reed Appointment". The Washington Post. p. A1; Valente, Judith (January 9, 1981). "School Chief Is Sought From Area". The Washington Post. p. B1.
  35. Feinberg, Lawrence (January 4, 1981). "Acting Head of City's Schools Is a Man of Verse in Adversity". The Washington Post. p. A1.
  36. Valente, Judith (June 18, 1981). "McKenzie Named D.C. School Chief". The Washington Post. p. A1.
  37. "Acting D.C. School Chief Named". The Washington Post. January 29, 1988. p. C4.
  38. Sanchez, Rene; Pink, Daniel H. (May 25, 1988). "Insider Jenkins to Head D.C. Schools". The Washington Post. p. A1; Sanchez, Rene; Pink, Daniel H. (July 13, 1990). "Jenkins to Stay On for Final Year". The Washington Post. p. A1.
  39. Richardson, Lynda (May 16, 1991). "D.C. Schools Chief to Make $131,000". The Washington Post. p. C3.
  40. Vise, David (November 6, 1996). "D.C. Control Board to Oust Superintendent, Sources Say". The Washington Post. p. D1.
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  42. Williams, Vanessa (March 28, 1998). "Ladner Optimistic On School Shake-Up". The Washington Post. p. B10; Blum, Justin; Strauss, Valerie (May 18, 2000). "Ackerman Quits As D.C. School Superintendent". The Washington Post. p. A1.
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