Skegness

Skegness (/ˌskɛɡˈnɛs/ skeg-NESS) is a seaside town and civil parish in Lincolnshire, England. On the Lincolnshire coast of the North Sea, the town is 43 miles (69 km) east of Lincoln and 22 miles north-east of Boston. With a population of 19,579, it is the largest settlement in the East Lindsey district; it also incorporates Winthorpe (previously its own parish) and Seacroft, and forms a larger built-up area with the resorts of Ingoldmells and Chapel St Leonards to the north. The town is on the A52 and A158 roads, connecting it with Boston and the East Midlands, and Lincoln respectively; Skegness railway station is on the Nottingham to Skegness (via Grantham) line.

Skegness

The centre of Skegness, showing the clock tower and the "Jolly Fisherman" sculpture fountain

Skegness from the pier
Skegness
Location within Lincolnshire
Population19,579 (2011 Census)
OS grid referenceTF5663
• London115 mi (185 km) S
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townSKEGNESS
Postcode districtPE24, PE25
Dialling code01754
PoliceLincolnshire
FireLincolnshire
AmbulanceEast Midlands
UK Parliament

Historically Skegness was situated further east and at the mouth of The Wash; its Norse name refers to the headland which sat near the settlement. By the 14th century, Skegness was a locally important port for coastal trade. The natural sea defences which protected the harbour eroded in the later Middle Ages, and it was lost to the sea after a storm in the 1520s. Rebuilt along the new shoreline, early modern Skegness was a small fishing and farming village, but from the late 18th century members of the local gentry visited for holidays. The arrival of the railways in 1873 transformed it into a popular seaside resort. This was the intention of the landowner, who built the infrastructure of the town and laid out plots, which he leased to speculative developers. This new Skegness quickly became a popular destination for holiday-makers and day trippers from the East Midlands factory towns. By the interwar years the town was established as one of the most popular seaside resorts in Britain. The layout of the modern seafront dates to this time and holiday camps were built around the town, including the first Butlin's holiday resort which opened in Ingoldmells in 1936.

The arrival of package holidays abroad in the 1970s and the decline in industrial employment in the East Midlands harmed Skegness's trade in the late 20th century, but it retains a loyal visitor base and has increasingly attracted people visiting for a second holiday; tourism increased following the Great Recession owing to its affordability. It has a reputation as a traditional English seaside resort. In 2011, the town was the United Kingdom's fourth most popular tourist destination and in 2015 it received over 1.4 million visitors. As well as the long, sandy beach, the seafront's attractions include amusement arcades, eateries, Botton's fairground and the pier, as well as nightclubs and bars. The town also hosts Natureland Seal Sanctuary, a museum, an aquarium, golf links, a heritage railway, an annual carnival and a yearly arts festival; to the south is Gibraltar Point nature reserve.

Despite the arrival of a number of manufacturing firms since the 1950s and Skegness's prominence as a local commercial centre, the tourism industry remains very important for the economy and employment. Its low wages and seasonal nature, along with the town's aging population, have contributed towards high levels of deprivation among the resident population. Residents are served by five state primary schools and a preparatory school, two state secondary schools (one of which is selective), several colleges, a community hospital, several Christian places of worship and two local newspapers; the town is home to the divisional police headquarters, a magistrates court and a lifeboat station.

Geography and geology

Skegness is a town and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire in the East Midlands of England. The civil parish includes most of the linear settlement of Seacroft to the south, and the village of Winthorpe and the suburban area of Seathorne to the north, all of which have been absorbed into the town's urban area. The neighbouring parishes are: Ingoldmells to the north, Addlethorpe to the north-west, Burgh le Marsh to the west and Croft to the south.[1]

Skegness fronts the North Sea; it sits on a low-lying, flat region called Lincoln Marsh which runs along the coast between Skegness and the Humber and separates the coast from the upland Wolds.[2] Much of the parish's elevation is close to sea level, although a narrow band along the seafront rises to 4–5 m (13.12–16.40 ft) above. The bedrock under the town consists of chalk belonging to the Cretaceous Ferriby formation (100.5–93.9 million years old) which runs north-west in a narrow band to Louth in the Wolds; it is a highly productive aquifer. The superficial geology reflects the region's low-lying geography and consists of clay and silt saltmarsh and tidal creek deposits (including sands and gravel) built up over the last 12,000 years. The shoreline consists of blown sand and beach and tidal flat deposits in the form of clay, silt and sand.[2][3][4][5]

Longshore drift carries particles of sediment southwards along the Lincolnshire coast.[6][7] At Skegness, the sand settles out in banks which run at a slight south-west angle to the coast. Material especially accretes further south at Gibraltar Point; finer sediment drifts further on to the Wash.[7] There has been coastal erosion in the area for thousands of years,[7] though it was relatively sheltered until the Middle Ages by a series of offshore islands made up of boulder clay; rising sea levels and more intense sea storms from the 13th century onward eroded these islands, increasingly exposing the Skegness coast to the tides.[8] Records from the Middle Ages show that local people maintained sand banks as a form of sea defence; work on them would take place outside the harvest, when men could be spared. Fines were levied against those who put animals to graze on the dunes, which could weaken their structure. The first modern sea defences consisted of the stone retaining wall erected in 1877 to support the seafront development.[9] This wall largely saved the town during the 1953 flood, though gardens, the amusements and part of the pier were damaged.[10] In the aftermath, sea defences have been built along a 24 km (15 mi) stretch of coast between Mablethorpe (to the north) and Skegness to prevent erosion, but currents continue to remove sediment and the defences hinder dune development; a nourishment scheme began operation in 1994 to replace lost sand.[6][7]

The British Isles experience a temperate, maritime climate with warm summers and cool winters.[11] Lincolnshire's position on the east of the British Isles allows for a sunnier and warmer climate relative to the national average, and it is one of the driest counties in the United Kingdom.[12] In Skegness, the average daily high temperature peaks in August at 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) and a peak average daily mean of 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) occurs in July and August. The lowest daily mean temperature is 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) in January; the average daily high for that month is 7.0 °C (44.6 °F) and the daily low is 1.9 °C (35.4 °F).

Early history

Prehistoric and early medieval

There is evidence of late Iron-Age and early Roman saltmaking activity along the part of the Lincolnshire coast which Skegness now occupies.[14] There are medieval references to a "Chester Land" and "Castelland" at Skegness and the antiquary John Leland was informed in 1543 that a castle had existed at Skegness before being lost to the sea in c. 1526; this has been interpreted as tentative evidence that there was a Roman fort at the site.[15] The archaeologist Charles Phillips suggested that Skegness was the terminus of a Roman road running from Lincoln through Burgh le Marsh and was also the location of a Roman ferry which crossed The Wash to Norfolk.[16] This theory is now "generally accepted".[15]

It is likely that the Anglo-Saxons used these Roman fortifications as one of several defensive positions along the coast. Later, the Vikings settled in Lincolnshire and their influence is detected in many local place names.[17] Skegness's name combines the Old Norse words Skeggi and ness, and means either "Skeggi's headland" or "beard-shaped headland" (possibly referring to the banks at an angle to the coast);[18] Skeggi (meaning "bearded one") may be the name of a Viking settler or it could derive from the Old Norse word skegg "beard" and have been used to describe the shape of the landform.[19]

Skegness was not named in the Domesday Book of 1086. It is usually identified with the Domesday settlement called Tric.[20][n 1] The historian Arthur Owen and the linguist Richard Coates have argued that Tric derived its name from Traiectus, Latin for "crossing", referring to the Roman ferry that Phillips argues launched from Skegness.[22][n 2] In Domesday there are four entries for Tric: Alan of Brittany had an estate there which was sokeland of his manor of Drayton; Eudo of Tattershall had two estates there, sokeland of his manors of Burgh Le Marsh and Addlethorpe respectively; and Robert Despenser had sokeland belonging to his manor of "Guldelsmere" which is normally identified with Ingoldmells.[17][n 3] Tric is not otherwise recorded;[20] the name Skegness appears in the 12th century,[27] and further references are known from the 13th.[23]

In the Middle Ages, the township and the majority of the parish fell under the jurisdiction of the manor of Ingoldmells, which also covered parts of Addlethorpe, Burgh le Marsh, Great Steeping and Partney.[28] This was Despencer's Domesday estate. It passed to his brother Urse d'Abetot on his death probably in the late 1090s; Urse exchanged them with Robert de Lacy, lord of Pontefract.[29][30] With the exception of a period of forfeiture in the 12th century, the manor descended with the Honour of Pontefract through the de Lacy family until it was inherited in 1348 by Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster (died 1360); it passed to John of Gaunt (died 1399), the husband of the duke's daughter and eventual sole heiress Blanche, and then to their son Henry of Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV, after which the lordship of the manor merged in the crown.[n 4][n 5] According to the local historian W. O. Massingberd, there was no manor of Skegness, the "greater part" being under Ingoldmell's jurisdiction (including the banks, dykes, port and shore), though the Bishop of Lincoln had a small manor there and some land was held in the parish of the manor of Croft.[37][n 6]

Medieval harbour

As a coastal settlement, Skegness benefited from natural sea defences. Behind barrier shoals, dunes and beaches, a natural headland[n 7] and cape allowed for the establishment of a harbour.[40] It is unlikely but impossible to know whether there was continuity between the Domesday vill of Tric and this later settlement; the geographer Ian Simmons has speculated that the later settlement may stem from an attempt by the local lord to replicate Wainfleet's success as a port in the 12th and 13th centuries.[39] The harbour at Skegness was relatively small and its trade in the 14th century was likely more coastal than international;[41] it was "thriving" in that century but its economic fortunes were probably closely related to those of nearby coastal ports, such as Wainfleet, which in turn depended on the larger port at Boston which was heavily involved in the wool trade.[42] It was also an important port for Lincolnshire fishermen.[43] In the 15th century Skegness imported timber and other wares from Scandinavia;[44] there were also instances of piracy off the coast.[45]

During the medieval period the destruction of offshore islands led to silt being deposited along the Lincolnshire coast; as salt-working and drainage intensified, this combined to leave the coast in a constant state of change.[46] The later medieval period brought frequent storms, which eroded Skegness's sea defences.[46] The manorial court records instances of illegal grazing on the sandbanks which would have contributed to erosion.[47] Between the 14th and 16th centuries, Skegness was one of several coastal settlements to incur major loss of land to the sea. Local people attempted to make artificial banks, but they were costly.[48] Rising sea levels from the later medieval period further threatened the coast.[47] In 1525 or 1526 Skegness was largely washed away in a storm, along with the hamlets of East and West Meales and the headland which gave Skegness its name.[49][50][n 8]

Later fishing and farming village
Church of St Clement, Skegness

After the flooding, Skegness was rebuilt along the new coastline.[51] Stone from St Clement's Church was salvaged and used to rebuild the church on a new site.[52] By 1543, when the antiquarian John Leland visited the town, some of the old buildings were still visible at low tide, but he noted that "For old Skegnes is now buildid a pore new thing".[49] Over the course of the sixteenth century, the sea continued to encroach into the land at Skegness, while depositing sand banks further south, likely leading to the creation of Gibraltar Point.[53] A 1560 inquest called for new sea banks to be built, construction of which began in 1568, were likely interrupted by the "Great Flood" of 1571 and were still not finished by 1574.[54] Ships are recorded unloading their wares at Skegness the following century.[55]

Skegness was principally a small farming and fishing village throughout the early modern period.[56] Much of the land appears to have come into the hands of the Hiltoft family, from whom it passed to Nicholas Saunderson, 1st Viscount Castleton following his marriage (in 1584) to Mildred, heiress of John Hiltoft of Boston.[57][58] Castleton enclosed 400 acres of saltmarsh in 1627; the formation of Gibraltar Point led to more land being reclaimed from the sea south of Skegness by Croft Marsh, and successive Lords Castleton were engaged in long disputes and legal claims over the ownership of the new lands, eventually acquiring land by the sea in 1681. The whole estate passed through the male line which became extinct in 1723 on the death of the 5th Viscount, who bequeathed his estate to his cousin Thomas Lumley; in 1740 Lumley became 3rd Earl of Scarbrough. By 1845, the Scarbrough estate comprised 1,219 acres at Skegness.[55][59] [n 9]

The Lincolnshire marshland running alongside the coast from Wainfleet up to the Humber provided good pasture for sheep and cattle, especially in the silty, flat Outmarsh closest to the shore. The area around Skegness was no exception and was used for grazing.[60] In the early 17th century, farmers on the Wolds drove their sheep to the Skegness Outmarsh for summer fattening.[60] Reclaiming marsh land and developing dykes naturally meant enclosing it, which was often a piecemeal process.[62] The Lords Castleton had enclosed a large portion of the lands around Skegness by 1740,[63] over 800 acres.[62] In the early 19th century, the pastures benefited from their proximity to markets and good soil, but lacked shelter and hedgerows along the wide dykes.[63] The population sat at 134 in 1801; this had risen to a modern peak of 366 by the time of the 1851 census but dropped slightly over the following twenty years.[64] As late as the early 1870s, the settlement "was still very much an undeveloped village of fishermen, farmers and farm hands".[65]

Development of the seaside resort

Before the railways
[Five miles from Burgh] is Skegness, at that time [the early 19th century] only a handful of fishermen's cottages, with "Hildred's Hotel," one good house occupied by a large tenant farmer, and a reed-thatched house right on the old Roman sea bank, built by Miss Walls, only one room thick, so that from the same room she could see both the sunrise and the sunset. Here all the neighbourhood at different times would meet, and enjoy the wide prospect of sea and Marsh and the broad sands and the splendid air. When the tide was out the only thing to be seen, as far as eye could reach, were the two or three fishermen, like specks on the edge of the sea, and the only sounds were the piping of the various sea-birds, stints, curlews, and the like, as they flew along the creeks or over the gray sand-dunes.

Willingham Rawnsley in Tennyson and His Friends (1911)[66]

While most of those living in Skegness worked in agriculture or fishing, local gentry began visiting the village for leisure reasons from the late 18th century.[65] The sea air was thought to have health-giving qualities.[67] To capitalise on this trend, the Skegness Hotel (later Enderby's and by 1851 renamed the Vine Hotel) opened in 1770; visitors could reach it by omnibus from Boston, which was the terminus of several stagecoaches.[68] The first reference to bathing machines on Skegness's shores dates to 1784 though they are thought to have been present earlier.[65] Private houses also opened their doors to lodgers,[65] including Moat House (built by Rev. Edward Walls in c. 1780), and by 1813 another hotel had opened: the New Hotel, later named Hildred's after its Victorian landlords.[69] It was joined in the 1830s by The Ship.[70]

The diarist John Byng paid a visit in the late 18th century and, although pleased with the clear air, he was unimpressed by the Skegness Hotel and its landlord. The local gentry frequented Skegness, with the Massingberds known to visit The Vine in the early 19th century. Born and raised at Somersby, the poet Alfred Tennyson (later Lord Tennyson) holidayed at Skegness as a young man, often taking walks along the shore from his lodgings at Mary Walls' Moat House on the sea bank;[69] some scholars have drawn parallels between his poetry and the landscape he encountered on these visits.[71][72] The place remained popular with visitors and another hotel, Sea View, was built in 1862. By 1872, there were also nine lodging houses.[65]

The arrival of the railways
The railway line connecting the East Midlands cities with Skegness

The East Lincolnshire Railway, running along the coast between Boston and Grimsby, opened in 1848 but ran further inland than Skegness, through Firsby, Burgh and up to Alford. There were clear benefits to building lines connecting the coastal settlements, but it was not until the late 1860s that the first moves were made. In 1868, a line was built connecting Spilsby with Firsby junction, and the following year work began on a branch from Firsby to Wainfleet All Saints, therefore bringing railways to both market towns. By the time that opened (with rolling stock operated by the Great Northern Railway), plans were tabled for the Skegness extension, which were approved in 1871 by GNR shareholders and later by Parliament.[73] The railways arrived at Skegness in 1873.[74]

From the outset, the railway to Skegness was not an agricultural venture but one designed to bring day trippers to the seaside.[65][75] Rising wages and better holiday provision meant that some working-class people from the East Midlands factory towns could afford to have a holiday for the first time.[75] As the historian T. W. Beastall wrote: "Here were six miles of water to which the people of Derby, Leicester and Nottingham could resort".[76] The arrival of the railway coincided with the Great Depression of British agriculture, during which time cheaper foreign goods undermined the industry. As a major landowner, Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough, had seen his income stagnate and assets lose value; his agent, Henry Vivian Tippet, while surveying the Skegness lands ahead of the railway's arrival, decided that the earl's fortunes might be revived if he turned Skegness into a seaside resort.[77]

Skegness Pier in the late 19th century

Building the resort town

By the time the station opened the shoreline had been surveyed and the earl's land divided into lots, some of which were sold to builders in 1873. The earl stipulated that developments needed his approval and would have to be completed promptly, but it is not clear that the plots were quick to sell or always built on. A more comprehensive scheme emerged in 1876, when a road plan was developed and the earl took out a mortgage of £120,000 to fund developments. In 1878, the full plan was finished by George Booth Walker. It laid out plots for 787 houses in the settlement on 96 acres of land (mostly occupied by the tenant farmer William Everington) between the shoreline and Roman Bank north of the High Street.[77][78] The new streets were to be grid-aligned, with a Grand Parade running along the shore parallel to a road along Roman Bank (now the A52); these were the eastern and western boundaries of the development. Scarbrough Avenue was laid out running inland from the centre of the Parade and was bisected by Lumley Avenue, with a new church in the roundabout. At the end of Scarbrough Avenue would be a pier. Scarbrough Avenue and Lumley Avenue were planned with wider roads than the other streets, suggesting that they were envisaged as the main throughfares.[79]

The earl spent thousands of pounds on laying roads and the sewerage system, and building the sea wall (the latter of which was finished in 1878).[80][81] He leased nearby brickworks in 1875 to provide a supply for builders.[82] The earl created companies (of which he was the largest shareholder) to provide many other amenities, including gasworks, waterworks, Skegness Pier (opened in 1881), the pleasure gardens (finished in 1881 and taken over by the earl in 1882), the steamboats (first launched in 1882 and taken over by the earl's company in 1883) and bathing pools (1883).[83][84] With the brickworks struggling to keep up with demand, he formed a company to take them over in 1882 and the following year expanded the operation. He donated land and money towards the building of St Matthew's Church, two Methodist chapels, a school, a cattle market (opened in 1880) and the cricket ground.[82][85]

1878–c. 1890: early boom and slump
The Grand Parade before the clock tower was built, looking north towards the pier. The Marine Gardens are on the right.

Housebuilding was left to speculative builders, who purchased 99-year leases on the plots of land. Although the plans likely intended Scarbrough Avenue to be the centre of the new town, the earliest development was concentrated in the south along Lumley Road, which offered a direct route from the train station to the seafront; most of the plots there had been leased by 1880 and built by 1882. Newspapers across the Midlands advertised properties, and shops began opening. The market place envisaged in the early plans was never built nor were the winter gardens,[86] but the Lumley Hotel opened in 1880 followed by the Lion Hotel in 1881, by which time almost a thousand people had moved into the town;[87][88] of the 1,332 people recorded in the 1881 census, 91.6% had not been in the town 10 years earlier, including many young people and a diverse range of trades.[89] According to the local historian Winston Kime, Skegness had become known as a "trippers paradise" by 1880.[90] The August bank holiday saw 20,000 descend on the town; they came to enjoy the beach, the many games and amusements that had popped up in the town, the pleasure boat trips that had just started launching from the pier, and the donkey rides.[91] By August 1882, 368 houses had been built and boarding houses were being erected along Drummond Road, Rutland Road and Algitha Road; a freehold society was laying what became Grosvenor Road. This boom continued into 1883.[87]

Building contracted after the 1883 season.[92] Few developments took place over the coming years, although the accreted sands in front of the sea wall south of the pier were converted into the Marine Gardens in 1888 to avoid them becoming unsightly.[92] This stagnation coincided with a declining number of day-trippers, which fell from a peak of 230,277 in 1882 to 118,473 in 1885. The population contracted from the 1,934 recorded in 1882 to 1,488 in 1891.[92] The lands north of Scarbrough Avenue went undeveloped; the earl had been unable to sell them and planted trees on the sand dunes and named it The Park, known locally as "The Jungle".[92][93]

John Hassall's "Jolly Fisherman" poster (1908)

c. 1890–1914: resurgence and growth

Fortunes changed during the 1890s.[94] As the historian Susan Barton has written, "Skegness and other 'lower' status resorts provided cheap amusements, beach entertainers, street traders and, by the end of the nineteenth century, spectacular entertainment for a mass market".[95] The number of annual excursions to Skegness had risen to 226,880 in 1902 and grew to 321,260 in 1907.[96] In 1908 the famous "Jolly Fisherman" poster was used by GNR to advertise day trips (costing 3s) from King's Cross in London.[96] The town's largest hotel, the Seacroft Hydro (later the Seacroft Hotel), opened in 1908–09.[97] In 1913 more than 750,000 people made excursions to the town.[96] Aside from bathing and enjoying the sands, visitors to Skegness found entertainment in the pier, which had a concert hall, saloon and theatre; from 1904 to 1920 the one-legged Billy Thompson dived off the end to please the crowds. On the beach, Fred Clements' concert on the dunes off North Parade was a popular attraction in the Edwardian period, allowing him to open a theatre in 1911; other theatres and picture houses opened around this time.[98][99] Britain's first switchback had opened in the town in 1885 or 1887.[n 10] A fairground operated on the central beach before the First World War, an aerial flight north of the pier by 1906, and the Figure 8 rollercoaster replaced the 1885 switchback and opened near Sea View on North Parade in 1908.[101][102]

The town became an urban district in 1895,[103] and by 1901 its population exceeded 2,000.[94] Convalescent homes began opening in the town, the earliest being the Nottinghamshire Convalescent Home for Men (1891). Holiday homes or camps for the poor opened for Derbyshire children in 1891 and Nottingham girls in 1907.[104][105] A clock tower was built to mark Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee in 1897 and was formally opened in 1899. The dunes to the north and south of Skegness made for excellent golf courses, with one opening at Seacroft in 1899.[97][106] Another golf links opened at North Shore in 1911.[97] By that year, the population had reached 3,775.[107]

1914–1945: boom years between the wars
Skegness in the nineteen-thirties ... had become the summertime Mecca of the East Midlands. For the toiling thousands of Nottingham, Leicester and Derby it was a second home. The cultured shook their heads to find the multitudes flocking to this vulgar resort with its fish and chips and rose gardens, miles of golden sands and thousands of slot machines, with the finest swimming pool on the coast and the noisiest amusement park, with its wide tree-lined streets and its cockle stalls and rock, and ice-cream and beer. It was a marvellous mixture and the crowds loved it.

Winston Kime in Skeggy! The Story of an East Coast Town (1969)[108]

Aside from a seaplane base briefly established by the town in 1914, the First World War brought little change to the fabric of Skegness[109] but the resort underwent much change between the world wars. The Urban District Council purchased the seafront east of the parade wall in 1922. The district engineer and surveyor Rowland Henry Jenkins was responsible for overhauling it, which included the construction of Tower Esplanade (1923), a paved walkway extending from the clock tower to the shore. To the south, he built the boating lake on sand dunes (1924, extended in 1932) and the Fairy Dell paddling pool. To the north, he replaced the Marine Gardens; a large part of the site was used for the Embassy Ballroom, outdoor bathing pool, restaurant and orchestral piazza which all opened in 1928. The town's first municipal car park opened that year, catering for the rapidly growing motor traffic. In 1923, the amusements on the main beach were moved to the dunes opposite The Park, but a covenant stipulated that once The Park began to be developed the amusements would need to relocate. After works began, Billy Butlin (who had been a stall holder since 1925) agreed to build permanent amusements south of the pier; these opened in 1929. Afterwards, Jenkins remodelled the foreshore north of the pier, constructing walkways, sports grounds and bowling greens which opened in 1931.[102][110] During the 1930s, the west side of North Parade was built up with hotels.[102] Convalescent homes were built in interwar years, including one for Derbyshire miners at Seathorne (1928).[111][112]

Skegness's popularity as a tourist destination grew in the interwar years and boomed during the 1930s, helped by the new attractions. Swimming galas, tournaments and regattas were among the popular events at the new facilities. Elsewhere the Skegness Aero Club attracted 15,000 spectators to watch a show at the Winthorpe Airfield in 1932; that year the illuminations were turned on for the first time and the Sun Castle opened on North Parade. The following year Butlin launched a carnival, among the largest on the east coast. Cinemas and casinos joined the theatres of the Edwardian period as popular attractions. In 1936, Butlin built his own all-in holiday camp in Ingoldmells, providing constant entertainment and facilities for guests.[101] It was joined in 1939 by The Derbyshire Miners' Holiday Camp.[113] This coincided with growth in the residential area; speculative housing was put up north of Scarbrough Avenue from the 1920s by T. L. Kirk and J. H. Canning,[81] and after Castleton Boulevard was built in 1934 the original plan area was largely filled in. A hundred houses were built in the Richmond Drive area under the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919, and private developments took place around Wainfleet Road and Lincoln Road in the 1930s.[114][115] The owner of land north of the North Shore golf links laid out a housing development, the Seathorne Estate, in 1925, by which time Winthorpe Avenue was mostly built up.[116] By 1931, the town's population had reached 9,122.[117]

During the Second World War, the Royal Air Force billeted thousands of trainees in the town for its No 11 Recruit Centre. The Butlin's camp was occupied by the Royal Navy, who called it HMS Royal Arthur and used it for training seamen. Aerial bombing of the town began in 1940; there were fatalities on several occasions, the greatest being on 24 October 1941 when twelve residents were killed during a bombing raid.[118]

Since 1945
The beach at Skegness in 2006, looking north towards the pier; the Pleasure Beach amusements are on the left

Since the Second World War, self-catered holidays have become popular, prompting the growth of caravan parks and chalet accommodation.[119] By 1981 20 caravan sites were in operation and five years later there were 12,000 holiday caravans and chalets in Skegness and Ingoldmells.[119][120] Much of the lodging accommodation in the town centre closed as a result, although 300 bed and breakfasts were still operating in the 1970s.[119] By 1998, the town had lost over 3,000 of the 8,100 bed spaces it had in 1950, but had gained 15,000 caravans.[121] The 1970s also witnessed the birth of the cheap package airline holiday abroad, which took visitors away from British seaside towns.[121] The decline in coal mining in the East Midlands in the 1980s caused what the BBC described as a "damaging dip in trade".[122] Nevertheless, holiday-makers continued to visit the town and in the 1980s and 1990s, people ventured to Skegness for their second holiday alongside trips abroad;[121] it also proved popular among the elderly in the winter months.[122] The resort's popularity grew during the late 2000s Great Recession, as it offered a cheaper alternative to holidays abroad.[123] Between 2006 and 2008, 870,000 people made overnight trips to Skegness; this figure had risen to 1,030,000 for 2010–12.[124]

Grand Parade, showing some of the late-20th-century amusements which have replaced hotels and cinemas

The fabric of the town centre has also changed. North and South Bracing were built in 1948–49, followed by the Festival Pavilion in 1951; Natureland Seal Sanctuary opened in 1966 and the 1960s saw Tower Explanade extended. Butlin's left the main amusement park and it was extensively refurbished in 1966; the North Parade amusements were also refitted in 1970 and the Figure 8 demolished.[120] In 1971, the pier entrance was replaced with what David Robinson called "a characterless mass of glass and concrete" housing arcades, a bingo hall and a variety bar;[98] in 1978, a large section was swept away in a storm.[125] The Embassy Ballroom and the swimming baths were replaced with the Embassy Centre in 1999.[102] By 2001, European Union grants had provided millions of pounds towards regeneration schemes.[122] Since the war, most of the seafront's hotels, cinemas and theatres have been turned into amusement arcades, nightclubs, shops and bingo halls.[126] What remained of Frederica Terrace, one of Skegness's oldest buildings, had been converted into entertainment bars and arcades before it was destroyed in a fire in 2007.[127][128]

Caravan parks around Winthorpe and Seathorne

In the immediate post-war decades there was pressure to provide local people with more affordable housing; council estates were built at Winthorpe, west of St Clement's Church and off Richmond Drive.[129][130] There were also private developments, including the estate east of Richmond Drive; Lincoln Road was built in 1960 as a more direct route to the town centre from the A158, and private housing was then built to its south; the developments enveloped the 18th-century Church Farm building, which was restored and opened as a museum in 1976.[131] The seafront was fully developed in the 1970s and the last of The Park built on in 1982.[132] Between the 1970s and the 1990s a large amount of private housing development took place, including sites north of the A158 and near Seacroft.[133] Since the end the 20th century, a growing number of people have opted to live in static caravans for a large part of the year; a 2011 report estimated that 6,600 people (mostly older and from former factory cities in the Midlands) were living in such properties in Skegness.[134]

Economy
Skegness Pier deck looking seawards

According to VisitEngland, in 2011 Skegness was the fourth most popular holiday destination in the United Kingdom.[135] In 2015, Skegness and Ingoldmells received 1,484,000 visitors, of which 649,000 were day visitors; this brought in £212.83 million in direct expenditure, with an estimated economic impact of £289.60 million.[136] The town council has described local employment as "heavily reliant" on tourism.[137] One estimate suggested that in 2015 2,846 jobs were supported directly by the visitor economy (accounting for around a third of the town's employed residents), with tourism indirectly supporting nearly 900 more.[136][138] Over half of these jobs were in accommodation and food and drink, with a further 18.1% in retail.[136] Skegness's visitor economy has been described by the district council as "counter-cyclical"; while continuing to serve a loyal client base, it provides a cheap alternative to holidays abroad and has therefore proven popular when the economy has been slower for the rest of the region.[123] The seafront is a hub for the tourism industry, much of which is geared towards the provision of food (most famously fish and chips), amusement arcades and other attractions, including the Botton's Pleasure Beach funfair with various rides. The pubs, bars and nightclubs, and neon-lit amusements have earned it the popular nickname "Skegvegas" (after Las Vegas).[139]

Before the 1950s, the only major manufacturing interest in Skegness was Alfred Hayward's rock factory which had opened in the 1920s. After the Second World War, some other light industry arrived, including Murphy Radio and the nylon makers Stiebels. The Urban District Council opened an industrial estate in 1956 for manufacturers. Murphy's successor left the town in the 1970s, but Stiebels and the ride manufacturer J. R. Mitchell were still operating in the late 1980s, alongside Rose-Forgrove and Sandersons Forklifts.[140] The industrial estate, off Wainfleet Road, continues to house a range of businesses and the district council have proposed expanding it as of 2016. The council opened the Aura Skegness Business Centre there in 2004.[141]

The Hildred's Shopping Centre which opened in 1988
Skegness Retail Park, developed between 2000 and 2005

Along with Louth, Skegness is "one of the main shopping and commercial centres" in East Lindsey, most likely due to it being the closest service hub for a large part of the surrounding rural area.[142] Management Horizon Europe's 2008 UK shopping index measured the presence of national suppliers; Skegness was the highest ranked shopping destination in the district. It also ranked highest in the 2013–14 Venuescore survey.[143] The High Street and Lumley Road are key retail areas,[144] along with the Hildreds Centre, a small shopping mall which opened in 1988,[145] Skegness Retail Park (developed 2000–05),[146] and the Quora Retail Park on Burgh Road which opened in 2017 and includes several supermarkets;[147][148] other supermarkets operate elsewhere.[149] [n 11] Occupancy rates are relatively high; in 2015, 4% of ground-floor retail units were vacant, which is less than half the national average and down from 9% in 2009.[153] Nevertheless, Skegness is relatively weak at offering comparison goods, with Lincoln and Grimsby being key destinations for higher value shopping.[142]

Demography

Population size and change
Historic population figures for Skegness
Year Population
(Civil Parish)[154]
1801 134
1811 132
1821 150
1831 185
1841 316
1851 366
1861 322
1871 349
1881 1,338
1882[n 12] 1,934
1891 1,488
1901 2,140
1911 3,775
1921 9,246
1931 9,122
1951 12,539
1961 12,847
1971 13,578
1981 14,452
1991 15,149
2001 18,910
2011 19,579

The poll tax returns for 1377 recorded 140 people living in Skegness over the age of 14; in 1563 there were 14 households and in the late 17th century, there were ten families.[155] The first census of the parish was conducted in 1801 and recorded a population of 134. It had risen above 300 by 1841 and reached 366 ten years later, before dropping back to 349 in 1871. Following the initial development of the seaside resort, the population rose rapidly,[64] contracted in the 1880s[92] and then rose sharply so that by 1921 the resident population was over 9,000. This figure reached 12,539 in 1951, and continued to rise at varying rates over the course of the century. It had reached 18,910 in 2001 and 19,579 in the most recent census, taken in 2011.[154] The Office for National Statistics (ONS)-designated Skegness Built Up Area incorporates the contiguous conurbation extending north through Ingoldmells to Chapel St Leonards; this had a population of 24,876 in 2011 which makes it the largest settlement in the East Lindsey district (followed by Louth)[156] and represents about 18% of the district's population.[157]

Ethnicity and religion

According to the 2011 census, Skegness's population was 97.6% white; 1% Asian or British Asian; 0.4% Black, African, Caribbean or Black British; and 0.9% mixed or mutli-ethnic; and 0.1% other. The population is therefore less ethnically diverse than England as a whole, which is 85.4% white; 7.8% Asian or Asian British; 3.5% Black, African, Caribbean or Black British; 2.3% mixed ethnicities; and 1% other. 94.2% of the town's population were born in the United Kingdom, compared with 86.2% nationally; 3.5% were born in European Union countries other than the UK and Ireland, of which more than three quarters (2.7% of the total) were born in post-2001 accession states; for England, the figures were 3.7% and 2.0% respectively. 1.8% of the population was born outside the EU, whereas the total for England was 9.4%.[158][159]

In the 2011 census, 68.2% of Skegness's population stated that they were religious and 24.7% stated they did not follow a religion. Compared to England's population, Christians were over-represented in Skegness (66.8% of people), while all other groups were under-represented. There were 8 Sikhs in Skegness, making up a negligible proportion of the population compared with 0.8% nationally; Hindus composed 0.1% (compared with 1.5% in England), Muslims 0.5% against 5% nationally, Jewish people 0.1% compared with 0.5% for all of England, and Buddhists 0.2% of the town's population, contrasting with 0.5% nationally.[158][159]

Household composition, age, health and housing

In the 2011 census, 47.8% of the population were male and 52.2% female. Of the population over 16, 45.3% were married, compared to 46.6% in England; 28.8% were single (a smaller proportion than in England where it is 34.6%), 12.8% divorced (compared with 9% in England), 10.3% widowed (higher than the 6.9% for all of England), 2.6% separated and 0.2% in same-sex civil partnerships (2.7% and 0.2% respectively in England). In 2011, there were 9,003 households in Skegness civil parish. It has a slightly higher than average proportion of one-person households (35.9% compared with England's figure of 30.2%); most other households consist of one family (58.1% of the total, compared with 61.8% in England). There are higher than average rates of one-person (16.8%) and one-family (10.8%) households aged over 65 (the figures for England are 12.4% and 8.1% respectively).[158][159] In 2016, East Lindsey had Lincolnshire's second-highest rate of conception among females aged 15 to 17 (28.7 per 1,000).[160]

East Lindsey has a high proportion of elderly people living in the district, driven partly by high in-migration and by the out-migration of younger residents; the local authority has described this as a "demographic imbalance".[161] A 2005 study by the town council reported that for every two people aged 16–24 who left the town, three people aged 60 or above moved in.[137] The 2011 census showed Skegness's population to be older than the national average; the mean age was 44.3 and the median 46 years, compared with 39.3 and 39 for England. 21% of the population was under 20, versus 24% of England's, and 32.2% of Skegness's population was aged over 60, compared with 22% of England's population.[158][159] This high proportion of elderly residents has increased the proportion of infirm people in the district.[161] In 2011, 69.6% of the population were in good or very good health, compared to 81.4% in England, and 9.9% in very bad or bad health, against 5.4% for England. 28.6% of people (12.8% in 16–64 year-olds) also reported having their day-to-day activities limited, compared with 17.6% in England (8.2% in 16–64 year-olds).[158][159]

As of 2011, Skegness has a lower proportion of people who own their homes with or without a mortgage (54.7%) than in England (63.3%), a greater proportion of people who privately rent (27.5% compared with 16.8%) and a slightly smaller proportion of social renters (15.7% compared with 17.7% nationally). The proportion of household spaces which are detached houses is higher than average (32.4% compared with 22.3%), as is the proportion which are apartments in a converted house (9.8% compared with 4.3%) and flats in a commercial building (2.2% compared with 1.1%). The proportion of terraced household spaces is much lower (8.9% against 24.5% nationally), while the proportion of purpose-built flats is also lower (14% versus 16.7%). 2.3% of household spaces are caravans or other mobile structures, compared with 0.4% nationally.[158][159]

Workforce and deprivation

In 2011, 60% of Skegness's residents aged between 16 and 74 were economically active, compared with 69.9% for all of England. 51.7% were in employment, compared with 62.1% nationally. The proportion in full-time employment is also comparatively low, at 27.7% (against 38.6% for England). The proportion of retirees is higher, at 21.7% compared with 13.7% for England. The proportion of long-term sick or disabled is 7.9%, nearly double England's 4%; 2.3% of people were long-term unemployed, compared with 1.7% in all of England. The 2011 census revealed that the most common industry residents worked in were: wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles (21.2%), accommodation and food services (17.3%), human health and social work (11.7%). The proportion of people employed in accommodation and food services was over three times the national figure (5.6%), while the proportion working in wholesale and retail trade and vehicle repair was also higher than in England as a whole (15.9%). Most other industries were under-represented comparatively, with both financial services (0.8% versus 4.4% nationally) and information and communication (0.6% against 4.1% nationally) especially so.[158][159]

The tourism industry in Skegness is dominated by low-paid, low-skilled and seasonal work.[162] Compared with the whole of England, the workforce has a relatively high proportion of people in elementary occupations (18.9%), sales and customer service occupations (12.1%), caring, leisure and other service occupations (12.2%), as well as skilled trades (12.9%), managers and directors (12.9%) and process plant and machine operatives (8.7%). There is a much lower proportion of people in professional, associate professional, technical, administrative and secretarial occupations than in England as a whole (combined 22.3% versus 41.7% of England's population aged 16–74).[158][159] A lack of more varied, higher skilled and better paid work and further education opportunities leads many more skilled, ambitious or qualified young people to leave. There is a chronic difficulty in attracting professionals to the area, including teachers and doctors; this is partly due to the perceived remoteness of the area, seasonality and social exclusion.[137][162] Employers also find it difficult to attract higher skilled workers, including chefs; a report prepared for the town council cites a lack of "work readiness" among young people as a common problem facing employers.[163] The proportion of residents aged 16 to 74 with no qualifications was 40.8%, much higher than the national figure (22.5%); the proportion of residents whose highest qualification is at Level 1, 2 or 3 (equivalent to GCSEs or A-Levels) is lower in each category than the national population; 10.7% of the population have a qualification at Level 4 (Certificate of Higher Education) or above, compared with 27.4% nationally.[158][159]

In a 2013 ONS study of 57 English seaside resorts, Skegness and Ingoldmells (combined) was the most deprived seaside town; 61.5% of their statistical areas (LSOAs) were in the most deprived quintile nationally, compared with 20% for England as a whole; only 7.7% fell in the least-deprived three quintiles, compared to 60% for England.[164] The government's Indices of Multiple Deprivation (2019) place large parts of Skegness among the 10% most deprived parts of England;[165] two of its neighbourhoods were ranked among the ten most deprived areas in Lincolnshire.[166] There is limited research into the causes of deprivation in the town.[162] A local official quoted by The Guardian in 2013 attributed high levels of deprivation to the seasonal and low-paid nature of work in the tourism industry, which constitutes a large part of Skegness's economy; and also the tendency for retirees (often in variable health) from former industrial areas in the East Midlands to move to the town and spend most of the year living there in caravans.[167] In 2019, the town council listed several key challenges: the low-paid, low-skilled and seasonal nature of work in the tourism industry; a consequential dependency on benefits and a reduced tax base; the under-funding of public services; poor infrastructure; a lack of training for and consequent out-migration of talented young people; and difficulty attracting skilled workers.[162]

Transport
Skegness railway station

The A52 road from Newcastle-under-Lyme to Mablethorpe passes through Skegness via Nottingham, Grantham and Boston. The A158 from Lincoln terminates in the town, and the A1028 connects Skegness with the A16 which runs from Grimsby to Peterborough via Louth.[168]

Omnibus services reached the village from Boston before the development of the resort;[68] by the 1840s Brown's omnibus made the journey from Boston three days a week.[169] As of 2020, Stagecoach Lincolnshire is the main bus operator in the town with regular services on routes to Ingoldmells and Chapel St Leonards;[170] there are Lincolnshire InterConnect services up the coast as far as Mablethorpe and inland to Boston and Lincoln.[171]

Skegness railway station is the terminus for the Grantham to Skegness ("Poacher") line which runs hourly services from Nottingham via Grantham.[172] Opened in 1873, it was the final station on the Firsby–Skegness branch of the East Lincolnshire Railway.[173] The number of people travelling by car and coach probably overtook the number using the train in the 1930s, a trend solidified in the post-war years. The station was earmarked for closure in the Beeching cuts in the 1960s, but a third of the summer visitors still used it and lobbying by the urban district council preserved passenger services; the line was nevertheless closed to freight traffic in 1966 and the main interconnecting line, the East Lincolnshire Railway, was dismantled from Firsby to Grimsby in 1970. The passenger timetable was reduced to save costs in 1977, but a full timetable returned in 1989 and improvement works were carried out in 2001 and 2011, the latter seeing the old station master's house demolished.[174] As of 2020, trains run the full length of the Poacher Line and the Nottingham to Grantham Line to give connections to the East Midlands; Nottingham, Grantham, Boston and Sleaford have direct connections, while Leicester, Derby and Kettering require a change at Nottingham.[175][176]

Skegness Water Leisure Park, north of the town, has its own airfield (Skegness Airfield), with two runways. PPR (Prior Permission Required) is stated for landing.[177]

Government and politics
Boston and Skegness parliamentary constituency

National and European politics

In national politics, Skegness fell within the Lincolnshire parliamentary constituency until 1832; in 1818 four residents were entitled to vote, and in 1832 there were seven.[178] That year the county was divided up and the village was included (with all of Lindsey) in North Lincolnshire.[179] In 1867, it was transferred to the new Mid Lincolnshire constituency, which was abolished in 1885, after which Skegness placed in the Horncastle constituency.[180] Another reorganisation saw the parish incorporated into the East Lindsey seat in 1983;[181] this was abolished in 1995 and Skegness was transferred into the new constituency of Boston and Skegness.[182] The current constituency has been held by Conservative members of parliament since it was created;[n 13] the incumbent is Matt Warman, who has held it since 2015.[185] Between 1999 and the United Kingdom's departure of the European Union (EU) in 2020, Skegness was represented in the European Parliament by the East Midlands constituency.[186]

At the first election after it was created (1997), the current seat was highly marginal,[187] with the Conservatives receiving 42.4% of the vote and Labour 41.0%.[188] By 2019 the Conservatives had increased their vote share to 76.7% (their second-highest nationally),[189] while Labour's share had fallen to 14.0%.[190]

The same period saw support for the Eurosceptic UK Independence Party (UKIP) grow, reaching a peak in 2015, when it polled second and secured UKIP's second-highest vote share in any constituency in that election.[191] The constituency is estimated to have had the highest vote share in favour of leaving the EU in the 2016 EU referendum, at 75.6%.[192] In the aftermath the town became the focus of international media attention,[193][194] with Reuters labelling it "Brexit-on-Sea" and suggesting that many of its residents were "more nostalgic and more socially conservative" than those in diverse, liberal, urban areas, and keen to see state funds paid to the EU redirected into supporting the town.[195] Afterwards support for UKIP fell and the party did not stand in 2019,[190] although support for leaving the EU remained high.[195] The Brexit Party did not contest the parliamentary seat in 2019,[190] but in the European Parliament elections held earlier that year, it has been estimated that Boston and Skegness probably had the third-highest vote share for the Brexit Party of any constituency.[196]

Local government

Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lincolnshire since the Middle Ages, the ancient parish of Skegness was in the Marsh division of the ancient wapentake of Candleshoe in the Parts of Lindsey.[197][198] In 1875, it was placed in the Spilsby Poor Law Union, but in 1885 Skegness became a local board of health and urban sanitary district. In 1894, Skegness Urban District was created in its place.[197][199] The civil parish of Winthorpe – which had previously been part of the Spilsby union, rural sanitary district and, from 1894, rural district – was abolished in 1926; most of it was merged into Skegness Urban District and a portion into Addlethorpe civil parish.[200][201] In 1974, the urban district was merged with the municipal borough of Louth, the Alford, Horncastle, Mablethorpe and Sutton, and Woodhall Spa urban districts, and the rural districts of Horncastle, Louth and Spilsby to create East Lindsey, a district of Lincolnshire;[202] by statutory instrument Skegness civil parish became the urban district's successor.[203]

Skegness Town Council, the parish-level government body beneath the district council, is composed of 21 councillors from four wards: Clock Tower (1 seat), St Clements (7 seats), Winthorpe (5 seats) and Woodlands (8 seats). There are seven representatives for Skegness on East Lindsey District Council, which uses different wards: three councillors are returned for Scarbrough and Seacroft ward, and two each from St Clements and Winthorpe wards. Skegness sends two councillors to Lincolnshire County Council, one each for Skegness North and Skegness South divisions.[204]

Skegness Urban District Council meetings were held at 23 Algitha Road until 1920, when the authority purchased the Earl of Scarbrough's estate office at Roman Bank for £3,000 and used those as offices; these burned down in 1928; a new town hall opened in 1931 and was later extended. In the 1950s, the council acquired for £50,000 the former convalescent home run by the National Deposit Friendly Society on North Parade (this had been built in 1927); this was converted into offices, which were opened in 1964.[205] The town council took over the building and it continues as the town hall as of 2019.[206]

Public services

Utilities and communications

As part of the Earl of Scarbrough's scheme, gas works were opened in the town in 1877 and were lighting the streets the following year.[93] The urban district council declined to purchase the gas company in 1902; the UDC attempted to takeover it in 1911, and (after much dispute with the company) purchased it in 1914.[207] The works were extended in the 1920s.[208] The UDC's gas company was nationalised in 1949 and its functions taken over by the East Midlands Gas Board,[207] which merged into British Gas in 1973 and was privatised in 1986.[209]

The town's water works opened in 1879[210] and were extended in the 1920s.[208] To meet growing demand, Lord Scarbrough had a new borehole sunk at Welton le Marsh in 1904, with a pumping station and pipes transporting fresh water to the town; the water company was purchased by Skegness Urban District Council in 1909.[97][106] The first sewerage disposal system was designed by D. Balfour as part of the Earl of Scarbrough's development scheme; a sewerage farm and works were erected at Seacroft. The development was principally funded by the Earl, with a quarter of the funds contributed by the Spilsby Sanitary Authority.[93] A sewerage disposal works opened at Burgh Le Marsh in 1936.[208] Responsibility for water was later taken over by the East Lincolnshire Water Board; in 1973 this merged into the Anglian Water Authority,[211] which was privatised as Anglian Water in 1989.[212]

The Mid-Lincolnshire Electricity Supply Company brought electricity to the town in 1932.[213] The company was nationalised in 1948 and its function taken over by the East Midlands Electricity Board.[214] Street lighting was electrified in the late 1950s.[213] Electricity supply was privatised in 1990.[215]

Skegness's first post office opened in 1870; it moved premises in 1888 and 1905, before moving to Roman Bank in 1929.[115] As of 2020, Royal Mail's Skegness Delivery Office operates there;[216] Post Offices also operate on Burgh Road and Drummond Road in Skegness, and at Winthorpe Avenue in Seathorne.[217] A wireless telegraph station operated at Winthorpe from 1926 to 1939.[115] Lincolnshire County Library Service opened a branch in 1929 which was run by volunteers. In the 1930s, the council purchased a former shop on Roman Bank and converted it into the current library, run by full-time staff.[208] As of 2020, it opens every day except Sunday.[218]

Emergency services and justice
Skegness lifeboat station

In 1827 the village was afforded its first police constable, which it shared with Ingoldmells.[219] The town's first police station opened in 1883 on Roman Bank.[220] In 1932, Skegness became a divisional police headquarters. Its current building opened in 1975. Criminal cases were heard in Spilsby until Skegness was granted its own petty sessions in 1908; these operated only during summer until 1929, when cases were heard there year-round; a court opened on Roman Bank that year. The building was replaced in 1975 and the Spilsby magistrates court closed in 1980, transferring all cases to Skegness.[115] By 1913, the town had a fire brigade.[221] A station was added to the Town Hall on the corner of Roman Bank and Algitha Road in the late 1920s. A new station was built on Churchill Avenue in 1973.[222] It continues to operate as of 2020.

Skegness had a signal station by 1812 and four years later a mortar-fired brass lifeline was put in place in the village. In 1825, a lifeboat was purchased for Wainfleet Haven and first launched from Gibraltar Point in 1827; it moved to Skegness in 1830. A new boathouse was built in 1864 on South Parade and rebuilt in 1892. Motorised tractors were used to pull the boats after 1926 and the last sailing boat was retired four years later.[223] The current lifeboat station was built in 1990.[224]

Healthcare

Skegness and District General Hospital opened in 1913 as a cottage hospital; it underwent major redevelopment works in 1939, was taken over by the National Health Service nine years later and extended in 1985.[111] As of June 2020, it is a community hospital run by the Lincolnshire Community Health Services NHS Trust;[225] some of its services are provided by the United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust (ULH). It contains two in-patient wards, with 39 beds (including three in palliative care) and its services include a 24-hour, walk-in Urgent Care Centre.[226] ULH runs Accident and Emergency departments at Lincoln County Hospital and Pilgrim Hospital in Boston.[227] As of 2020, the town has two GP practices (on Hawthorn Road and Churchill Avenue),[228] four dental practices (three on Algitha Road and one on Ida Road),[229] and three opticians.[230] There are community mental health services provided at Holly Lodge.[231] There is a health centre on Cecil Avenue[232] and the hospital includes a contraception and advice centre.[233]

Education

Skegness's first elementary school was established in 1839 on the west side of Roman Bank; despite being enlarged in 1850, the standard of education and facilities were regarded as poor by inspectors. Winthorpe's children were given lessons in the church from 1823 and in the parish clerk's cottage from 1840, but the village did not get a schoolhouse until 1865.[234] As part of Lord Scarbrough's town plan, Skegness National School opened on Roman Bank in 1880; in 1932 it was replaced with another elementary school, Skegness Senior Council School, which existed until it became a secondary modern school in the 1940s.[235][236] The county-council run Infants' School was founded on Cavendish Road in 1908, followed by Skegness County Junior School in 1935 (renamed Skegness Junior School in 1999), the Seathorne Junior School in 1951 (replacing the Winthorpe School which closed) and Richmond Junior School in 1976.[235][237][238][239] As of 2020, the town is served by five state primary schools, four of which are academies: the Skegness Infant Academy (established when the infant school became an academy in 2012);[240] Skegness Junior Academy (which replaced the Junior School in 2012);[241] Seathorne Primary Academy (which replaced Seathorne Primary School in 2019);[242] The Richmond School;[243] and Beacon Primary Academy (opened as a new school in 2014).[244]

Several private schools existed in Skegness during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Boyer's Orient College for Girls, a junior boys school on Algitha Road and the Seacroft School for Boys, the latter of which closed in 1950 and was replaced by a local-authority-run girls' special school which shut in 1984.[235] As of 2020, one private primary school operates in the town: The Viking School, which opened in 1982.[245]

Until the post-war period, the only secondary education available to Skegness's children was at Magdalen College School in Wainfleet; a grammar school, it had been founded in 1484 and selected pupils based on ability. In 1933, it closed and was replaced by the coeducational Skegness Grammar School, which opened in the town[235] and continues to select pupils using the eleven-plus examination; it provides boarding facilities for pupils who do not live locally. Having previously been grant-maintained and a foundation status school, Skegness Grammar School converted to an academy in 2012. At its last Ofsted inspection report in 2017, it was assessed as "requiring improvement". As of 2020, there are 456 boys and girls on the roll, out of a capacity of 898.[246][247][248] The passage of the Education Act 1944 made secondary education compulsory for pupils aged 11–15 from 1945.[249] The Skegness Senior Council School became Skegness Secondary Modern School as a result and had its own governing body from 1947; it was renamed the Lumley Secondary Modern School in 1956. Another school, the Morris Secondary Modern, opened in 1955. Both came under a joint governing body in 1976 and merged ten years later to form the Earl of Scarbrough School;[236] that closed in 2004 and reopened as St Clements College, a community school which converted into Skegness Academy in 2010.[250][251] It is coeducational and has a sixth form; at its 2020 Ofsted inspection, it was assessed as "requiring improvement". There were 893 pupils on roll in that year, out of a capacity of 1,340.[252]

Both of the secondary schools provide education for pupils aged 16–18.[247][252] Other providers of further education include the Skegness College of Vocational Training, a private centre founded in 1975; its head office is in Skegness and it offers training in vocational subjects to people aged 16 and over on the east coast of Lincolnshire.[253][254] East Lindsey Information Technology Centre (East Lindsey ITeC) opened in Skegness and Louth in 1984;[255] following a merger in 2000, it became First College,[256] which continues to operate an adult and community learning facility in Skegness.[257] The Lincolnshire Regional College opened in Skegness in 2009 and in 2017 became Skegness TEC, part of the TEC Partnership of further education colleges.[258]

Religious sites
St Matthew's Church, Skegness (Anglican)
St Paul's Baptist Church
The former Skegness Methodist church on Roman Bank

The three Anglican places of worship are the churches of St Clement and St Matthew in Skegness, and St Mary's Church in Winthorpe. St Clement's and St Mary's have medieval origins. When the seaside resort was being planned in the 1870s, St Clement's was too small and far from the new town so the much larger St Matthew's Church was built on Scarbrough Avenue and consecrated in 1885.[259][n 14] As of 2020, services are usually held every Sunday in St Matthew's, and in St Mary's and St Clement's on all but the first Sunday of the month.[263] The parishes of Skegness and Winthorpe were united in 1978;[262] its legal name is Skegness with Winthorpe.[264] The parish forms part of the Skegness Group, which includes the parishes of Ingoldmells and Addlethorpe.[265] It is in the Calcewaithe and Candleshoe rural deanery in the archeaconry and diocese of Lincoln.[264][266][n 15]

Skegness's first Roman Catholic church was built in 1898 with seating for 500 people. In 1950, the congregation moved into a new building:[267] the Church of the Sacred Heart on Grosvenor Road.[268] Mass continues to be held there as of 2020.[269]

Methodism arrived in Skegness in the early 19th century. A Wesleyan preacher visited once a month before the Wesleyans built a chapel on the High Street in 1837, which was replaced in 1848 and again in 1876; as the resort developed they were allocated a new site on Algitha Road where a chapel was built in 1881. The Primitive Methodists built a chapel (Bank Chapel) on land on Roman Bank purchased in 1836; as it was closer to Winthorpe, worshippers from Skegness raised money to build their own chapel closer to the growing town in 1881; they replaced this in 1899. In 1979, the Skegness Primitive Methodists' chapel closed, with the Wesleyan chapel taking over a united congregation. The original Bank Chapel was used by people from Winthorpe until it was replaced by Seathorne Methodist Church in 1910;[270] this closed in 2009.[271] As of 2020, Skegness Methodist Chapel on Algitha Road holds services on Sundays and mid-morning prayers on Mondays.[272] The Baptists also held services on the beaches of Skegness from 1893, forming a branch of the church the next year; temporary accommodation was built soon afterwards which sufficed until St Paul's Baptist Church opened in 1911; it was named for the short-lived St Paul's Free Church group of worshippers which had split from the Anglican congregation in the 1890s and whose accommodation on Beresford Avenue the Baptists used before they built their own chapel.[273] As of 2020, St Paul's Baptist Church holds regular Sunday services.[274]

The Salvation Army had a presence in the town before its members became a separate unit in 1913. Their citadel was built on the High Street in 1929.[275] Their church remains on the High Street as of 2020.[276] Skegness Pentecostal Community Church was registered as a charity in 1969, but closed in 2001.[277] The Assemblies of God Pentecostal Church was registered as a charity in 1996; it later changed its name to the New Day Christian Centre[278] and moved to new premises in 2011;[279] as of 2020 it operates on North Parade as The Storehouse Church and, as well as running church services, provides Skegness's only food bank.[278][280] As of 2020, there is a seventh-day adventist church on Philip Grove.[281]

In December 2019, the district council approved plans for a mosque and community centre adjacent to the former Methodist chapel on Roman Bank.[282]

Culture

Visitor attractions
Donkeys at Skegness, July 2005

The Rough Guides describe Skegness as "every inch the traditional English seaside town".[283] Its long, wide, sandy beach is a main attraction for visitors;[283] described as "sparklingly clean" by Rough Guides,[283] in 2019 it was re-awarded the Foundation for Environmental Education's Blue Flag award which recognises the beach's high-quality water, facilities, beach safety, management and environmental education facilities.[284] Between 1 May and 30 September, dogs are banned from the beach.[285] Donkey rides are offered for children there.[286]

The seafront includes Skegness Pier, which houses amusements;[287] to the south, Botton's Pleasure Beach is a funfair with roller coasters and other rides.[139] Further south still is the Jubilee Clock Tower and the boating lake and Fairy Dell paddling pool.[288] The western side of Grand Parade houses amusements and eateries,[283][139] punctuated by the entrance to Tower Gardens, a park; its pavilion, which dated to 1879, was demolished in 2019–20 and a community centre and café built on its site.[289] Opposite the gardens is the Embassy Theatre.[288] The town's nightlife includes bars, pubs and nightclubs.[139]

Natureland Seal Sanctuary, on North Parade, rescues and houses distressed seals; it also features penguins, aquariums, and other animals.[290] The town has an aquarium (Skegness Aquarium), which opened on Tower Esplanade in 2015.[291] Further into the town, The Village Church Farm (formerly Church Farm Museum) contains exhibitions about historical farming life.[292] A volunteer-run heritage railway, the Lincolnshire Coast Light Railway, moved to Skegness in 1990 and opened to fare-paying members of the public in 2009; it operates along a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) length of track.[293]

To the south of Skegness is Gibraltar Point, a national nature reserve, consisting of unspoilt marshland. It was among England's earliest bird observatories when it was established in 1949 and, as of 2020, is open to the public; alongside walkways and paths, it has a visitor centre, nature centre, café and toilet facilities.[294]

Arts and music
The Embassy Centre on Grand Parade (built 1999)
Tower Cinema on Lumley Road (opened 1922)

Skegness hosted its first carnival in 1898, a "Venetian Fair"; the modern event dates to 1933, when Billy Butlin launched a carnival in the town.[295] It continues to operate as an annual event (in August) as of 2020.[296] Since 2009, Skegness has held a music, art and cultural event, the SO Festival;[297] in 2013 the district council estimated that it generated £1m for the area.[298]

Skegness Pier (built 1882) had a concert hall and later the Pier Theatre.[299] Otherwise, most early attractions were to be found on the beach;[300] Fred Clements ran a concert on the sands, which he moved to a temporary building on the lawn of Hildred's Hotel in 1906.[299] He opened the Arcadia Concert Hall in 1911.[301] The town's early dance halls included the Alhambra on Grand Parade (1911) and Central Hall on Roman Bank (1912). The Alhambra was converted into a casino in 1922,[302] the same year that Central Hall became a cinema.[303] The Arcadia became a theatre; it was renamed the Arcadia Centre following a renovation in 1972 but closed in 1987 and was demolished before 2000.[301] Henri de Monde opened the King's Theatre in 1912.[304][305] In 1928, as part of the local authority's foreshore development, the Embassy Ballroom was built on Grand Parade. It was remodelled in 1982 and completely rebuilt in 1999;[102] the Embassy Centre is Skegness's only theatre as of 2020.[306]

Skegness's first cinema – the Lawn Theatre – opened in 1911.[n 16] Also opened in that year,[301] the Arcadia Theatre showed films during winter.[303] Central Hall on Roman Bank was converted into a cinema by J. H. Kenning in 1922,[303] the same year that Clements opened the Tower Theatre on Lumley Avenue.[307] The Parade Cinema opened in 1933[308] and the ABC Cinema three years later.[309] The Parade Cinema closed in the 1970s,[310] but the Tower and ABC cinemas are still open as of 2020.[307][309]

The Skegness Boys' Brigade Band started in 1908; it was disbanded on the outbreak of the First World War. A new band was formed in 1923 or 1928, as Skegness Town Band, which later changed its name to Skegness Silver Band.[311][312] The band continues to operate as of 2020.[313] The Skegness Excelsior Band also operated in the interwar period.[314] The town's amateur dramatic society, the Skegness Playgoers, was founded in 1937. As of 2020, they aim to put on two productions a year at the Embassy Centre.[315]

Sport

Skegness is home to Skegness Town A.F.C., which plays at the Vertigo Stadium on Wainfleet Road; known as The Lilywhites, the club was founded in 1947 and has been in the Northern Counties East Football League since 2018.[316] Another team, Skegness United F.C., folded in 2018.[317] The town has a rugby club, Skegness R.U.F.C., which plays in the Midlands 4 East (North) division of the Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Derbyshire Rugby Football Union, and has a clubhouse on Wainfleet Road.[318] Skegness Cricket Club traces its origins to at least 1877 and has its ground on Richmond Drive.[319] There is also the Skegness Yacht Club, Indoor Bowls Club and Skegness Town Bowls Club.[320] Skegness Stadium, just outside the town, hosts stock car racing.[321]

Local media

The first newspaper in Skegness was the Skegness Herald, launched in 1882 and edited by John Avery. Charles Henry Major started a competitor, Skegness News, in 1909 and bought the Herald in 1915, shutting it down in 1917; the Skegness News continued until 1964. In 1922, the proprietors of the Lincolnshire Standard group of newspapers established a local version for the town, the Skegness Standard; it switched to tabloid in 1981. Mortons of Horncastle revived the Skegness News title in 1985; in 2000 it was purchased by Welland Valley Newspapers and in 2007 merged with the Skegness Standard (which Welland had acquired in 2001);[208][322] the Standard continues as a weekly as of 2020.[323] The East Lindsey Target was founded in 2001, became the East Coast and The Wolds Target in 2017, and continues as of 2020.[324]

Skegness is covered by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire/ITV Yorkshire.[325][326] The public broadcaster BBC Radio Lincolnshire operates across the county, as does the commercial radio station Lincs FM.[327][328] Coastal Sound radio (founded in 2016) is a community radio service broadcasting from Skegness to the area and beyond by way of the internet.[329]

Historic buildings

Skegness's oldest buildings are the medieval churches of St Clement, in Skegness, and St Mary, in Winthorpe. St Clement's has a 13th-century tower, with the rest of the building dating to the later Middle Ages at the earliest and probably the mid-16th century; it is thought to have been rebuilt at that time. There were restorations in 1884 and the 20th-century and it is grade-II* listed.[52][330] St Mary's is grade-I listed and is mostly 15th-century, with some late 12th-century elements. There are some 16th-century monumental brasses,[331] and a medieval standing cross in the churchyard, which is a scheduled monument.[332] Other buildings which predate the modern resort town include the Ivy House Farmhouse on Burgh Road, which dates to the mid or late 18th century,[333] Church Farmhouse on Church Road, which dates to the early 18th century and hosts the Church Farm Museum,[334] the 18th-century Church Farmhouse on Church End, Winthorpe,[335] and the early-19th-century Burnside Farmhouse.[336] The houses at 1–5 St Andrew's Drive are mid- to late-19th-century cottages and thought to have been built to house coastguards.[337]

Parts of the Victorian development have been recognised for their special interest. These include the Church of St Matthew[338] and the war memorial in its churchyard,[339] the Jubilee Clock Tower,[340] and portions of original railings dating from the 1870s which are situated to the south and north of the clock tower;[341][342] these are all grade-II listed structures. A large portion of the later esplanade, boating lake, land north of the pier and tower gardens is also grade-II listed.[102] South Parade and Grand Parade contain 19th- and 20th-century boarding houses in the Queen Anne revival style. Modern buildings of note include the Sun Castle (1932), County Hotel (1935)[343] and The Ship Hotel (c. 1935).[344]

Notable people

Skegness has been home to a number of people associated with the entertainment industry. Billy Butlin (1899–1980) first set up his amusements stall on the seafront in the 1920s, opened the fairground rides south of the pier in 1929 and then established the first of his all-in holiday camps at Ingoldmells in 1936.[345] Among performers connected with the town was the comedian Arthur Lucan (1885–1954), who grew up in the Boston area and busked in Skegness after leaving home.[346] The actress Elizabeth Allan (1910–1990) was born in the town.[347][348] The rock singer and songwriter Graham Bonnet was born in Skegness in 1947.[349] The comedian Dave Allen (1936–2005) worked as a redcoat at Butlins early in his career.[350] The disgraced clergyman Harold Davidson (born 1875) performed in a circus act in the amusement park in 1937 (while campaigning for his reinstatement to the priesthood), but died that year in the town after being mauled by one of his lions.[351] The clown Jacko Fossett (1922–2004) retired to Skegness.[352]

Several notable religious figures either lived in the town or served it in some capacity: Edward Steere (1828–1882) was curate from 1858 to 1862,[353] George William Clarkson (1897–1977) was rector from 1944 to 1948,[354] Roderick Wells (born 1936) was rector from 1971 to 1978,[355] and Kenneth Thompson (1909–1975) lived in the town.[356]

Anne Pashley (died 2016), the Olympic athlete and (latterly) opera singer, was born at Wallace's holiday camp in Skegness in 1935.[357] The footballer Ray Clemence was born in Skegness in 1948.[358] The cricketer Ray Frearson (1904–1991) played for the Skegness team and died in the town.[359][360] Among golfers, Mark Seymour died in Skegness in 1952,[361] and Helen Dobson was born there.[362]

Others with links to Skegness include the poet and art critic William Cosmo Monkhouse (born 1840), who died in the town in 1901,[363] and the novelist Vernon Scannell (died 2007), who was born there in 1922.[364] The former tabloid editor Neil Wallis started his journalistic career at the Skegness Standard in the 1960s.[365] Reginald J. G. Dutton (1886–1970), who created the shorthand Dutton Speedwords, for some time chaired Skegness Urban District Council.[366] The naval officer Sir Guy Grantham was born in the town in 1900,[367] as was the seaman Jesse Handsley, who served on Scott's first Antarctic Expedition;[368] Kingsmill Bates (1916–2006) retired to Skegness.[369] The chess champion and educator John Littlewood (1931–2009) taught at the grammar school.[370]

References

Notes

  1. Ian Simmons states that Skegness was "probably reckoned" with Ingoldmells in the Domesday Book, and that Tric was a separate vill.[21]
  2. In a dissertation on Lindsey place names Irene Bower speculates that it may have been an abbreviated form of "treow-wic", meaning "places where there are trees" and referencing submerged Neolithic forests found in this part of the coast.[23]
  3. Count Alan held half a carucate of land, 1 bordar, 60 acres of meadown and land for 4 oxen.[24] Eudo's holdings were (1) 2 bovates of land, land for 2 oxen, 30 acres of meadow and 1 man who had an ox in his team, all sokeland of Burgh le Marsh; and (2) sokeland of Addlethorpe consisting of 2 bovates of land, land for 2 oxen, 2 villeins who had 2 oxen in a team, and 30 acres of meadow.[25] the entry for Robert Dispenser's estate says that he had 2½ carucates of land, land for as many teams, 5 sokemen, 2 villeins who had half a team, and 30 acres of meadow in Partney, Great Steeping, Skegness and Burgh.[26]
  4. The Honour of Pontefract was forfeited after Robert de Lacy was banished to Normandy c. 1114; it was granted to Hugh de Laval.[31] The Ingoldmells property belonged to him by c. 1115. Hugh was succeeded by his son Guy, who held 20 of the 60 fees of the Pontefract Honour in 1166; he was probably the Guy de le Val who is recorded presenting the priest at Skegness church. In 1205 de Laval's holdings in the Pontefract Honour were granted to Roger de Lacy (the great-great grandson of Robert de Lacy who exchanged for the manor in the 1090s).[32] His widow held the Ingoldmells property in c. 1212. Their son John de Lacy died in 1240; his widow Margaret held the lands in dower and married Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke, who is recorded as holding "the vill of Ingoldemol, Partenay, Burg, Steping, Skeggnes of the king in chief, of the honor of Pumfrey [Pontefract]" in the Book of Fees.[33][34] John and Margaret's grandson Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, inherited the property. In 1292 Henry settled the Honour of Pontefract on King Edward I, but an entail made later gave Henry and his wife a life interest in the honour; on his death (in 1311) it would settle on Thomas Plantaganet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, who had married Henry's daughter Alice. The earl held it for life, and it was then held by Alice's next husband Eubulus le Strange, 1st Baron Strange in right of her. On her death in 1348, it passed to the earl of Lancaster's nephew and heir Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Derby and Lancaster (died 1360) who in 1351 was created Duke of Lancaster. On his death, the manor passed to the husband of his daughter and co-heir Blanche, John of Gaunt, who was lord of the manor in 1364–65. On John's death in 1399 it was inherited by his son Henry, who became Henry IV several months later; the manor of Ingoldmells thereby merged with the crown.[35]
  5. In 1628 Charles I sold the manor to trustees for the City of London Corporation, who granted it in 1657 to John Stone, Nathaniel Manton and Methuselah Turner, who in turn sold the manor to Francis Purley; Purley was the trustee for Sir Drayner Massingberd and granted Massingberd the manor in 1658. It descended in the male line to Charles Burrell Massingberd, who died without male issue in 1835 and whose sole heiress was his daughter Harriet, the wife of Charles Godfrey Mundy, whose descendent Charles Francis Massingberd Mundy was lord of Ingoldmells-cum-Addlethorpe in 1902.[36]
  6. The local historian Rev. Edmund Oldfield says in an 1829 topographical history of the wapentake of Candleshoe that the lordship of the manor of Skegness was a parcel of the manor of Croft in 1829, held by Lord Monson, who was not the principal landowner. C. B. Massingberd had a royalty right to the wreck.[38]
  7. This headland was unlikely to be the same as that referenced in the town's name.[39]
  8. A "meale" was a sand dune; it comes from the Old Norse "melr", meaning "a sand bank" or "sand hill"; West Meles has also been recorded as Westmells[47]
  9. The Drake family of Shardeloes Park and the Tyrwhitts of Stainfield also had estates at Seacroft and Croft Marsh in the 17th and 18th centuries (Sir Edward Tyrwhitt had been involved in costly disputes with the first Lord Castleton over lands in Skegness). The Tyrwhitt portion was inherited by the Drakes in 1776 and included a large warren south of Skegness; the family's holdings covered 3,000 acres and extended from Seacroft to Wainfleet.[60] A large part of this land was purchased by speculative developers in the 1920s and 1930s, but the major developer went into liquidation in 1934 and the proposed housing estates were not developed; it was purchased by the county council soon afterwards and was designated as Gibralter Point nature reserve in 1952.[61]
  10. Historic England give 1885,[100] but The Skegness Herald reported the opening in its issue of 26 August 1887. It was on the sands north of the pier.
  11. Safeway was given permission to build a supermarket off Wainfleet Road in 1992; it was subsequently acquired by Morrisons.[150] Lidl opened a supermarket on Richmond Drive in c. 2000[151] and Tesco was granted permission to build its supermarket nearby in 2002.[152]
  12. This was an unofficial census carried out locally.
  13. The previous MPs were Sir Richard Body (1997–2001)[183] and Mark Simmonds (2001–15).[184]
  14. The earliest record of a priest at Skegness dates to 1291. The church belonged to Holy Trinity College at Tattershall in the late Middle Ages and, in 1548, the patronage was held by the Duchess of Suffolk; by 1641 the patron was Nicholas Saunderson, 1st Viscount Castleton, and the advowson passed to his eventual heirs, the Earls of Scarbrough.[260][261] Winthorpe's church was possessed by Bullington Priory in the Middle Ages. The vicarage was united with Burgh Le Marsh in 1729, but they were separated in 1914.[262]
  15. It was in the Candleshoe Rural Deanery until 1866, when it was placed in the Candleshoe No. 2 Rural Deanery; reorganised into the Candleshoe Rural Deanery in 1910, it was placed in the Calcewaithe and Candleshoe Rural Deanery in 1968.[266]
  16. G. J. Mellor states that this was run by Henri de Monde,[303] but Winston Kime states that it was built by Bass's in the lawn adjacant to Hildred's Hotel, who leased it to Fred Clements, who only gave the lease to Monde after the First World War.[304]

Citations

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  5. Natural England (2015), p. 4.
  6. Bird (2010), pp. 460–461.
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  15. Owen and Coates (2003), p. 43.
  16. Phillips (1932).
  17. Kime (1986), p. 13.
  18. Cameron and Ingsley (1998), p. 110.
  19. Mills (2011) gives both possibilities.
  20. Owen and Coates (2003), p. 42.
  21. Simmons (n.d.), s. 2.1.6.
  22. Owen and Coates (2003), pp. 42–44.
  23. Bower (1940), p. 174.
  24. Foster and Longley (1924), p. 70.
  25. Foster and Longley (1924), p. 137.
  26. Foster and Longley (1924), p. 158.
  27. Mills (1998).
  28. Massingberd (1902), pp. xiv–xv.
  29. Mason (2009), p. 84.
  30. Massingberd (1902), pp. ix–xi.
  31. Golding (1981), p. 73.
  32. Massingberd (1902), pp. ix–xi. He was the son and heir of John fitz Eustance, son of Richard fitz Eustance and Albreda de Lisours, the daughter of Albreda de Lacy, daughter of Robert de Lacy who exchanged Ingoldmells with Urse. In 1194 Albreda de Lisours granted the lands which had been Robert de Lacy's to Roger de Lacy, while the lands she inherited from her father Robert de Lisours passed to her son William by her second marriage.
  33. Massingberd (1902), p. xi.
  34. Wilkinson, (2007), p. 63.
  35. Massingberd (1902), pp. xi–xiii
  36. Massingberd (1902), pp. xiii–xiv.
  37. Massingberd (1902), pp. xiv.
  38. Oldfield (1829), p. 253.
  39. Simmons (n.d.), s. 2.2.7.
  40. Pawley (1984), pp. 79–80.
  41. Pawley (1984), p. 127.
  42. Pawley (1984), p. 148.
  43. Pawley (1984), pp. 182, 190.
  44. Kime (1986), p. 15.
  45. Pawley (1984), pp. 36, 38.
  46. Pawley (1984), p. 76.
  47. Simmons (n.d.), s. 2.2.1.4.
  48. Pawley (1984), p. 79.
  49. Pawley (1984), pp. 80–81.
  50. Kime (1986), p. 84.
  51. Kime, Winston, "History of Skegness", Skegness Town Council, 3 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2020. See also Kime (1986), p. 12, for a map.
  52. "Church of St Clement, Skegness (Entry No. 1229943)", The National Heritage List for England (Historic England). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  53. Pawley (1984), pp. 81–83.
  54. Simmons (n.d.), s. 2.2.4.4.
  55. Kime (1986), pp. 14–17.
  56. "Settlement of Skegness (HER no. 45510)", Heritage Gateway (Historic England). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  57. Kime (1986), p. 14.
  58. Watson and Sgroi (2010).
  59. Sedgwick (1970).
  60. Kime (1986), p. 16–17.
  61. Robinson (1989), p. 177.
  62. Thirsk (1957), p. 68.
  63. Kime (1986), p. 17.
  64. Hewson (1986), p. 63.
  65. Gurnham (1972), p. 64.
  66. Tennyson (1911), p. 24.
  67. Kime (1986), p. 19.
  68. Stennett (2016), p. 116.
  69. Kime (1986), pp. 19–21.
  70. Kime (1986), p. 47.
  71. "Between the Ears: Tennyson in Skegness", BBC Radio 3, broadcast 5 June 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  72. Rawnsley (1911), p. 16.
  73. Pearson (1968), p. 284.
  74. Gurnham (1972), p. 63.
  75. Kime (1986), p. 31.
  76. Beastall (1975), p. 184.
  77. Kime (1986), p. 32.
  78. Gurnham (1972), pp. 65–66.
  79. Kime (1986), pp. 32, 36.
  80. Gurnham (1972), p. 66.
  81. Robinson (1989), p. 156.
  82. Gurnham (1872), p. 67.
  83. Gurnham (1972), pp. 66–67.
  84. The dates for the foundations of the water works, bathing pools and pier are from Kelly (1885), p. 621. The date of the steamboat enterprise is from Adamson (1977), p. 33.
  85. "Church of St Matthew (List Entry No. 1230006)", The National Heritage List for England (Historic England). Retrieved 19 May 2020.
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  87. Gurnham (1972), p. 72.
  88. For the Lion opening, see Kime (1986), p. 47.
  89. Hewson (1986), pp. 63–64.
  90. Kime (1986), p. 46.
  91. Kime (1986), pp. 45–46.
  92. Gurnham (1972), p. 73.
  93. Kime (1986), p. 33.
  94. Kime (1986), pp. 48–49.
  95. Barton (2005), p. 134.
  96. Robinson (1989), p. 171.
  97. Robinson (1989), p. 157.
  98. Robinson (1989), p. 174.
  99. Kime (1986), pp. 53–54, 56, 103.
  100. Brodie and Stamper (2015), p. 15.
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  111. Kime (1986), p. 49.
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  113. Strange (2007), p. 206.
  114. Kime (1969), pp. 69, 81.
  115. Kime (1986), p. 105.
  116. "Growing Skegness: Development of New Estate", Skegness Standard, 11 February 1925, p. 8. Progress on the estate was described as "phenomenal" by the Boston Guardian two years later: "Healthy Skegness", Boston Guardian, 27 August 1927, p. 11. That year, water pipes were also being laid for The Drive and Dormy Avenue: "Skegness Council", Skegness Standard, 31 August 1927, p. 2.
  117. Kime (1969), p. 168
  118. Kime (1986), pp. 128–129.
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  132. Kime (1986), p. 136.
  133. East Lindsey District Council (1995), paras. 18.1-18.8 and inset map 40. For the locations, compare inset map 40 with the Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 map from 1970 via Old Maps (retrieved 21 May 2020).
  134. Beatty, Fothergill, Powell and Scott (2011), p. 3.
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  138. Focus Consultants (2016), p. 20.
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  142. Community Resource Planning (2019), p. 2.
  143. Nathan Lichfield and Partners (2014), p. 3.
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  159. "England: Country Report", Nomis: Official Labour Market Statistics (Office for National Statistics). Retrieved 28 June 2020.
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  162. House of Lords Select Committee on Regenerating Seaside Towns and Communities (2019), p. 686.
  163. Community Resource Planning (2019), p. 9.
  164. Office for National Statistics (2013), p. 20.
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  181. District of East Lindsey (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1979, which came into force on 5 May 1983; printed in Statutory Instruments 1983: Part 1, Section 2 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983), p. 1208. Specifically, the wards of St Clement's, Scarbrough, Seacroft and Winthorpe.
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  258. "About", Skegness TEC. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
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  265. "People", Skegness Group. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  266. Youngs (1991), pp. 245, 278.
  267. Kime (1986), p. 69.
  268. "Contact", Church of the Sacred Heart, Skegness. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  269. "Home", Church of the Sacred Heart, Skegness. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
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  274. "Welcome", St Paul's Baptist Church, Skegness. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
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  276. "Skegness", Salvation Army. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
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  286. "Coronavirus: Threat to Century-Old Seaside Donkey Rides", BBC News Online, 9 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
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  289. "Works Complete on the New £1.6million Tower Gardens Pavilion", Skegness Standard, 8 February 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  290. "What We Do", Natureland Seal Sanctuary. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
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  296. "Home", Skegness Carnival. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  297. "Our History", SO Festival. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  298. "SO Festival Labelled Waste of Money 'One of the Best'", BBC News Online, 24 March 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
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Bibliography

Further reading
  • Kime, Winston, The Lincolnshire Seaside (Cheltenham: The History Press, 2005).
  • Kime, Winston, The Skegness Date Book 1850–2000 (Skegness: Skegness Town Council, 2006).
  • Massingberd, W. O., "The Court Rolls of the Manor of Ingoldmells-cum-Addlethorpe", Associated Architectural and Archaeological Societies' Reports and Papers, vol. 21 (1891), pp. 176–190.
  • Minkley, J. W., "South Africa in Skegness", Journal of the Cricket Society, vol. 15, no. 2 (1991), pp. 32–33.
  • Mitchell, Vic, and Keith Smith, Branch Lines to Skegness and Mablethorpe, also to Spilsby and Coningsby (Midhurst: Middleton Press, 2016).
  • Robinson, David N., The Book of the Lincolnshire Seaside: The Story of the Coastline from the Humber to the Wash (Barracuda, 1981).
  • Tatham, E. H. R., "'Chesterland' in the Court Rolls of Ingoldmells", Lincolnshire Notes and Queries, vol. 11 (1911), pp. 226–229.
  • Walker, Stephen, Firsby to Wainfleet and Skegness (Boston: KMS Books, 1987).
  • Media related to Skegness at Wikimedia Commons
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