Russell Group

The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in London and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and parliament. It was incorporated in 2007.[2] The group is sometimes perceived as representing the 'best' universities in the country, although the truth of this is disputed.[3]

Russell Group
Formation1994
TypeAssociation of United Kingdom-based universities
Headquarters50/60 Station Road
Cambridge
CB1 2JH[1]
Region served
United Kingdom
Membership
Key people
Tim Bradshaw
(Chief Executive)
Anton Muscatelli
(chair 2017–2020)
Nancy Rothwell
(chair 2020–2023)
Websiterussellgroup.ac.uk

As of 2017, Russell Group members receive over three-quarters of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom.[4] Their graduates hold 61% of all UK jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates.[5][6] Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom.[4] In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, 68% of world-leading (4*) research and 68% of research with an outstanding (4*) impact was carried out in Russell Group universities.[7] Of the 21 Russell Group universities that have chosen to enter the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), 10 hold gold awards (48%), 10 silver (48%) and one bronze (5%),[8] compared to proportions across all 274 higher education providers with full awards of 28% gold, 50% silver and 22% bronze,[9] and proportions across 139 universities and alternative providers with university status of 40% gold, 50% silver and 10% bronze.[10]

The Russell Group is so named because the first informal meetings of the Group took place at the Hotel Russell in Russell Square, London.[11]

History

The Russell Group was formed in 1994 by 18 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Queen Mary, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at Hotel Russell shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK) in nearby Tavistock Square, close to the University of London buildings and, particularly, Senate House.[11] In 1998, Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group.[12] In March 2001, the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options.[13] In December 2005, it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research.[14] In November 2006, Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group.[15] In the same month Wendy Piatt, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive.[15]

In March 2012, it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year.[11] All of the new members had previously been members of the 1994 Group of British universities.[11]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog Ofqual on the content of A-Levels.[16] In May 2019 the group launched a website "Informed Choices" to advise school children on which A-level subject choices were useful for various degree courses, replacing an earlier teachers' guide that had identified a list of "facilitating subjects'.[17]

Organisation

Objectives

The Russell Group states that "its aim is to help ensure that our universities have the optimum conditions in which to flourish and continue to make social, economic and cultural impacts through their world-leading research and teaching."[2]

It works towards this by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together.

Leadership

The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Dr Tim Bradshaw and chaired by Prof Sir Anton Muscatelli, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow.

In May 2020 the Russell Group appointed the next chair Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell, President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of Manchester, starting September 2020.[18]


Russell Group Chairs 2000–2023[18]
NameDatesInstitution
Sir Colin Lucas2000–2003Oxford
Professor Sir Michael Sterling2003–2006Birmingham
Professor Sir Malcolm Grant2006–2009UCL
Professor Michael Arthur2009–2012Leeds
Professor Sir David Eastwood2012–2015Birmingham
Professor Sir David Greenaway2015–2017Nottingham
Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli2017–2020Glasgow
Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell2020–2023Manchester

Members
Locations of Russell Group universities

The Russell Group currently has twenty four members,[19] of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the University of London and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007.

The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their student and staff numbers, and their Teaching Excellence Framework rating).

University[20] Year of joining Undergraduate students (2018/19)[21] Postgraduate students (2018/19)[22] Total students (2018/19)[23] Total academic staff (2018/19)[24] TEF award[25]
 University of Birmingham 1994 22,940 12,505 35,445 4,020 Gold
 University of Bristol 1994 18,980 6,975 25,955 3,285 Silver
 University of Cambridge 1994 12,615 8,280 20,890 6,215 Gold
 Cardiff University 1998 23,960 9,230 33,190 3,330 Silver
 Durham University 2012 14,320 4,705 19,025 1,720 Gold
 University of Edinburgh 1994 22,750 11,525 34,275 7,310 N/A
 University of Exeter 2012 19,385 5,620 25,010 2,810 Gold
 University of Glasgow 1994 21,060 9,745 30,805 4,275 N/A
 Imperial College London 1994 9,985 9,130 19,115 4,055 Gold
 King's College London‡ 1998 19,200 13,690 32,895 4,390 Silver
 University of Leeds 1994 26,255 9,995 36,250 3,785 Gold
 University of Liverpool 1994 22,735 6,960 29,695 3,005 Silver
 London School of Economics‡ 1994 5,055 6,795 11,850 1,725 Bronze
 University of Manchester 1994 26,855 13,395 40,250 5,080 Silver
 Newcastle University 1994 20,845 6,365 27,215 3,010 Gold
 University of Nottingham 1994 25,070 8,470 33,540 3,495 Gold
 University of Oxford 1994 14,905 10,480 25,390 6,905 Gold
 Queen Mary University of London‡ 2012 14,305 6,260 20,560 3,235 Silver
 Queen's University Belfast 2006 18,735 5,965 24,695 1,905 N/A
 University of Sheffield 1994 19,610 10,585 30,195 3,495 Silver
 University of Southampton 1994 15,790 6,925 22,715 2,735 Silver
University College London‡ 1994 20,005 21,175 41,180 7,700 Silver
 University of Warwick 1994 17,060 9,020 26,080 2,635 Silver
 University of York 2012 14,030 5,435 19,470 1,935 Gold

Notes:
‡ Constituent college of the University of London, awarding its own degrees

Status

Research

In 2015/16, following the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 19 English universities with HEFCE research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20M was the LSE (£18.6M), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of Leicester and Lancaster (both on £19M).[26]

In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group.[27] In terms of total research funding allocations from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions.[28] LSE was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. Queen's University Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation.[28]

The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money).

In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of Research Fortnight's Research Assessment Exercise 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by Durham University and Queen Mary University of London, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th).[29] In the equivalent table for the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the University of Lancaster in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university.[30]

Rankings
See also: Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom

For 2015–16, all 8 UK universities in the ARWU top 100,[31] 17 of the 18 in the QS top 100,[32] and 15 of the 16 in the THE top 100[33] are members of the Russell Group (the other place in both the QS and THE rankings being occupied by the University of St Andrews). On the 2016 national tables, the Russell Group provides 7 of the top 10 in the Complete University Guide, 6 in the Guardian University Guide and 8 in the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide.

University ARWU (Global)a[31] QS (Global)a[32] THE (Global)a[33] Complete (National)b[34] Guardian (National)b[35] The Times (National)c[36]
University of Birmingham 101–150 81 112 13 16 15
University of Bristol 64 49 87 16 23 16=
University of Cambridge 3 7 3 1 1 1
Cardiff University 101–150 154= 198= 26 38 35
Durham University 201–300 78= 133 6 5 5
University of Edinburgh 31 20 30 16 25 24
University of Exeter 151–200 163= 146= 11= 10 14
University of Glasgow 151–200 67 99= 18 14 20
Imperial College London 23 9 10 5 7 4
King's College London 51 33= 36= 25 63 28=
University of Leeds 101–150 93= 155= 14 11 10
University of Liverpool 101–150 181 165 28 50 42
London School of Economics 151–200 44 27= 4 19 11
University of Manchester 33 27 55 15 40 25
Newcastle University 201–300 146 201–250 22 35 26
University of Nottingham 101–150 96 152= 19 18 18
University of Oxford 7 4 1 2 3 2
Queen Mary University of London 151–200 126 110= 41 83 43
Queen's University Belfast 301–400 173= 201–250 37 53 38
University of Sheffield 101–150 78= 117= 33 45 21
University of Southampton 101–150 97 122 20 24 30
University College London 15 8 15 10 22 7=
University of Warwick 101–150 62 77 11= 9 9
University of York 301–400 148 128= 30 20 16=

Notes:
a Global ranking; latest available year (2019/2020)
b National ranking; latest available year (2019/2020)
 c National ranking; latest available year (2017/2018)

Selectivity

All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the Sutton Trust's group of 30 highly selective universities, the Sutton Trust 30 (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast).[37] The Sutton 13 group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the University of St Andrews.[38] The top 10 by average UCAS tariff score of new undergraduate students in 2018–19 included four non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (2nd; 211 points), Strathclyde (5th; 199 points), Aberdeen (9th; 183 points) and Dundee (10th; 177 points);[39] in 2015–16, using the old UCAS tariff, St Andrews was the only non Russell Group university in the top ten, placed fifth with an average score of 525 (and an offer rate of 52.2%).[40] The average offer rate across 'high tariff' UK institutions (as defined by UCAS) was 73.4% in 2019. Offer rates include conditional and unconditional offers.[41]

University Average Entry Tariffa[42] Offer Rate (%)b[41]
University of Birmingham 159 81.9
University of Bristol 170 74.9
University of Cambridge 212 29.0
Cardiff University 153 81.7
Durham University 192 80.4
University of Edinburgh 187 52.3
University of Exeter 163 92.8
University of Glasgow 200 69.0
Imperial College London 190 46.0
King's College London 171 70.3
University of Leeds 160 71.8
University of Liverpool 142 84.7
London School of Economics 168 41.4
University of Manchester 167 70.1
Newcastle University 152 86.5
University of Nottingham 151 81.1
University of Oxford 205 21.8
Queen Mary University of London 149 80.7
Queen's University Belfast 151 83.0
University of Sheffield 151 85.1
University of Southampton 155 78.3
University College London 175 58.6
University of Warwick 163 78.2
University of York 152 86.6

Notes:
a The average UCAS tariff achieved by new students entering the university in 2018–19. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example A-levels: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; AS level: A = 20, B = 16, C = 12.[43]
b The average offer rate for 18-year-old June deadline applicants in 2019.

Finances

The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%.[44] Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates.[45]

The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2016–17 was £16.67 billion of which £4.38 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £15.90 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2016–17 financial year.

University Government Funding Body Grants (£m) Teaching Income (£m) Teaching Income as % of Total Income Research Income (£m) Research Income as % of Total Income Total Income (£m) Operating Surplus (£m) Surplus as % of Total Income Endowment Value (£m) Total Net Assets (£m)
University of Birmingham[46] 88.9 243.6 39.4% 155.4 25.1% 617.9 53.3 8.63% 112.6 1,227.6
University of Bristol[47] 78.7 305.1 48.0% 124.0 19.5% 635.6 38.3 6.03% 70.2 890.8
University of Cambridge‡[48] 178 264 15.4% 458 26.7% 1,714 72 4.20% 1,728 4,298
Cardiff University[49] 58.4 254 50.4% 101.2 20.1% 503.8 —8.8 —1.75% 33.1 722.9
Durham University[50] 39.4 181.7 50.3% 53.4 14.8% 361.0 33.3 9.22% 72.0 401.5
University of Edinburgh[51] 191.8 278.5 30.7% 265.3 29.3% 905.8 58.3 6.44% 392.1 2,009.7
University of Exeter[52] 40.0 219.2 55.0% 70.2 17.6% 398.9 9.6 2.41% 37.2 496.8
University of Glasgow[53] 160.4 174.7 28.8% 179.8 29.6% 607.5 41.6 6.85% 188.4 791.2
Imperial College London[54] 143.1 265.1 27.0% 348.2 35.4% 983.2 89.3 9.08% 141.7 1,462.8
King's College London[55] 123.0 300.0 38.6% 192.6 24.7% 778.2 14.0 1.80% 213.5 926.2
University of Leeds[56] 82.4 323.0 48.4% 131.1 19.6% 667.2 11.2 1.68% 72.7 748.8
University of Liverpool[57] 77.2 255.2 48.9% 94.5 18.1% 521.8 45.1 8.64% 166.5 651.4
London School of Economics[58] 26.3 199.3 57.4% 31.5 9.1% 347.4 35.5 10.22% 132.7 510.0
University of Manchester[59] 133.9 432.3 43.4% 262.1 26.3% 996.6 30.8 3.09% 222.2 1,576.8
Newcastle University[60] 69.1 216.8 46.1% 107.6 22.9% 470.7 13.6 2.89% 75.2 429.1
University of Nottingham[61] 90.1 309.3 48.5% 123.7 19.4% 637.6 25.6 4.02% 55.1 405.5
University of Oxford‡[62] 194.6 295.3 21.9% 559.0 41.5% 1,345.4 15.4 1.14% 828.7 3,165.2
Queen Mary University of London[63] 68.2 207.7 48.4% 107.6 22.9% 428.8 13.6 2.89% 34.3 472.0
Queen's University Belfast[64] 99.6 98.1 29.1% 79.6 23.6% 337.6 12.5 3.70% 65.4 409.3
University of Sheffield[65] 83.8 281.7 45.8% 155.9 25.4% 614.7 —10.7 —1.74% 42.2 837.5
University of Southampton[66] 76.0 246.3 42.2% 136.3 23.3% 584.0 46.2 7.91% 12.9 499.3
University College London[67] 194.6 460.6 35.3% 458.4 35.1% 1,304.7 73.0 5.60% 111.4 1,187.4
University of Warwick[68] 58.4 287.5 49.9% 120.3 20.9% 576.2 38.6 6.70% 4.8 174.3
University of York[69] 40.9 166.1 50.1% 66.0 19.9% 331.4 13.1 3.95% 7.7 339.8

Notes:
‡ exclusive of colleges

Aldwych Group

In response to the Russell Group's support for tuition fees (and other issues), in 1994 the students' unions of the member universities formed the Aldwych Group[70] as a parallel organisation to represent what they perceive to be the common interests of their students. It was established by Martin Lewis (who was general secretary of LSE Students' Union in 1994/5) as a watchdog in response to the creation of the Russell Group.[71][72][73] It now appears to be moribund, with the website not having been updated to reflect the 2012 changes in membership of the Russell Group and containing no news items or press releases.[74][75]

The Aldwych Group was so called because it was established at a meeting at the London School of Economics and Political Science, which is located on Aldwych.

Aside from the unions of the Russell Group universities (above), the Aldwych Group was also observed by two other bodies:

Criticisms

'Elite' status questioned

In a statement to the Higher Education Policy Institute, David Watson of the University of Oxford suggested that the Russell Group's claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group…The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector". Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities "above the bottom Russellers".[76]

A Durham University academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 17 other "old" universities (University of Aberdeen, University of Bath*, University of Dundee, University of East Anglia*, Goldsmiths*, Heriot-Watt University, University of Kent, Lancaster University*, University of Leicester*, Loughborough University*, University of Reading*, Royal Holloway*, University of St Andrews*, SOAS*, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey* and University of Sussex*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct 1994 Group (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 54 "new" universities made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers.[77][78] This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the "Golden Triangle" universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group.[79]

Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best'" is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access.[80]

Protectionism

The Institute of Economic Affairs has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice".[81]

Tuition fees

The Russell Group has been prominent in recent years in the debate over the introduction of tuition fees, a measure which it has strongly supported – much to the dismay of the universities' students' unions. Indeed, members of the Group argued that even the fees proposed by the controversial Higher Education Bill would not be sufficient to cover the rising cost of undergraduate teaching, and successfully argued for the right to charge variable fees at much higher rates, so-called top-up fees.

See also

References
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  75. Aemun Reza (20 June 2014). "What's happened to the Aldwych Group?". Felix.
  76. Morgan, John (3 April 2014). "Sir David Watson: Russell Group is not all it's cracked up to be". Times Higher Education. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  77. Chris Havergal (19 November 2015). "Most Russell Group universities 'little different to other pre-92s'". Times Higher Education.
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