Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife

Princess Arthur of Connaught, 2nd Duchess of Fife, RRC, GCStJ (Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff; Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife before marriage; 17 May 1891 – 26 February 1959) was a granddaughter of King Edward VII and great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria.

Princess Alexandra
Princess Arthur of Connaught
Duchess of Fife
Tenure29 January 1912 – 26 February 1959
PredecessorAlexander Duff
SuccessorJames Carnegie
Born(1891-05-17)17 May 1891
East Sheen Lodge, Richmond, England
Died26 February 1959(1959-02-26) (aged 67)
Primrose Hill, London
Burial3 March 1959
St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar, Scotland
Spouse
​
(
m. 1913; died 1938)
IssueAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Full name
Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff
FatherAlexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife
MotherLouise, Princess Royal

Lineage and early life

Alexandra's father was Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife. Having succeeded his father as the 6th Earl Fife, he was elevated to Duke of Fife and Marquess of Macduff in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on his marriage in 1889 to Princess Louise of Wales, the eldest daughter of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII. Princess Louise accordingly became the Duchess of Fife.[1]

Alexandra was born at East Sheen Lodge, Richmond on 17 May 1891. After ten years of marriage and the birth in 1893 of Alexandra's younger sister Maud, no more children would be born to Alexandra's parents and the dukedom and marquessate of Fife were headed toward extinction since only a male heir could inherit those titles. On 24 April 1900 Queen Victoria granted Alexander Duff a second dukedom of Fife, along with the earldom of Macduff, stipulating by special remainder that these two titles would jointly devolve, in default of sons born to him and the Queen's granddaughter, upon their daughters in order of seniority of birth, and upon their respective agnatic male descendants in the same order.[1]

As a female-line granddaughter of the British monarch, Alexandra was not entitled to the title of "Princess", nor to the style of Her Royal Highness. Instead she was styled Lady Alexandra Duff, as the daughter of a duke, even though she was born fifth in the line of succession to the British throne. Alexandra and her sister were unique among British princesses in that they were descended from both William IV (through his mistress, Dorothea Jordan), and William IV's niece, Queen Victoria, who succeeded him because he left no legitimate issue.

She was baptised at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace on 29 June 1891 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward White Benson. Her godparents were Queen Victoria and the Prince and Princess of Wales.[2].

Princess Alexandra
Princess Alexandra

On 9 November 1905, King Edward VII declared his eldest daughter Princess Royal.[1] He further ordered Garter King of Arms to gazette Lady Alexandra Duff and her sister Lady Maud Duff with the style and attribute of Highness and the style of Princess prefixed to their respective Christian names, with precedence immediately after all members of the British Royal Family bearing the style of Royal Highness.[1] From that point, Her Highness Princess Alexandra held her title and rank, not from her ducal father, but from the decree issued by will of the sovereign (her grandfather).

Around 1910, Alexandra became secretly engaged to Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark, a son of King George I of the Hellenes. The engagement was terminated when their disapproving parents learned of the liaison.

Marriage
The wedding day of Prince Arthur of Connaught and Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife.
British Royalty
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Edward VII
George V
Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife
Princess Victoria
Maud, Queen of Norway
Grandchildren in the female-line
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk

On 15 October 1913, Princess Alexandra married her first cousin, once removed,[3] Prince Arthur of Connaught at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, London.[4]

The bride's attendants were:[5]

Prince Arthur of Connaught was the only son of the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria and thus a younger brother of her maternal grandfather, King Edward VII. As such, Arthur and Alexandra were first cousins once removed.

After their marriage, Alexandra was referred to as HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught, in accordance with the tradition that a wife normally shares the title and style of her husband.

With her husband, Alexandra also carried out royal engagements on behalf of her uncle, King George V, and later for her cousin, King George VI. She also served as a Counsellor of State between 1937 and 1944.

Nursing career
Braemar, Mar Lodge Estate, St Ninian's Chapel – Grave of the 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891–1959)
Princess Arthur of Connaught with her only son Alastair.

World War I gave to Princess Arthur of Connaught the opportunity to embrace a vocation of nursing in which she subsequently made a highly successful career. In 1915 she joined the staff of St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, as a full-time nurse and worked untiringly in this capacity until the armistice. After the war she continued her training at St. Mary's, becoming a state registered nurse in 1919 and being awarded a first prize for a paper on eclampsia. She also served in Queen Charlotte's Hospital where she specialized in gynaecology, receiving a certificate of merit. Throughout these years Princess Arthur increasingly impressed her superiors by her technical skill and practical efficiency.

When her husband was appointed governor-general of the Union of South Africa, Princess Arthur ably seconded him and shared his popularity. Her tact and friendliness made her many friends among the South Africans, who also greatly admired the interest which she displayed in hospitals, child welfare, and maternity work throughout the Union. To these subjects she brought her exceptional personal knowledge and experience, which enabled her to make many effective and valuable suggestions.

On her return to London in 1923, Princess Arthur resumed her nursing career at University College Hospital, where she was known as Nurse Marjorie, and subsequently at Charing Cross Hospital. At this time she was specializing in surgery, proving herself a competent, dependable, and imperturbable theatre sister, who was capable of performing minor operations herself and of instructing juniors in their duties. Her services to the nursing profession were recognized in July 1925, when she was awarded the badge of the Royal Red Cross by George V.

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 afforded Princess Arthur further scope for her nursing abilities. She refused the offer of a post as matron of a hospital in the country, preferring to become sister-in-charge of the casualty clearing station of the Second London General Hospital. Shortly thereafter, she opened the Fife Nursing Home in Bentinck Street which she personally equipped, financed, and administered as matron for ten years with great competence. [6]

On 26 April 1943 her only child, Alastair, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, died unexpectedly while in Canada, which came as "a crushing blow and a great shock" to her.

Death

In 1949 the multiple-rheumatoid-arthritis, from which Princess Arthur had suffered for many years, rendered her completely crippled and necessitated the closing of her nursing-home. She retired to her house near Regent's Park where she wrote for private circulation two autobiographical fragments in a vivid and entertaining style: A Nurse's Story (1955) and Egypt and Khartoum (1956), in which she gave a graphic account of the shipwreck of SS Delhi which ran aground in fog and heavy seas in 1911 – Princess Arthur, her sister and mother nearly died but her father Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife subsequently died as a result of his injuries. She was engaged on a further volume on big-game hunting in South Africa when she died at her London home on 26 February 1959.

At her special request she was cremated, and her ashes were laid in St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar on the Mar Lodge estate.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
  • 17 May 1891 – 9 November 1905: Lady Alexandra Duff
  • 9 November 1905 – 29 January 1912: Her Highness Princess Alexandra
  • 29 January 1912 – 15 October 1913: Her Highness Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife
  • 15 October 1913 – 26 February 1959: Her Royal Highness Princess Arthur of Connaught, Duchess of Fife

Honours
  • Royal Red Cross
  • Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem (elevated from Dame of Justice)
  • Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
  • Royal Family Order of King George V

Honorary military appointments

Political appointment
  • Counselor of State {1944}

Arms

Coat of Arms of Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife

Issue
NameBirthDeathNotes
Prince Alastair of Connaught9 August 191426 April 1943later styled Earl of Macduff and 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

Ancestry

References and notes
  1. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser Band III. "Fife". C.A. Starke Verlag, 1955, pp. 336–337. (German).
  2. Queen Victoria's Journals – Monday 29th June 1891
  3. Prince Arthur is the first cousin of Alexandra's mother, Louise, Princess Royal, as both are grandchildren of Queen Victoria.
  4. "Royal Wedding Group". National Portrait Gallery, London.
  5. "'H.R.H. Princess Arthur of Connaught (the Duchess of Fife) and her bridesmaids'". National Portrait Gallery.
  6. Princess Arthur of Connaught dated 29 November 2010 at royalmusingsblogspotcom
  • Ronald Allison and Sarah Riddell, eds., The Royal Encyclopedia (London: Macmillan, 1991), ISBN 0-333-53810-2
  • Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria's Descendants (New York: Atlantic International Publishing, 1987), ISBN 91-630-5964-9
  • Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: the Complete Genealogy, rev. ed. (London: Pimlico, 1996), ISBN 0-7126-4286-2
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Alexander Duff		 Duchess of Fife
2nd creation
1912–1959		 Succeeded by
James Carnegie
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