Mankiyali language

Mankiyali is an endangered Dardic language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. It is spoken by the Trawara community[2] in the secluded village of Danna (or Dana) located in the Badi Shungli union council of Mansehra District.[3] There are also some speakers scattered in the neighbouring villages of Damaka, Guldar, Arghaniya, Chamrasi and Shoshni.[4] The whole community has been reported to be bilingual in Hindko, the language of wider communication in the area.[3] The language is still being passed on to the next generation, but overall it is losing ground to Hindko.[5] The first study documenting the existence of the language was published only in 2015. The name Mankiyali is of recent origin, having been coined by members of the community to replace the older terms Tarawara and Tarawari, which are now seen as stigmatising.[6]

Mankiyali
Native toPakistan
RegionMansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
EthnicityTrawara
Language codes
ISO 639-3nlm
Glottologmank1256[1]
Mankiyali
Mankiyali
Coordinates: 34°28′56″N 72°57′05.3″E

Mankiyali is not mutually intelligible with any of the surrounding languages. Lexical similarity tests have revealed that it shares a little over a third of its core vocabulary with the local varieties of Hindko and Gojri, and a slightly higher percentage (41–42%) with the Kohistani languages Gowro and Bateri.[7] The somewhat higher similarity with Bateri could indicate a common origin, which would be consistent with the oral traditions of the community.[8]

Mankiyali has been influenced by Hindko and Gojri, particularly in the development of phonemic tone: a preliminary analysis indicated that its tonal system is of the Punjabi type, shared with Hindko and Gojri and contrasting with the systems found in northern Dardic languages.[9] The voiced aspirates have been lost, conditioning a low rising tone on the following vowel.[10] There are contrasting dental (/ts/) and palatal (/tʃ/ /tʃʰ/) affricates.[11]

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mankiyali". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Pronounced [t̪rɑʋɽɑ].
  3. Anjum & Rehman 2015, p. 177.
  4. Anjum 2016, pp. 2–3.
  5. Anjum & Rehman 2015, pp. 177, 179.
  6. Munshi 2017.
  7. Anjum & Rehman 2015, pp. 179–81. The lexical similarity percentages are as follows: 34% with Ushojo, 41% with Gowro, 42% with Bateri, 39% with Hazara Gojri and 36% with Sherpur Hindko.
  8. Anjum & Rehman 2015, p. 181.
  9. Anjum & Rehman 2015, pp. 181, 185.
  10. Anjum & Rehman 2015, pp. 182, 185.
  11. Anjum & Rehman 2015, pp. 182–83.

Bibliography
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