List of state leaders in 1901

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1901.

Africa

Congo Free State –
- Monarch - Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign of the Congo Free State (1885–1908)
Dervish state (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervish State (1896–1920)
Ethiopia –
- Monarch - Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913)
Kano –
- Monarch - Aliyu Babba, Emir of Kano (1894–1903)
Liberia –
- President - Garretson W. Gibson, President of Liberia (1900–1904)
Morocco –
- Monarch - Abdelaziz, Sultan of Morocco (1894–1908)
Orange Free State –
- President - Martinus Theunis Steyn, State President of the Orange Free State (1896–1902)
Sokoto –
- Monarch - Abdur Rahman Atiku, Sultan of Sokoto (1891–1902)
- Head of Government - Muhammadu Sambo bn Ahmad, Sokoto Grand Vizier (1886–1910)[1]
South African Republic –
- President - Paul Kruger, State President of the South African Republic (1883–1902)[2]
- Acting President - Schalk Willem Burger, Acting State President of the South African Republic (1900–1902)

Swaziland –
- Monarch - Sobhuza II, Ngwenyama of Swaziland (1899–1982)[3]
- Regent - Labotsibeni Mdluli, Queen Regent of Swaziland (1899–1925)[4]
Wadai Empire –
- Monarch -
  1. Ahmad Abu al-Ghazali ibn ‘Ali, Kolak of Wadai (1900–1901)
  2. Dud Murra, Kolak of Wadai (1901–1909)

Asia

Afghanistan –
- Monarch -
  1. Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1880–1901)
  2. Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1901–1919)
Bhutan –
- Civil Leader - Sangye Dorji, Druk Desi of Bhutan (1885–1901)
- Religious Leader -
  1. Sherab Lhündrup, Je Khenpo of Bhutan (1899–1901)
  2. Jamyang Rinchen, Je Khenpo of Bhutan (1901–1903)
Bukhara –
- Monarch - 'Abd al-Ahad Khan, Emir of Bukhara (1885–1911)
China –
- Emperor - Guangxu Emperor, Emperor of China (1875–1908)
Dhala –
- Monarch - Sha'if ibn Sayf al-'Amiri, Emir of Dhala (1886–1911)[5]
Hejaz (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Awn ar-Rafiq, Sharif of Mecca (1882–1905)
Korean Empire –
- Monarch - Gojong, Emperor of Korea (1897–1907)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Shin Gi-sun, Prime Minister of Korea (1899–1901)
  2. Yun Yong-seon, Prime Minister of Korea (1901–1903)
Jabal Shammar –
- Monarch - Abd al-Aziz ibn Mutib, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1897–1906)
Japan –
- Monarch - Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan (1867–1912)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Itō Hirobumi, Prime Minister of Japan (1900–1901)
  2. Saionji Kinmochi, Prime Minister of Japan (1901)
  3. Katsura Tarō, Prime Minister of Japan (1901–1906)
Khiva –
- Monarch - Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II, Khan of Khiva (1864–1910)
Muscat and Oman –
- Monarch - Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1888–1913)
Nepal –
- Monarch - Prithvi, King of Nepal (1881–1911)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime Minister of Nepal (1885–1901)
  2. Dev Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901)
  3. Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
Ottoman Empire –
- Monarch - Abdul Hamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans (1876–1909)
- Head of Government -
  1. Halil Rifat Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1895–1901)
  2. Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1901–1903)
Persia –
- Monarch - Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1896–1907)
- Premier - Ali Asghar Khan, Premier of Persia (1898–1904)
Rajpipla State - Chhatrasinhji (1897-1915)
Siam –
- Monarch - Chulalongkorn, King of Siam (1868–1910)

Europe

Andorra –
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Émile Loubet, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1899–1906)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince -
    1. Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1879–1901)
    2. Ramon Riu i Cabanes, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1901)
      - Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Pallerola i Gabriel (1886–1915)
- First Syndic - Josep Calva, First Syndic of Andorra (1898–1901)
Austria-Hungary –
- Monarch - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
- Heads of Government -
  - Cisleithania (Austria) - Ernest von Koerber, Minister-President of Austria (1900–1904)
  - Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary) - Kálmán Széll, Prime Minister of Hungary (1899–1903)
Belgium –
- Monarch - Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
- Prime Minister - Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1899–1907)
Crete –
- Commissioner - Prince George of Greece and Denmark, High Commissioner of Crete (1898–1906)
Denmark –
- Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Hannibal Sehested, Council President of Denmark (1900–1901)
  2. Johan Henrik Deuntzer, Council President of Denmark (1901–1905)
France –
- President - Émile Loubet, President of France (1899–1906)
- Prime Minister - Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1899–1902)
Germany –
- Monarch - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1888–1918)
- Head of Government - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (1900–1909)
Greece –
- Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister - Alexandros Zaimis, Prime Minister of Greece (1901–1902)
Italy –
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Giuseppe Saracco, Prime Minister of Italy (1900–1901)
  2. Giuseppe Zanardelli, Prime Minister of Italy (1901–1903)
Liechtenstein –
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
Luxembourg –
- Monarch - Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1890–1905)
- Prime Minister - Paul Eyschen, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1888–1915)
Monaco –
- Monarch - Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
Montenegro –
- Monarch - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860–1918)[6]
Netherlands –
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[7]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Nicolaas Pierson, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1897–1901)
  2. Abraham Kuyper, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1901–1905)
Norway –
- in personal union with Sweden
- Monarch - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905)
- Prime Minister -
  - Stockholm - Otto Blehr, Prime Minister of Norway in Stockholm (1898–1902)
  - Christiania - Johannes Steen, Prime Minister of Norway in Christiania (1898–1902)
Portugal –
- Monarch - Carlos I, King of Portugal (1889–1908)
- Head of Government - Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (1900–1904)
Romania –
- Monarch - Carol I, King of Romania (1866–1914)
- Premier -
  1. Petre P. Carp, Prime Minister of Romania (1900–1901)
  2. Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime Minister of Romania (1901–1906)
Russian Empire –
- Emperor - Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia (1894–1917)
- Prime Minister - Ivan Durnovo, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia (1895–1903)
San Marino –
- Captains Regent -
  1. Giovanni Bonelli and Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1900–1901)
  2. Luigi Tonnini and Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1901)
  3. Antonio Bellucci and Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent of San Marino (1901–1902)
Serbia –
- Monarch - Alexander I, King of Serbia (1889–1903)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Aleksa Jovanović, President of the Ministry of Serbia (1900–1901)
  2. Mihailo Vujić, President of the Ministry of Serbia (1901–1902)
Spain –
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1900–1901)
  2. Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1901–1902)
Sweden –
- in personal union with Norway
- Monarch - Oscar II, King of Sweden (1872–1907)
- Prime Minister - Fredrik von Otter, Prime Minister of Sweden (1900–1902)
Switzerland –
- Federal Council:[8]
  Adolf Deucher (1883–1912), Walter Hauser (1888–1902), Josef Zemp (1891–1908), Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Ernst Brenner (1897–1911, President), Robert Comtesse (1899–1912), Marc-Émile Ruchet (1899–1912), Ludwig Forrer (1902-1917)
United Kingdom –
- Monarch -
  1. Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901)
  2. Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1901–1910)
- Prime Minister - Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1895–1902)

North America

Canada –
- Monarch -
  1. Victoria, Queen of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1837–1901)
  2. Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor General - Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Governor General of Canada (1898–1904)
- Prime Minister - Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada (1896–1911)
Costa Rica –
- President - Rafael Yglesias Castro, President of Costa Rica (1894–1902)
Dominican Republic –
- President - Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, President of the Dominican Republic (1899–1902)
El Salvador –
- President - Tomás Regalado, President of El Salvador (1898–1903)
Guatemala –
- President - Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala (1898–1920)
Haiti –
- President - Tirésias Simon Sam, President of Haiti (1896–1902)
Honduras –
- President - Terencio Sierra, President of Honduras (1899–1903)
Mexico –
- President - Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico (1884–1911)
Nicaragua –
- President - José Santos Zelaya, President of Nicaragua (1893–1909)
United States –
- President -
  1. William McKinley, President of the United States (1897–1901)
  2. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States (1901–1909)

Oceania

Australia –
- established on 1 January 1901
- Monarch -
  1. Victoria, Queen of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1837–1901)
  2. Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor-General - John Hope, Governor-General of Australia (1901–1902)
- Prime Minister - Edmund Barton, Prime Minister of Australia (1901–1903)

South America

Argentina –
- President - Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina (1898–1904)
Bolivia –
- President - José Manuel Pando, President of Bolivia (1899–1904)
Brazil –
- President - Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, President of Brazil (1898–1902)
Chile –
- President -
  1. Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, President of Chile (1896–1901)
  2. Aníbal Zañartu, Acting President of Chile (1901)
  3. Germán Riesco, President of Chile (1901–1906)
Colombia –
- President - José Manuel Marroquín, President of Colombia (1900–1904)
Ecuador –
- President -
  1. Eloy Alfaro, President of Ecuador (1895–1901)
  2. Leónidas Plaza, President of Ecuador (1901–1905)
Paraguay –
- President - Emilio Aceval, President of Paraguay (1898–1902)
Peru –
- President - Eduardo López de Romaña, President of Peru (1899–1903)
Uruguay –
- President - Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President of Uruguay (1899–1903)
Venezuela –
- President - Cipriano Castro, President of Venezuela (1899–1908)

References

Sokoto was only an independent state until 1903.
Paul Kruger fled the nation in exile in 1900.
Under regency until he came of age in 1921. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.
Queen Mother from 1921 to 1925. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.
Dhala was a British protectorate from 1904.
Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.
In exile between 1940 and 1945.
The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

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[1] Sokoto was only an independent state until 1903.

[2] Paul Kruger fled the nation in exile in 1900.

[3] Under regency until he came of age in 1921. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.

[4] Queen Mother from 1921 to 1925. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.

[5] Dhala was a British protectorate from 1904.

[6] Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.

[In_exile_between_1940_and_1945-7] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[8] The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.