Discrimination against intersex people

Intersex people are born with sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".[1] "Because their bodies are seen as different, intersex children and adults are often stigmatized and subjected to multiple human rights violations".[1]

Part of a series on
Discrimination
Specific forms
 
Social
Intersex topics
Human rights and legal issues

Discriminatory treatment includes Infanticide, abandonment, mutilation and neglect, as well as broader concerns regarding the right to life.[2][3] Intersex people face discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, sport, with an impact on mental and physical health, and on poverty levels, including as a result of harmful medical practices.[4]

United Nations, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Council of Europe, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and other human rights institutions, have called for countries to ban discrimination and combat stigma.[5] Few countries so far protect intersex people from discrimination.[2][6]

Protection from discrimination
  Explicit protection on grounds of sex characteristics
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex

A 2013 first international pilot study. Human Rights between the Sexes, by Dan Christian Ghattas, found that intersex people are discriminated against worldwide: "Intersex individuals are considered individuals with a «disorder» in all areas in which Western medicine prevails. They are more or less obviously treated as sick or «abnormal», depending on the respective society."[7][8]

The United Nations states that intersex people suffer stigma on the basis of physical characteristics, "including violations of their rights to health and physical integrity, to be free from torture and ill-treatment, and to equality and non- discrimination."[1] The UN has called for governments to end discrimination against intersex people:

Ban discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics, intersex traits or status, including in education, health care, employment, sports and access to public services, and consult intersex people and organizations when developing legislation and policies that impact their rights.[9]

A handful of jurisdictions so far provide explicit protection from discrimination for intersex people. South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'.[10] Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'.[11] Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of "sex characteristics", through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.[12] Since then, Bosnia-Herzegovina has prohibited discrimination based on "sex characteristics",[13][14] and Greece has prohibited discrimination and hate crimes based on "sex characteristics" since 24 December 2015.[15][16]

Right to life
Further information: Genetic diagnosis of intersex

Intersex people face genetic de-selection via pregnancy terminations and preimplantation genetic diagnosis, as well as abandonment, neglect, infanticide and murder due to their sex characteristics. In 2015, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper on Human rights and intersex people, remarking:

Intersex people's right to life can be violated in discriminatory "sex selection" and "preimplantation genetic diagnosis, other forms of testing, and selection for particular characteristics". Such de-selection or selective abortions are incompatible with ethics and human rights standards due to the discrimination perpetrated against intersex people on the basis of their sex characteristics.[2]

In 2015, Chinese news reported a case of abandonment of an infant, thought likely due to its sex characteristics.[17] Hong Kong activist Small Luk reports that this is not uncommon, in part due to the historic imposition of a policy of one child per family.[18] Cases of infanticide, attempted infanticide, and neglect have been reported in China,[19] Uganda[3][20] and Pakistan.[21]

Kenyan reports suggest that the birth of an intersex infant may be viewed as a curse.[22] In 2015, it was reported that an intersex Kenyan adolescent, Muhadh Ishmael, was mutilated and later died. Ishmael had previously been described as a curse on his family.[23]

Medical
Further information: Intersex medical interventions

In places with accessible healthcare systems, intersex people face harmful practices including involuntary or coercive treatment, and in places without such systems, infanticide, abandonment and mutilation may occur.[24]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

Intersex people face involuntary or coerced medical treatment from infancy.[25][26] Where these occur without personal informed consent, these are "violations of their rights to health and physical integrity, to be free from torture and ill-treatment, and to equality and non-discrimination."[1][5]

A 2016 Australian study of 272 people born with atypical sex characteristics found that 60% had received medical treatment on the basis of their sex characteristics, half receiving such treatments aged under 18 years, "most commonly genital surgeries (many of which occurred in infancy) and hormone treatments", and the "majority experienced at least one negative impact".[27] Overall, while some parents and physicians had attempted to empower participants, the study found "strong evidence suggesting a pattern of institutionalised shaming and coercive treatment" and poor (or no) information provision.[4] 16% of study participants were not provided with information on options of having no treatment, and some were provided with misinformation about the nature of their treatment, and information about peer support was also lacking. OII Europe reports:

A German study conducted by a medical team between 2005 and 2007 covered the experiences of 439 intersex individuals of all ages, from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 81% had been subjected to one or multiple surgeries due to their DSD diagnosis. Almost 50% of the participating adults reported psychological problems and a variety of problems related to their physical well-being and their sex life. Two-thirds made a connection between those problems and the medical and surgical treatment they had been subjected to. Participating children reported significant disturbances, especially within their family life and in relation with their physical well-being.[28]

Rationales for medical intervention frequently focus on parental distress, or problematize future gender identity and sexuality, and subjective judgements are made about the acceptability of risk of future gender dysphoria.[29][30] Medical professionals have traditionally considered the worst outcomes after genital reconstruction in infancy to occur when the person develops a gender identity discordant with the sex assigned as an infant. Human rights institutions question such approaches as being "informed by redundant social constructs around gender and biology".[31]

Decision-making on any cancer and other physical risks may be intertwined with "normalizing" rationales. In a major Parliamentary report in Australia, published in October 2013, the Senate Community Affairs References committee was "disturbed" by the possible implications of current practices in the treatment of cancer risk. The committee stated: "clinical intervention pathways stated to be based on probabilities of cancer risk may be encapsulating treatment decisions based on other factors, such as the desire to conduct normalising surgery... Treating cancer may be regarded as unambiguously therapeutic treatment, while normalising surgery may not. Thus basing a decision on cancer risk might avoid the need for court oversight in a way that a decision based on other factors might not. The committee is disturbed by the possible implications of this..."[26]

Despite the naming of clinician statements as "consensus" statements, there remains no clinical consensus about the conduct of surgical interventions,[26] nor their evidence base, surgical timing, necessity, type of surgical intervention, and degree of difference warranting intervention.[30][32][33] Surgery may adversely impact physical sensation and capacity for intimacy;[34][33] however, research has suggested that parents are willing to consent to appearance-altering surgeries even at the cost of later adult sexual sensation.[35] Other research shows that parents may make different choices with non-medicalized information.[36] Child rights experts suggest that parents have no right to consent to such treatments.[37]

Clinical decision-making is frequently portrayed as a choice between early or later surgical interventions, while human rights advocates and some clinicians portray concerns as matters of consent and autonomy.[33][38]

Medical photography and display

Photographs of intersex children's genitalia are circulated in medical communities for documentary purposes, and individuals with intersex traits may be subjected to repeated genital examinations and display to medical teams. Sharon Preves described this as a form of humiliation and stigmatization, leading to an "inability to deflect negative associations of self" where "genitalia must be revealed in order to allow for stigmatization".[39][40][41] According to Creighton et al, the "experience of being photographed has exemplified for many people with intersex conditions the powerlessness and humiliation felt during medical investigations and interventions".[41]

Access to medical services

Adults with intersex variations report poor mental health due to experiences of medicalization,[42] with many individuals avoiding care as a result. Many Australian study participants stated a need to educate their physicians. Similar reports are made elsewhere: reports on the situation in Mexico suggests that adults may not receive adequate care, including lack of understanding about intersex bodies and examinations that cause physical harm.[43][44]

In countries without accessible healthcare systems, infanticide, abandonment and mutilation may occur.[24] Access to necessary medical services, for example due to cancer or urinary issues, is also limited.[20][44][45]

Inciting hate crimes by allegations of sex crimes

One increasingly common cause of hate crimes against intersex people is the neurological claim that male and female brains have fundamentally different sexualities, in particular the claim that men are sexually impulsive and aggressive and bound to act on their sexual fantasies while most women are said to have a wider range of sexual fantasies than most men, including fantasies that it would be unacceptable to act on. The claim that a combination of one trait that most men have and one trait that most women have would produce a sex criminal adds up to allegations that intersex people are sex offenders. To decrease such severe discrimination against intersex people, some researchers advocate more public information about the error sources in the sexological studies that are said to show such sex differences. This includes the possibility that societal double standards may scare more men than women into not talking about or otherwise revealing their sex fantasies (corroborated by the existence of characteristics that differ between male volunteers and male nonvolunteers, but not between female volunteers and female nonvolunteers, in erotica research) giving a false appearance of men having narrower ranges of sexual fantasies than women, and the possibility that men who want to be castrated out of their spiritual beliefs may have to commit sex crimes and claim that it was due to uncontrollable urges to get castrated since such surgery is not off the shelf (corroborated by the overrepresentation of religious groups in child sexual abuse scandals that cannot be explained by biopsychiatric correlations) creating a false appearance of men being less able to control their sexual impulses than women. Certain intersex rights advocates argue that this may dispel the myth that intersex people are "hybrid degenerated" to be sex criminals, creating more understanding for intersex people.[46][47]

Suicide and self-harm

The impact of discrimination and stigma can also be seen in high rates of suicidal tendencies and self harm. Multiple anecdotal reports, including from Hong Kong and Kenya point to high levels of suicidality amongst intersex people.[18][22] The Australian sociological study of 272 people born with atypical sex characteristics found that 60% had thought about suicide, and 42% thought about self-harm, "on the basis of issues related to having an intersex variation ... 19% had attempted suicide"; causes identified included stigma, discrimination, family rejection and school bullying.[48]

A 2013 German clinical study found high rates of distress, with "prevalence rates of self-harming behavior and suicidal tendencies ... comparable to traumatized women with a history of physical or sexual abuse."[49] Similar results have been reported in Australia[49] and Denmark.[42]

Education

An Australian sociological survey of 272 persons born with atypical sex characteristics, published in 2016, found that 18% of respondents (compared to an Australian average of 2%) failed to complete secondary school, with early school leaving coincident with pubertal medical interventions, bullying on the basis of physical characteristics, and other factors.[48] A Kenyan news report suggests high rates of early school leaving, with the organisation Gama Africa reporting that 60% of 132 known intersex people had dropped out of school "because of the harassment and treatment they received from their peers and their teachers".[22]

The Australian study found that schools lacked inclusive services such as relevant puberty and sex education curricula and counselling, for example, not representing a full range of human bodily diversity. Only a quarter of respondents felt positive about their schooling experiences, schooling coincided with disclosure of an intersex condition, associated with well-being risks, and early school leaving peaked "during the years most associated with puberty and hormone therapy interventions".[48] Cognitive differences may also be associated with some traits such as sex chromosome variations.[50] Nevertheless, in addition to very high rates of early school leaving, the Australian study also found that a higher proportion of study participants completed undergraduate or postgraduate degrees compared to the general Australian population.[48]

Poverty and employment discrimination

The impact of discrimination and stigma can be seen in high rates of poverty. A 2015 Australian survey of people born with atypical sex characteristics found high levels of poverty, in addition to very high levels of early school leaving, and higher than average rates of disability.[4] 6% of the 272 survey participants reported being homeless or couch surfing.[48]

OII Europe states that "stigma, structural and verbal discrimination, harassment" as well as harmful practices and lack of legal recognition can lead to "inadequate education, broken careers and poverty (including homelessness) due to pathologisation and related trauma, a disturbed family life due to taboo and medicalisation, lack of self-esteem and a high risk of becoming suicidal."[51]

An Employers guide to intersex inclusion published by Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia discloses cases of discrimination in employment.[52]

Main article: Legal recognition of intersex people

Like all individuals, some intersex individuals may be raised as a particular sex (male or female) but then identify with another later in life, while most do not.[53][54][55] Like non-intersex people, some intersex individuals may not identify themselves as either exclusively female or exclusively male. A 2012 clinical review suggests that between 8.5–20% of persons with intersex conditions may experience gender dysphoria,[29] while sociological research in Australia, a country with a third 'X' sex classification, shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men and 6% unsure.[4][27]

Depending on the jurisdiction, access to any birth certificate may be an issue,[56] including a birth certificate with a sex marker.[57] The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that:

Recognition before the law means having legal personhood and the legal protections that flow from that. For intersex people, this is neither primarily nor solely about amending birth registrations or other official documents. Firstly, it is about intersex people who have been issued a male or a female birth certificate being able to enjoy the same legal rights as other men and women[6]

Access to a birth certificate with a correct sex marker may be an issue for people who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth,[2] or it may only be available accompanied by surgical requirements.[6]

The passports and identification documents of Australia and some other nationalities have adopted "X" as a valid third category besides "M" (male) and "F" (female), at least since 2003.[58][59] In 2013, Germany became the first European nation to allow babies with characteristics of both sexes to be registered as indeterminate gender on birth certificates, amidst opposition and skepticism from intersex organisations who point out that the law appears to mandate exclusion from male or female categories.[60][61][62] The Council of Europe acknowledged this approach, and concerns about recognition of third and blank classifications in a 2015 Issue Paper, stating that these may lead to "forced outings" and "lead to an increase in pressure on parents of intersex children to decide in favour of one sex."[2] The Issue Paper argues that "further reflection on non-binary legal identification is necessary".

Sport
Main article: Sex verification in sports

Women who have, or are perceived to have intersex traits are subject to stigmatization, humiliation and trial by media.[63][64][65] Currently suspended IAAF regulations on hyperandrogenism "mandated that national Olympic committees 'actively investigate any perceived deviation in sex characteristics'" in women athletes.[64]

In 2013, it was disclosed in a medical journal that four unnamed elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to gonadectomies (sterilization) and partial clitoridectomies (female genital mutilation) after testosterone testing revealed that they had an intersex condition.[64][66] Testosterone testing was introduced in the wake of the Caster Semenya case, of a South African runner subjected to testing due to her appearance and vigor.[64][66][67][68] There is no evidence that innate hyperandrogenism in elite women athletes confers an advantage in sport.[69][70] While Australia protects intersex persons from discrimination, the Act contains an exemption in sport.

LGBT
Main article: Intersex and LGBT

Intersex people may face discrimination within LGBT settings and multiple organizations have highlighted appeals to LGBT rights recognition that fail to address the issue of unnecessary "normalising" treatments on intersex children, using the portmanteau term "pinkwashing".

Emi Koyama has described how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.[71] Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs".[72] Mauro Cabral has written that transgender people and organizations "need to stop approaching intersex issues as if they were trans issues" including use of intersex as a means of explaining being transgender; "we can collaborate a lot with the intersex movement by making it clear how wrong that approach is".[73]

Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms"[74][75] but, in June 2016, the same organization pointed to contradictory statements by Australian governments, suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBTI (LGBT and intersex) people are recognized while, at the same time, harmful practices on intersex children continue.[76]

In August 2016, Zwischengeschlecht described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning "intersex genital mutilations" as a form of pinkwashing.[77] The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex, transgender and LGBT issues, instead of addressing harmful practices on infants.[78]

Protections and rights by continent and jurisdiction

Africa
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Kenya [79] [56]
South Africa [80][81] [10] Subject to medical and social reports
Uganda [82][83] [84]

Americas
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Argentina [85] Self-determination[86]
Chile [87] (Pending)[88][89] Self-determination[90] [90]
Colombia No, but restricted in children aged over 5. Self-determination
Mexico [91][92][93] [92] [92]
United States [94] Partial, in healthcare[95] Laws on female genital mutilation not enforced[94] Opt in only for Washington D.C., California, New York City, Ohio (with a court order only), New Mexico[96], Nevada[97], Oregon, Utah (with a court order only),[98] Washington State, New Jersey[99] and Colorado.[100][101][102][103]
Uruguay [104][105] Self-determination [106]

Asia
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Bangladesh [107] [107]
China [108][109] [110]
India [111][112][113][114][115] [111] [111] [111] [116] [116]
Japan Requires surgery[6]
Nepal [117][118] [117]
Pakistan [119] Self-determination[119] [119]
South Korea
Thailand Requires surgery[6]
Vietnam Requires surgery[6]

Europe
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Albania [120]
Austria [121]
Bosnia and Herzegovina [122]
Belgium Self-determination[123][124]
Denmark [125][126] Self-determination[127]
Finland [128]
France [129][130]
Germany [131][132][133] [134]
Greece [15]
Iceland [135][136][137] Self-determination[138][139][140] [141][142][143]
Ireland [144][145] Self-determination[127]
Jersey [146]
Luxembourg [147]
Malta Legislated [148] Self-determination[127] [149]
Netherlands
Norway [150] Self-determination[151][152][153]
Portugal Legislated[154][155] Self-determination[154][155]
Switzerland [25][156][157][158]
United Kingdom [159][160] Requires diagnosis of gender dysphoria[161]

Oceania
Country/jurisdiction Physical integrity and bodily autonomy Anti-discrimination protection Access to identification documents Access to same rights as other men and women Changing M/F identification documents Third gender or sex classifications Ending official classification by sex or gender Sex and gender distinctions Assign infants and children to male or female
Australia [162][26] At federal level[163] Exemptions regarding sport and female genital mutilation[163] Policies vary depending on jurisdiction[164] Requires sexual reassignment surgery and permission from at least 2 medical practitioners within both NSW and QLD only. Appropriate clinical treatment (or just 1 doctors permission) within WA, SA, NT and the ACT. "Self-determination" within TAS and VIC.[165] (Passports) Opt in at federal level, state/territory policies vary[164][166]
New Zealand [162][167] Exemptions regarding female genital mutilation[6] (Passports) (Third birth certificate may be used if determined at birth[168])

See also

Notes
  1. "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  2. Council of Europe; Commissioner for Human Rights (April 2015), Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper, archived from the original on 2016-01-06
  3. Richter, Ruthann (March 4, 2014). "In Uganda, offering support for those born with indeterminate sex". Stanford Medicine. Archived from the original on July 30, 2015.
  4. Jones, Tiffany; Hart, Bonnie; Carpenter, Morgan; Ansara, Gavi; Leonard, William; Lucke, Jayne (February 2016). Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia (PDF). Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78374-208-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  5. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (October 24, 2016), Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge, archived from the original on November 21, 2016
  6. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. ISBN 978-0-9942513-7-4. Archived from the original on 2017-01-15.
  7. Ghattas, Dan Christian; Heinrich Böll Foundation (September 2013). "Human Rights Between the Sexes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23.
  8. "A preliminary study on the life situations of inter* individuals". OII Europe. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.
  9. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. "United Nations for Intersex Awareness". Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  10. "Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town" (PDF). 11 January 2006.
  11. "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098". ComLaw. 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
  12. Cabral, Mauro (April 8, 2015). "Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics". Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  13. "Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina". ILGA-Europe. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08.
  14. "LGBTI people are now better protected in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Archived from the original on 2016-08-26.
  15. ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ' ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις [LAW NO. 3456 Cohabitation, exercise of rights, criminal and other provisions] (PDF) (in Greek).
  16. Πρώτη φορά, ίσοι απέναντι στον νόμο (in Greek). 2015-12-23. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25.
  17. Lau, Mimi (August 24, 2015). "Baby born with male and female genitals found abandoned in Chinese park". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  18. Luk, Small (October 20, 2015), Beyond boundaries: intersex in Hong Kong and China, Intersex Day, archived from the original on April 5, 2016
  19. Free Press Journal Bureau (June 22, 2016). "Terming intersex baby a 'monster', father attempts to murder". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016.
  20. Kaggwa, Julius (2016-10-09). "Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  21. Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 9 (3): 227–236. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.469.9016. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 18633712.
  22. Odhiambo, Rhoda (October 20, 2016). "Kenya to mark international intersex day next week". The Star, Kenya. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  23. Odero, Joseph (December 23, 2015). "Intersex in Kenya: Held captive, beaten, hacked. Dead". 76 CRIMES. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  24. Carpenter, Morgan (May 2016). "The human rights of intersex people: addressing harmful practices and rhetoric of change". Reproductive Health Matters. 24 (47): 74–84. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2016.06.003. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 27578341.
  25. Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE (November 2012). On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality".Opinion No. 20/2012 (PDF). 2012. Berne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-23. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  26. Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee (October 2013). "Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
  27. Organisation Intersex International Australia (July 28, 2016). "Demographics". Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  28. Ghattas, Dan Christian; ILGA-Europe (2016). "Standing up for the human rights of intersex people – how can you help?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
  29. Furtado P. S.; et al. (2012). "Gender dysphoria associated with disorders of sex development". Nat. Rev. Urol. 9 (11): 620–627. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.182. PMID 23045263.
  30. Mouriquand, Pierre D. E.; Gorduza, Daniela Brindusa; Gay, Claire-Lise; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L.; Baker, Linda; Baskin, Laurence S.; Bouvattier, Claire; Braga, Luis H.; Caldamone, Anthony C.; Duranteau, Lise; El Ghoneimi, Alaa; Hensle, Terry W.; Hoebeke, Piet; Kaefer, Martin; Kalfa, Nicolas; Kolon, Thomas F.; Manzoni, Gianantonio; Mure, Pierre-Yves; Nordenskjöld, Agneta; Pippi Salle, J. L.; Poppas, Dix Phillip; Ransley, Philip G.; Rink, Richard C.; Rodrigo, Romao; Sann, Léon; Schober, Justine; Sibai, Hisham; Wisniewski, Amy; Wolffenbuttel, Katja P.; Lee, Peter (2016). "Surgery in disorders of sex development (DSD) with a gender issue: If (why), when, and how?". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 12 (3): 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.04.001. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 27132944.
  31. Australian Human Rights Commission (June 2015). Resilient Individuals: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity & Intersex Rights. Sydney. ISBN 978-1-921449-71-0. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03.
  32. Lee, Peter A.; Nordenström, Anna; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lin-Su, Karen; Looijenga, Leendert H.J.; Mazur, Tom; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L.; Mouriquand, Pierre; Quigley, Charmian A.; Sandberg, David E.; Vilain, Eric; Witchel, Selma; and the Global DSD Update Consortium (2016-01-28). "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 85 (3): 158–180. doi:10.1159/000442975. ISSN 1663-2818. PMID 26820577.
  33. Creighton, Sarah M.; Michala, Lina; Mushtaq, Imran; Yaron, Michal (January 2, 2014). "Childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia: glimpses of practice changes or more of the same?" (PDF). Psychology and Sexuality. 5 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.831214. ISSN 1941-9899.
  34. Cabral, Mauro; Carpenter, Morgan, eds. (2014). Intersex Issues in the International Classification of Diseases: a revision (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-11.
  35. Dayner, Jennifer E.; Lee, Peter A.; Houk, Christopher P. (October 2004). "Medical Treatment of Intersex: Parental Perspectives". The Journal of Urology. 172 (4): 1762–1765. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000138519.12573.3a. ISSN 0022-5347. PMID 15371809.
  36. Streuli, Jürg C.; Vayena, Effy; Cavicchia-Balmer, Yvonne; Huber, Johannes (August 2013). "Shaping Parents: Impact of Contrasting Professional Counseling on Parents' Decision Making for Children with Disorders of Sex Development". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10 (8): 1953–1960. doi:10.1111/jsm.12214. ISSN 1743-6095. PMID 23742202.
  37. Sandberg, Kirsten (October 2015). "The Rights of LGBTI Children under the Convention on the Rights of the Child". Nordic Journal of Human Rights. 33 (4): 337–352. doi:10.1080/18918131.2015.1128701. ISSN 1891-8131.
  38. Tamar-Mattis, A. (August 2014). "Patient advocate responds to DSD surgery debate". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 10 (4): 788–789. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.03.019. ISSN 1477-5131. PMID 24909610.
  39. Preves, Sharon Elaine (July 2000). "Negotiating the Constraints of Gender Binarism: Intersexuals' Challenge to Gender Categorization". Current Sociology. 48 (3): 27–50. doi:10.1177/0011392100048003004.
  40. Preves, Sharon (2003). Intersex and Identity, the Contested Self. Rutgers. ISBN 978-0-8135-3229-5. p. 72.
  41. Creighton, Sarah; Alderson, J; Brown, S; Minto, Cathy (2002). "Medical photography: ethics, consent and the intersex patient". BJU International (89). pp. 67–71.p. 70.
  42. Liao, Lih-Mei; Simmonds, Margaret (2013). "A values-driven and evidence-based health care psychology for diverse sex development". Psychology & Sexuality. 5 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.831217. ISSN 1941-9899.
  43. Inter, Laura (2015). "Finding My Compass". Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 5 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1353/nib.2015.0039. PMID 26300133.
  44. Inter, Laura (October 3, 2016). "The situation of the intersex community in Mexico". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  45. Regmi, Esan (2016). Stories of Intersex People from Nepal (PDF). Kathmandu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-13.
  46. Trans and Intersex People: Discrimination on the Grounds of Sex, Gender Identity and Gender Expression, 2012, Christa Tobler and Silvan Agius
  47. Human Rights Between the Sexes: A Preliminary Study on the Life Situations of Inter*individuals, 2013, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
  48. Jones, Tiffany (March 11, 2016). "The needs of students with intersex variations". Sex Education. 16 (6): 602–618. doi:10.1080/14681811.2016.1149808. ISSN 1468-1811.
  49. Schützmann, Karsten; Brinkmann, Lisa; Schacht, Melanie; Richter-Appelt, Hertha (February 2009). "Psychological Distress, Self-Harming Behavior, and Suicidal Tendencies in Adults with Disorders of Sex Development". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9241-9. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 17943433.
  50. Hong, D. S.; Hoeft, F.; Marzelli, M. J.; Lepage, J.-F.; Roeltgen, D.; Ross, J.; Reiss, A. L. (March 5, 2014). "Influence of the X-Chromosome on Neuroanatomy: Evidence from Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes". Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (10): 3509–3516. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2790-13.2014. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 3942570. PMID 24599451.
  51. OII Europe. "European Intersex Visibility Works!". Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  52. Carpenter, Morgan; Hough, Dawn (2014). Employers' Guide to Intersex Inclusion. Sydney, Australia: Pride in Diversity and Organisation Intersex International Australia. ISBN 978-0-646-92905-7. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25.
  53. Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1405-1.
  54. Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00189-3.
  55. Marañón, Gregorio (1929). Los estados intersexuales en la especie humana. Madrid: Morata.
  56. "Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling". Reuters. 2014-12-05. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  57. Viloria, Hida (November 6, 2013). "Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality". The Advocate. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017.
  58. Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784.
  59. "New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  60. "Third sex option on birth certificates". Deutsche Welle. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.
  61. "Sham package for Intersex: Leaving sex entry open is not an option". OII Europe. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014.
  62. "'X' gender: Germans no longer have to classify their kids as male or female". RT. 3 November 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013.
  63. Karkazis, Katrina (August 23, 2016). "The ignorance aimed at Caster Semenya flies in the face of the Olympic spirit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
  64. Jordan-Young, R. M.; Sonksen, P. H.; Karkazis, K. (April 2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ. 348 (apr28 9): –2926–g2926. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2926. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 24776640.
  65. Macur, Juliet (6 October 2014). "Fighting for the Body She Was Born With". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  66. Fénichel, Patrick; Paris, Françoise; Philibert, Pascal; Hiéronimus, Sylvie; Gaspari, Laura; Kurzenne, Jean-Yves; Chevallier, Patrick; Bermon, Stéphane; Chevalier, Nicolas; Sultan, Charles (June 2013). "Molecular Diagnosis of 5α-Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (6): –1055–E1059. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3893. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 23633205.
  67. "Semenya told to take gender test". BBC Sport. 19 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  68. "A Lab is Set to Test the Gender of Some Female Athletes". New York Times. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
  69. Bermon, Stéphane; Garnier, Pierre Yves; Lindén Hirschberg, Angelica; Robinson, Neil; Giraud, Sylvain; Nicoli, Raul; Baume, Norbert; Saugy, Martial; Fénichel, Patrick; Bruce, Stephen J.; Henry, Hugues; Dollé, Gabriel; Ritzen, Martin (August 2014). "Serum Androgen Levels in Elite Female Athletes". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 99 (11): –2014–1391. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1391. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 25137421.
  70. Branch, John (27 July 2016). "Dutee Chand, Female Sprinter With High Testosterone Level, Wins Right to Compete". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  71. Koyama, Emi. "Adding the "I": Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement?". Intersex Initiative. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  72. Kaggwa, Julius (September 19, 2016). "I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  73. Cabral, Mauro (October 26, 2016). "IAD2016: A Message from Mauro Cabral". GATE – Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  74. Organisation Intersex International Australia (November 21, 2012). "Intersex for allies". Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  75. OII releases new resource on intersex issues Archived 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, Intersex for allies and Making services intersex inclusive by Organisation Intersex International Australia, via Gay News Network, 2 June 2014.
  76. "Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review". Organisation Intersex International Australia. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016.
  77. ""Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = PINKWASHING of IGM practices". Zwischengeschlecht. August 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  78. "TRANSCRIPTION > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child – Gov Non-Answer + Denial". Zwischengeschlecht. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  79. Chigiti, John (September 14, 2016). "The plight of the intersex child". The Star, Kenya. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  80. Collison, Carl (October 27, 2016). "SA joins the global fight to stop unnecessary genital surgery on intersex babies". Mail&Guardian.
  81. United Nations; Committee on the Rights of the Child (October 27, 2016). "Concluding observations on the second periodic report of South Africa".
  82. Kaggwa, Julius (2016-09-16). "I'm an intersex Ugandan – life has never felt more dangerous". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  83. Kaggwa, Julius (October 9, 2016). "Understanding intersex stigma in Uganda". Intersex Day. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  84. Parliament of Uganda (2015), Registration of Persons Act
  85. Justicia Intersex; Zwischengeschlecht.org (2017). "NGO Report to the 6th and 7th Periodic Report of Argentina on the Convention against Torture (CAT)" (PDF). Buenos Aires.
  86. Global Action for Trans Equality (14 May 2012). "Gender identity Law in Argentina: an opportunity for all". Sexuality Policy Watch.
  87. "Complementa circular 18 que instruye sobre ciertos aspectos de la atencion de salud a niños y niñas intersex" (PDF). Ministerio de Salud. 23 August 2016.
  88. Chile, Cámara de Diputados de. "Proyectos de Ley Sistema de garantías de los derechos de la niñez". www.camara.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  89. "Comisión de la Cámara aprueba que niñas y niños trans tengan derecho a desarrollar su identidad de género". www.movilh.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  90. "Datos Registrales con Enfoque de Género" (PDF) (in Spanish). July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  91. Inter, Laura (2015). "Finding My Compass". Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 5 (2): 95–98. doi:10.1353/nib.2015.0039. PMID 26300133.
  92. Inter, Laura (October 2016). "The situation of the intersex community in Mexico". Intersex Day. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  93. Baruch, Ricardo (October 13, 2016), Sí, hay personas intersexuales en México, Animal Politico
  94. interACT (June 2016). Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture (PDF).
  95. interACT (2016). "Federal Government Bans Discrimination Against Intersex People in Health Care". Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  101. "California Senate Bill "SB-179 Gender identity: female, male, or nonbinary" to enact the Gender Recognition Act, to authorize the change of gender on the new birth certificate to be female, male, or nonbinary". California Legislative Information. January 24, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  102. O'Hara, Mary Emily (September 26, 2016). "Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status". NBC News. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  103. O'Hara, Mary Emily (December 29, 2016). "Nation's First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC". Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  104. "Ley N° 19580 de violencia hacia las mujeres basada en género" (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  105. "Prohíben las operaciones de definición de sexo en la niñez". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  106. "Ley Integral Para Personas Trans" (PDF). Uruguay Ministry for Social Development. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  107. UK Home Office (December 2016). "Bangladesh: Sexual orientation and gender identity" (PDF). UK Home Office Country Policy and Information Note. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  108. United Nations; Committee against Torture (2015). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China". Geneva: United Nations.
  109. United Nations; Committee against Torture (2015). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of China with respect to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Geneva: United Nations.
  110. Equal Opportunities Commission (March 9, 2017). "EOC & GRC of CUHK Issue Statement Calling for the Introduction of Legislation against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status".
  111. "Indian State Bans Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Children - Human Rights Watch". Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  112. ""Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute". Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  113. "Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court". Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  114. "Indian Court Decides In Favor of Informed Consent Rights for Intersex People - Human Rights Watch". Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  115. Karthikeyan, Ragamalika (February 3, 2017). "Activists say surgical 'correction' of intersex babies at birth wrong, govt doesn't listen". The News Minute.
  116. Supreme Court of India 2014. "Supreme Court recognises the right to determine and express one's gender; grants legal status to 'third gender'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
  117. "Sunil Babu Pant and Others/ v. Nepal Government and Others, Supreme Court of Nepal" (PDF). National Judicial Academy Law Journal. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  118. Regmi, Esan (2016). Stories of Intersex People from Nepal. Kathmandu.
  119. "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018" (PDF). Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  120. "Albania approves protocol to stop medical intervention on intersex babies". www.exit.al.
  121. "Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof - Intersex persons have the right to adequate designation in the civil register". www.vfgh.gv.at.
  122. "Anti-discrimination Law Updated in Bosnia-Herzegovina". ILGA-Europe.
  123. "– Belgium – New Gender Recognition Law with obstacles". tgeu.org.
  124. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  125. Amnesty International (2017). First, Do No Harm.
  126. Amnesty International (2017). "First, Do No Harm: ensuring the rights of children born intersex". Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  127. McDonald, Henry; Others (July 16, 2015). "Ireland passes law allowing trans people to choose their legal gender". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  128. Ghattas, Dan Christian; ILGA-Europe (2016). "Standing up for the human rights of intersex people – how can you help?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
  129. Guillot, Vincent; Zwischengeschlecht (April 3, 2016). "NGO Report to the 7th Periodic Report of France on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)". Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  130. Sénat; Blondin, Maryvonne; Bouchoux, Corinne (2017-02-23). Variations du développement sexuel : lever un tabou, lutter contre la stigmatisation et les exclusions. 2016-2017 (in French). Paris, France: Sénat.
  131. Klöppel, Ulrike (December 2016). "Zur Aktualität kosmetischer Operationen "uneindeutiger" Genitalien im Kindesalter". Gender Bulletin (42). ISSN 0947-6822. Archived from the original on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  132. OII Germany (January 20, 2017). "OII Germany: CEDAW Shadow Report. With reference to the combined Seventh and Eighth Periodic Report from the Federal Republic of Germany on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)" (PDF).
  133. Zwischengeschlecht.org (March 2015). Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report on the Answers to the List of Issues (LoI) in Relation to the Initial Periodic Report of Germany on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (PDF). Zurich.
  134. "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Press - Civil status law must allow a third gender option". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de.
  144. Zwischengeschlecht.org (December 2015). "Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Ireland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Zurich.
  145. United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (February 4, 2016). "Concluding observations on the combined third to fourth periodic reports of Ireland (advance unedited version)". Geneva: United Nations.
  146. "DISCRIMINATION (SEX AND RELATED CHARACTERISTICS) (JERSEY) REGULATIONS 2015". 2015.
  147. "Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier".
  148. Malta (April 2015), Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final version
  149. Dalli, Miriam (3 February 2015). "Male, Female or X: the new gender options on identification documents". Malta Today.
  150. Rainbow Europe: Norway
  151. "Norway becomes fourth country in Europe to introduce model of self-determination - ILGA-Europe". www.ilga-europe.org.
  152. "Norway becomes fourth country in the world to allow trans people to determine their own gender". 6 June 2016.
  153. "Norway: Historic breakthrough for transgender rights". www.amnesty.org.
  154. "Portugal parliament approves new gender change law". Agence France-Presse. July 13, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  155. "Portugal's parliament approves new gender identity bill". DW. July 13, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  156. Zwischengeschlecht.org (March 2014). "Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations Of Children With Variations Of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Periodic Report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)" (PDF). Zurich.
  157. United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (February 26, 2015). "Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Switzerland". Geneva.
  158. United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (September 7, 2015). "Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of Switzerland" (PDF). Geneva.
  159. United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (June 2016). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Geneva: United Nations.
  160. Zwischengeschlecht.org; IntersexUK; OII-UK; The UK Intersex Association (April 2016). Intersex Genital Mutilations Human Rights Violations of Children with Variations of Sex Anatomy: NGO Report to the 5th Periodic Report of the United Kingdom on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (PDF). Zurich.
  161. Payton, Naith (July 23, 2015). "Comment: Why the UK's gender recognition laws desperately need updating". The Pink Paper.
  162. Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia; Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand; Organisation Intersex International Australia; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; Briffa, Tony; Carpenter, Morgan; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; Hart, Bonnie; Hart, Phoebe; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; Mitchell, Mani Bruce; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), Darlington Statement, archived from the original on 2017-03-22, retrieved March 21, 2017 Alt URL
  163. "We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 21 February 2013.
  164. "On intersex birth registrations". OII Australia. 13 November 2009.
  165. "Now That Same-Sex Marriage Is Legal, States Must Abolish Transgender "Forced Divorce" Laws".
  166. "Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, 30 May 2013". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  167. Human Rights Commission (2016), Intersex Roundtable Report 2016 The practice of genital normalisation on intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand (PDF)
  168. Department of Internal Affairs. "General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.