Animal industrial complex

Animal industrial complex (AIC) is the accumulation of interests responsible for institutionalized exploitation of non-human animals. It includes every human activity involving animals, chiefly economic, such as the food industry (e.g., meat, dairy, poultry, apiculture), animal research (e.g., academic, industrial, animals sent to space), religious (e.g., sacrificial animals, animals held in captivity in temples), medicine (e.g., bile and other animal products), clothing (e.g., leather, silk, wool, fur), labor and transport (e.g., working animals, farming, animals in war, remote control animals), fashion, cosmetics, tourism and entertainment (e.g., circus, zoos, blood sports, hunting, animals held in captivity), selective breeding (e.g., pet industry), and so forth. AIC entirely differs from individual acts of animal cruelty in that it is an institutionalized animal exploitation. It is one of the main topics of critical animal studies.

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Definitions

The term animal industrial complex was coined by the Dutch cultural anthropologist and philosopher Barbara Noske in her 1989 book Humans and Other Animals, saying that animals "have become reduced to mere appendages of computers and machines."[1] The term relates the practices, organizations, and overall industry that turns animals into food and other commodities to the military–industrial complex.[2] Richard Twine later refined the concept, regarding it as the "partly opaque and multiple set of networks and relationships between the corporate (agricultural) sector, governments, and public and private science. With economic, cultural, social and affective dimensions it encompasses an extensive range of practices, technologies, images, identities and markets."[3]

Origin of the complex

The origin of the animal industrial complex can be traced back to antiquity when humans began domesticating animals. However, it was only since 1945 that the animal industrial complex began to grow significantly. According to Kim Stallwood, the animal industrial complex is "an integral part of the neoliberal, transnational order of increasing privatization and decreasing government intervention, favouring transnational corporations and global capital."[4] According to Sorenson, two milestones mark the shift in human attitudes toward animals that empowered the animal industrial complex, namely, Chicago and its stockyards and slaughterhouses from 1865 and the post-World War II developments such as intensive factory farms, industrial fishing, and xenotransplantation.[5] Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle explicitly describes the mistreatment of animals during their lives until they end up at the slaughterhouse.[6] Charles Patterson's Eternal Treblinka explains how the disassembly of animals in the slaughterhouses inspired Henry Ford's assembling of cars in factories, and how it further influenced the Third Reich in Nazi Germany in building concentration camps and gas chambers.[7]

Properties of the complex

The animal industrial complex breeds animals in the billions in order to make products and services for human consumption. All these animals are considered legal property of the animal industrial complex. The animal industrial complex is said to have transformed the already confused relationship between human and non-human animals, significantly increasing the consumption and threatening human survival.[4] The pervasive nature of the animal industrial complex is such that it evades attention.[4]

See also

Citations
  1. Noske, 1989, p. 20.
  2. Sorenson, 2014, p. xii, 298.
  3. Twine, 2012, p. 23.
  4. Sorenson, 2014, p. 299.
  5. Sorenson, 2014, pp. 299–300.
  6. Sinclair, 1906.
  7. Patterson, 2002, pp. 71–79.

References
  • John Sorenson (Ed.) (2014). Critical Animal Studies: Thinking the Unthinkable. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 978-1-55130-563-9. Retrieved 7 October 2018.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  • Barbara Noske (1989). Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-18-530-5054-1.
  • Upton Sinclair (1906). The Jungle. New York: Doubleday, Page, and Company.
  • Charles Patterson (2002). Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. Lantern Books. ISBN 978-19-300-5199-7.
  • Twine, Richard (2012). "Revealing the 'animal-industrial complex'—A concept & method for Critical Animal Studies?". Journal for Critical Animal Studies. 10 (1): 12–39.

Further reading
  • The rise of Critical Animal Studies. From the Margins to the Centre, Nik Taylor, Richard Twine [eds.], 2014
  • Defining Critical Animal Studies: An Intersectional Social Justice Approach for Liberation, Anthony J. Nocella II, John Sorenson, Kim Socha, and Atsuko Matsuoka [eds.], Institute for Critical Animal Studies, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4331-2136-4. ISSN 1058-1634
  • Animals as Biotechnology. Ethics, Sustainability and Critical Animal Studies, Richard Twine, 2010
  • Critical Animal Studies: Thinking the Unthinkable, John Sorenson (Ed.) (2014). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Scholars' Press. 345 pages. ISBN 978-1-55130-563-9
  • Critical Animal Studies: Towards Trans-species Social Justice, Atsuko Matsuoka and John Sorenson (Eds.) (2018). (Rowman and Littlefield International—Intersections series). London: Rowman & Littlefield International. 374 pages. ISBN 978-1-78660-647-1
  • Critical Animal Studies: An Introduction, Dawne McCance. (2013). Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 202 pages. ISBN 978-1-43844-534-2
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