Chess piece

A chess piece, or chessman, is any of the six different types of movable objects used on a chessboard to play the game of chess.

For other uses, see Chess piece (disambiguation).
Original Staunton chess pieces
Left to right: pawn, rook, knight, bishop, queen, king

Number of pieces
Chess pieces

King

Queen

Rook

Bishop

Knight

Pawn

Each player begins with a total of sixteen pieces. The pieces that belong to each player are distinguished by color. The lighter colored pieces are referred to as "white," and the player that owns them, "White". The darker colored pieces are referred to as "black", and the player that owns them, "Black". The word "piece" has three meanings, depending on the context. Context should make the intended meaning clear (Burgess 2009:523) (Hooper & Whyld 1992:307).

  1. It may mean any of the physical pieces of the set, including the pawns. When used this way, "piece" is synonymous with "chessman" (Hooper & Whyld 1992:307) or simply "man" (Hooper & Whyld 1987:200). Chess sets have been made in a variety of styles, sometimes for decorative or artistic purposes rather than practical play, but the Staunton pattern is standard for competition.
  2. In play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups: major pieces (queen and rook), minor pieces (bishop and knight), and the king (Brace 1977:220).
  3. In phrases such as "winning a piece", "losing a piece" or "sacrificing a piece" and other related contexts, it refers only to minor pieces (bishops or knights). The queen, rook, and pawn are specified by name in these cases—for example, "winning a queen", "losing a rook", or "sacrificing a pawn" (Just & Burg 2003:5).

In the first context, each of the two players begins with the following sixteen pieces in a standard game:

Moves of the pieces
Main article: Rules of chess
abcdefgh
8
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Chess starting position. Squares are referenced using algebraic notation.

The rules of chess prescribe the types of move a player can make with each type of chess piece. Each piece type moves in a different way. During play, the players take turns moving one of their own chess pieces.

  • The rook moves any number of vacant squares forwards, backwards, left, or right in a straight line. It also takes part, along with the king, in a special move called castling.
  • The bishop moves any number of vacant squares diagonally in a straight line. Consequently, a bishop stays on squares of the same color throughout a game. The two bishops each player starts with move on squares of opposite colors.
  • The queen moves any number of vacant squares in any direction: forwards, backwards, left, right, or diagonally, in a straight line.
  • The king moves exactly one vacant square in any direction: forwards, backwards, left, right, or diagonally; however, it cannot move to a square that is under attack by an opponent, nor can a player make a move with another piece if it will leave the king in check. It also has a special move called castling, in which the king moves two squares towards one of its own rooks and in the same move, the rook jumps over the king to land on the square on the king's other side. Castling may only be performed if the king and rook involved have never previously been moved in the game, if the king is not in check, if the king would not travel through or into check, and if there are no pieces between the rook and the king.
  • The knight moves on an extended diagonal from one corner of any 2×3 rectangle of squares to the furthest opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. Other than the castling move described above where the rook jumps over the king, the knight is the only piece permitted to routinely jump over any intervening piece(s) when moving.
  • The pawn moves forward exactly one square, or optionally, two squares when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of a pawn, either left or right, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant. If the pawn reaches a square on the back rank of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight (Just & Burg 2003:13–16).

Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move, except for castling. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece (Just & Burg 2003:13–16).

Relative value
Main article: Chess piece relative value

The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. A bishop positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces is usually more valuable than a knight stuck in a corner. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, central squares. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen (Hooper & Whyld 1992:438–39). These values are reliable in endgames, particularly with a limited number of pieces. But these values can change dramatically depending on the position, the phase of the game (opening, middle game, endings). A bishop pair for example, is worth a half a pawn on average (Soltis 2004:183). In specific circumstances, the values may be quite different: a knight can be more valuable than a queen in a particular decisive attack.

Historical illustration

Courier Chess, a predecessor of modern chess, used all six chess piece types plus a courier, man (or rath or sage), and jester.

Illustration of chess pieces used in Courier chess by Gustav Selenus from the book "Das Schach-Oder Königs-Spiel" (1616). Depicted are the king, queen, rook, archer (or bishop), knight, pawn (or soldier), courier, man (or rath or sage), and jester.

Piece names

The characters implied by pieces' names vary between languages. For example, in many languages, the piece known in English as the "knight" frequently translates as "horse", and the English "bishop" frequently translates as "elephant".

LanguageKingQueenRookBishopKnightPawnChessCheckCheckmate/Mate
figurine ♔ ♚ ♕ ♛ ♖ ♜ ♗ ♝ ♘ ♞ ♙ ♟ N/A + # or ++
Afrikaans K Koning
(king)		 D Dame
(lady)		 T Toring
(tower)		 L Loper
(runner)		 R Ruiter
(rider)		 (P) Pion Skaak Skaak Skaakmat
Albanian M Mbreti
(king)		 Msh Mbretëresha
(queen)		 Ku Kulla
(tower)		 O Oficeri
(officer)		 Ka Kali
(horse)		 (U) Ushtari
(soldier)		 Shahu Shah Shah mat
Arabic م مَلِك
(malik, king)		 و وزير
(wazïr, vizier)		 ر رخ/طابية
(rukhkh, fortress) / (ṭābiya, castle)		 ف فيل
(fīl, elephant)		 ح حصان
(ħiṣān, horse)		 ب بيدق/عسكري
(baidaq, pawn) / (`askarī, soldier)		 شطرنج
(shaṭranj)		 كِش مَلِك
(kish malik)		 كِش مات
(kish māt)
Azerbaijani Ş Şah V Vəzir T Top F Fil A At P Piyada Şahmat şah
shah		 mat
mat
Armenian Ա Արքա
(A Ark῾a, king)		 Թ Թագուհի
(T T῾agowhi, queen)		 Ն Նավակ
(N Navak, ship)		 Փ Փիղ
(P P῾ił, elephant)		 Ձ Ձի
(Dz Ji, horse)		 Զ Զինվոր
(Z Zinvor, soldier)		 Շախմատ (Ճատրակ)
Šaxmat (Čatrak)		 Շախ
(Šax)		 Մատ
(Mat)
Basque E Erregea (king) D Dama (lady) G Gaztelua (castle) A Alfila Z Zalduna (knight) (P) Peoia (pawn) Xake Xake Xake mate
Belarusian (Taraškievica) К кароль
(king)		 Вз візыр
(vizier)		 Лд ладзьдзя
(rook)		 А афіцэр
(officer)		 В вершнік
(rider)		 (Л) латнік
(pawn)		 Шахматы Шах Мат
Bengali R রাজা
(Raja)		 M মন্ত্রী
(Montri)		 N নৌকা
(Nouka)		 H গজ/হাতি
(Goj)/(Hati)		 G ঘোড়া
(Ghora)		 B বোড়া/সৈন্য/পেয়াদা
(Bora)/(Sainya)/(Peyada)		 দাবা (daba) কিস্তি
(kisti)		 কিস্তিমাত
(kistimat)
Bulgarian Ц цар
(king)		 Д дама
(lady)		 Т топ
(cannon)		 О офицер
(officer)		 К кон
(horse)		 (П) пешка Шахмат/Шах Шах (Шах и) мат
Catalan R rei D dama/reina
(lady)/(queen)		 T torre
(tower)		 A alfil C cavall
(horse)		 (P) peó Escacs Escac/Xec Escac i mat
Chinese K 王
(wáng, king)		 Q 后
(hòu, queen)		 R 車
(jū, chariot)		 B 象
(xiàng, elephant)		 N 馬
(mǎ, horse)		 (P) 兵
(bīng, soldier)		 國際象棋
(guójì xiàngqí, international chess)		 將軍
(jiāngjūn, general)		 將死
(jiāngsǐ, general dead)
Czech K král
(king)		 D dáma
(lady)		 V věž
(tower)		 S střelec
(shooter)		 J jezdec
(rider)		 (P) pěšec
(foot soldier)		 Šachy Šach Mat
Danish K konge
(king)		 D dronning
(queen)		 T tårn
(tower)		 L løber
(runner)		 S springer
(jumper)		 (B) bonde
(peasant)		 Skak Skak Skakmat
Dutch K koning
(king)		 D dame/koningin
(lady)/(queen)		 T toren/kasteel
(tower)/(castle)		 L loper/raadsheer
(runner)/(counsellor)		 P paard
(horse)		 (pi) pion Schaken Schaak Mat/Schaakmat
English K king Q queen R rook, castle B bishop N knight (P) pawn Chess Check Checkmate/Mate
Esperanto R reĝo
(king)		 D damo
(lady)		 T turo
(tower)		 K kuriero
(courier)		 Ĉ ĉevalo
(horse)		 (P) peono Ŝako Ŝak Ŝakmato
Estonian[1] K kuningas
(king)		 L lipp
(flag)		 V vanker
(chariot/carriage)		 O oda
(spear)		 R ratsu
(riding horse)		 (E) ettur
(forwarder)		 Male
(after malev)		 Tuli
(fire)
Šahh		 Matt
Finnish K kuningas
(king)		 D daami/kuningatar
(lady)/(queen)		 T torni
(tower)		 L lähetti
(messenger)		 R ratsu
(horse)		 (S) sotilas
(soldier)		 Shakki Shakki Matti/Shakkimatti
French R roi
(king)		 D dame
(lady)		 T tour
(tower)		 F fou
(jester)		 C cavalier
(rider)		 (P) pion Échecs Échec Échec et mat
Georgian მფ მეფე
(mep'e, king)		 ლ ლაზიერი
(lazieri, queen)		 ე ეტლი
(etli, chariot)		 კ კუ
(ku, tortoise)		 მ მხედარი
(mkhedari, rider)		 პ პაიკი
(paiki, pawn)		 ჭადრაკი (Čadraki) ქიში
(K'ishi)		 შამათი
(Shamat'i)
German[2] K König
(king)		 D Dame
(lady, queen)		 T Turm
(tower)		 L Läufer
(runner)		 S Springer
(jumper)		 (B) Bauer
(peasant)		 Schach Schach Matt/Schachmatt
Greek Ρ βασιλιάς
(vasiliás, king)		 Β βασίλισσα
(vasílissa, queen)		 Π πύργος
(pýrgos, tower)		 Α αξιωματικός
(axiomatikós, officer)		 Ι ίππος
(íppos, horse)		 (Σ) πιόνι
(pióni, pawn)		 Σκάκι
(Skáki)		 Σαχ
(Sach)		 Mατ
(Mat)
Hindi R राजा
(rājā, king)		 V वज़ीर
(vazīr, vizier)		 H हाथी
(hāthī, elephant)		 O ऊँट
(ūṁṭ, camel)		 G घोड़ा
(ghoṛā, horse)		 (P) प्यादा
(pyādā, infantryman)		 शतरंज
(Shatranj)		 शाह
(Shāh)		 शाहमात
(Shāhmāt)
Hebrew מ מלך
(Melech, king)		 מה מלכה
(Malka, queen)		 צ צריח
(Tzariach, tower)		 ר רץ
(Ratz, runner)		 פ פרש
(Parash, rider)		 רגלי
(Regli, foot-soldier)		 שחמט
(Shakhmat)		 שח
(Shakh)		 מט
(Mat)
Hausa S sarki
(king)		 Q sarauniya
(queen)		 R sansanin
(fortress)		 G giwa
(elephant)		 J jarumi
(mounted warrior)		 (P) soja
(soldier)		 ces ceki ceki mat
Hungarian K király
(king)		 V vezér/királynő
(vizier)/(queen)		 B bástya
(bastion)		 F futó
(runner)		 H huszár/ló
(hussar)/(horse)		 (Gy) gyalog/paraszt
(footman)/(peasant)		 Sakk Sakk Matt
Icelandic K kóngur
(king)		 D drottning
(queen)		 H hrókur
(rook)		 B biskup
(bishop)		 R riddari
(knight)		 (P) peð
(pawn)		 Skák Skák Skák og mát
Ido R rejo
(king)		 D damo
(lady)		 T turmo
(tower)		 E episkopo
(bishop)		 K kavalo
(horse)		 (P) piono Shakoludo Shako Shakmato
Indonesian R raja
(king)		 M menteri
(minister/vizier)		 B benteng
(castle/fortress)		 G gajah
(elephant)		 K kuda
(horse)		 (P) pion Catur Sekak/Ster Sekakmat
Interslavic K kralj
(king)		 C carica/dama
(empress/lady)		 Z zamok/věža
(castle/tower)		 L lovec
(hunter)		 J jezdec/konj
(rider/horse)		 (P) pěšak
(infantryman)		 Šahy Šah Mat
Irish R rí
(king)		 B banríon
(queen)		 C caiseal
(bulwark)		 E easpag
(bishop)		 D ridire
(knight)		 (F) fichillín/ceithearnach
(little chess piece/kern)		 Ficheall Sáinn Marbhsháinn
Italian R re
(king)		 D donna/regina
(lady/queen)		 T torre
(tower)		 A alfiere
(standard-bearer)		 C cavallo
(horse)		 (P) pedone
(footsoldier)		 Scacchi Scacco Scacco matto
Japanese K キング
(kingu)		 Q クイーン
(kuīn)		 R ルーク
(rūku)		 B ビショップ
(bishoppu)		 N ナイト
(naito)		 (P) ポーン
(pōn)		 チェス
(chesu)		 王手/
チェック
(chekku)		 詰み/
チェックメイト
(chekkumeito)
Javanese R raja
(king)		 Q ratu/perdhana mentri
(queen/prime minister)		 B bèntèng
(fortress)		 M mentri
(minister)		 K jaran
(horse)		 (P) pion sekak
Kannada ರಾ ರಾಜ
(raaja/king)		 ಮ ಮಂತ್ರಿ
(mantri/minister)		 ಆ ಆನೆ
(aane/elephant)		 ರ ರಥ
(ratha/chariot)		 ಕು ಕುದುರೆ
(kudure/horse)		 ಪಾ ಪಾದಾತಿ
(paadaati/foot soldier)
Korean K 킹
(king)		 Q 퀸
(kwin)		 R 룩
(rug)		 B 비숍
(bi syob)		 N 나이트
(na i teu)		 (P) 폰
(pon)		 체스
(che seu)		 체크
(che keu)		 체크메이트
(che keu me i teu)
Latin rex
(king)		 regina
(queen)		 turris
(tower)
elephas
(elephant)[3]		 signifer, cursor
(standard-bearer, messenger)
stultus
(fool)
alphinus
(ult. from Arabic)[3]		 eques
(knight)		 pedes, pedo
(footsoldier)		 Scacci Scaccus Mattus
Latvian K karalis
(king)		 D dāma
(lady)		 T tornis
(tower)		 L laidnis
(bishop)		 Z zirgs
(horse)		 (B) bandinieks
(peasant)		 Šahs Šahs Šahs un mats
Lithuanian K karalius (king) V valdovė (queen) B bokštas (tower) R rikis (Lithuanian military commander) Ž žirgas (horse) (P) pėstininkas (pawn) Šachmatai Šach Matas
Lojban N nolraitru (king) Nu nolraitruni'u (queen) B badydi'u (castle) X xanto (elephant) Xi xirma (horse) (S) sonci (soldier) caxmati gunta (attack) lo nolraitru cu morsi (the king is dead)
Luxembourgish K Kinnek
(king)		 D Damm
(lady)		 T Tuerm
(tower)		 L Leefer
(runner)		 P Päerd
(horse)		 (B) Bauer
(farmer)		 Schach Schach Schachmatt
Macedonian K крал
(king)		 D кралица/дама
(queen/lady)		 T топ
(cannon)		 L ловец
(hunter)		 S коњ
(horse)		 P пешак/пион
(infantryman/pawn)		 шах шах мат
Malayalam K രാജാവ്
(rajavu, king)		 Q മന്ത്രി
(manthri, minister)		 R തേര്
(theru, chariot)		 B ആന
(anaa, elephant)		 N/Kt കുതിര
(kuthira, horse)		 (P) കാലാള്‍ / പടയാളി
(kalal)/(padayali, foot soldier)		 ചതുരംഗം
(chathurangam)		 ചെക്ക്
check		 ചെക്ക് മേറ്റ്
check mate
Marathi R राजा
(rājā, king)		 V वजीर
(vajīr, vizier)		 H हत्ती
(hātti, elephant)		 O उंट
(Unṭ, camel)		 G घोडा
(ghoḍā, horse)		 (P) प्यादे
(pyāde, foot soldier)		 बुद्धिबळ
(buddhibal)		 शह
(shāh)		 शहमात
(shāhmāt)
Mongolian Н ноён
(noyan)		 Б бэрс
(fers, vizier)		 т тэрэг
(tereg, chariot)		 Т тэмээ
(temee, camel)		 М морь
(mor, rider)		 (Х) хүү
(hüü, infantryman)		 Шатар шаг, дуг, цод мад
Norwegian Bokmål K konge
(king)		 D dronning
(queen)		 T tårn
(tower)		 L løper
(runner)		 S springer
(jumper)		 (B) bonde
(peasant)		 Sjakk Sjakk Sjakkmatt
Norwegian Nynorsk K konge
(king)		 D dronning
(queen)		 T tårn
(tower)		 L løpar
(runner)		 S springar
(jumper)		 (B) bonde
(peasant)		 Sjakk Sjakk Sjakkmatt
Persian ش شاه
(king)		 و وزیر
(vizier, minister)		 ق/ر قلعه/رخ
(castle)		 ف فیل
(elephant)		 ا اسب
(horse)		 س سرباز
(soldier)		 شطرنج کیش
(kish)		 مات
(mat)
Polish K król
(king)		 H hetman W wieża
(tower)		 G goniec
(courier)		 S skoczek
(jumper)		 (P) pion
(pawn)		 szachy szach mat (szach-mat / szach i mat)
Portuguese R rei
(king)		 D dama/rainha
(lady)/(queen)		 T torre
(tower)		 B bispo
(bishop)		 C cavalo
(horse)		 (P) peão Xadrez Xeque Xeque-mate
Romanian R rege
(king)		 D damă/regină
(lady)/(queen)		 T turn
(tower)		 N nebun
(fool, jester)		 C cal
(horse)		 (P) pion Şah Şah Mat
Russian Кр король (king)
Kr korol'		 Ф ферзь (vizier)
F ferz'		 Л ладья (boat)
L ladya		 С слон (elephant)
S slon		 К конь (horse)
K kon'		 (П) пешка
P peshka		 шахматы
shakhmaty		 шах
shakh		 мат
mat
Scottish Gaelic R righ (king) B bànrigh (queen) T tùr (tower) E easbaig (bishop) D ridir (knight) (P) pàn (pawn) feòirne casg tul-chasg
Serbo-Croatian К/K краљ / kralj (king) Д/D (краљицa / kraljica / queen) or (дама / dama / lady) Т/T топ / top (tower) Л/L ловац / lovac (hunter) С/S (скaкaч / skakač / jumper) or (коњ / konj / horse) (П) (пешак / pešak / pedestrian) or (пион / pion / pawn) Шах / Šah Шах / Šah Мат / Mat
Northern Sotho К Kgoši Kg Kgošigadi N Ntlosebô/Moshate Mp Mopišopo M Mogale S Seitšhireletšo Tšhêšê Check Checkmate
Sicilian R re
(king)		 D riggina
(queen)		 T turru
(tower)		 A alferu S scecc[h]u
(donkey)		 (P) pidinu
(footsoldier)		 Scacchi
Slovak K kráľ (king) D dáma (lady) V veža (tower) S strelec (shooter) J jazdec (horseman) (P) pešiak (infantryman, pawn) Šach Šach Mat/Šachmat
Slovene K kralj (king) D dama (lady) T trdnjava (castle) L lovec (hunter) S skakač (jumper) (P) kmet (farmer) Šah Šah Mat/Šahmat
Spanish R rey
(king)		 D dama/reina
(lady/queen)		 T torre
(tower)		 A alfil C caballo
(horse)		 (P) peón
(foot-soldier)		 Ajedrez Jaque Jaque mate
Swedish K kung D dam/drottning
(lady)/(queen)		 T torn
(tower)		 L löpare
(runner)		 S springare/häst
(horse)		 (B) bonde
(peasant)		 Schack Schack Schack matt
Tamil K அரசன்
(arasaṉ, king)		 Q அரசி
(araci, queen)		 R கோட்டை
(kōṭṭai, castle)		 B அமைச்சர் / மந்திரி
(amaicchar, minister) / (manthiri, minister)		 N/Kt குதிரை
(kutirai, horse)		 (P) காலாள் / சிப்பாய்
(kālāḷ, fotsoldier) / (cippāy, sepoy)		 சதுரங்கம்
(sathurankam)		 முற்றுகை
(muṟṟukai)		 இறுதி முற்றுகை
(iṟuti muṟṟukai)
Telugu రాజు
(rāju, king)		 మంత్రి
(maṃtri, minister)		 ఏనుగు
(ēnugu, elephant)		 శకటు
(śakaţu)		 గుర్రం
(gurraṃ, horse)		 బంటు
(baṃţu, soldier)		 చదరంగం
(cadaraṃgaṃ)		 దాడి
(dāḍi)		 కట్టు
(kaţţu)
Thai ข ขุน
(khun, king)		 ต เม็ด (ตรี/มนตรี)
(met (trī/montrī), counselor)		 ร เรือ
(reūa, ship)		 ค โคน
(khōn, elephant)		 ม ม้า
(mā, horse)		 (บ) เบี้ย
(bīa, menial)		 หมากรุก
(mākruk)		 รุก
(ruk, invade)		 จน
(jon, checkmate)
Turkish Ş/K şah/kral (shah/king) V vezir (vizier) K kale (castle) F fil (elephant) A at (horse) (P) er/piyon (soldier/pawn) Satranç Şah Mat
Ukrainian Kр король
(korol, king)		 Ф ферзь
(ferz, vizier)		 T тура
(tura, tower)		 C слон
(slon, elephant)		 K кінь
(kin, horse)		 (П) пішак, пішка
(pishak/pishka, footsoldier)		 Шахи
(shakhi)		 Шах
(shakh)		 Мат
(mat)
Urdu بادشاہ‎
(bādshāh)		 وزیر‎
(vazīr)		 رخ‎
(rukh)		 فيلہ‎
(fiyalah)		 گھوڑا‎
(ghōṛā)		 پیادہ‎
(pyādah)		 شطرنج‎
(šaṭranj)		 شہ‎
(sheh)		 شہمات‎
(shehmāt)
Vietnamese V vua (king) H hậu (queen) X xe (chariot) T tượng (elephant) M mã (horse) _ tốt (soldier) Cờ vua Chiếu Chiếu bí/Chiếu hết/Hết cờ
Welsh T teyrn/brenin (lord/king) B brenhines ( queen) C castell (castle) E esgob (bishop) M marchog (rider) (G) gwerinwr (peasant) Gwyddbwyll Siach Siachmat

(Luiro 2009)

See also

Notes
  1. The Estonian chess terms were coined by Ado Grenzstein.
  2. "Handbook". www.fide.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. The pieces bear the names: Koenig, Dame, Turm, Laeufer, Springer, Bauer
  3. H. J. R. Murray, A History of Chess, ch. 11

References
  • Brace, Edward (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Craftwell, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
  • Burgess, Graham (2009), The Mammoth Book of Chess (3rd ed.), Running Press, ISBN 978-0-7624-3726-9
  • Evans, Larry (1973), Evans on Chess, Conerstone Library, ISBN 0-87749-699-4
  • Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), "Value of pieces", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
  • Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel S. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4
  • Soltis, Andrew (2004), Rethinking the Chess Pieces, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8904-9
  • Luiro, Ari (2009), Chess pieces in different languages, archived from the original on October 21, 2009, retrieved 2011-11-04
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