8th century

The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian Calendar. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Empire was famously halted at the Siege of Constantinople by the Byzantine Empire and the Battle of Tours by the Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.[1]

Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Timelines:
State leaders:
Decades:
Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 8th Century.

In Europe, late in the century, the Vikings, seafaring peoples from Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean, and go on to found several important kingdoms.

In Asia, the Pala Empire is founded in Bengal. The Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under Chinese Emperor Xuanzong. The Nara period begins in Japan.

Events
A prisoner from Palenque in Toniná
An 8th-century Tang dynasty Chinese clay figurine of a Sogdian man (an Eastern Iranian person) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a Zoroastrian priest engaging in a ritual at a fire temple, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva; Museum of Oriental Art (Turin), Italy.[6]
Borobudur in Indonesia
  • 768: Pepin dies; Charles becomes king at Noyan and his brother Carloman becomes king at Soissons.
  • 770's – 780's: Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by Sailendran-Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu or Dharanindra.[9]
  • 772 – 804: Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling the Saxons for more than thirty years and finally crushing their rebellion, incorporating Saxony into the Frankish Empire and the Christian world.
  • 778: Kalasan temple constructed, according to the Kalasan inscription.
  • 781: Nestorian Monument is erected in China.
  • 782: Buddhist monk Prajna reaches Chang'an and translates the sutras into Chinese.
  • 785: The Tang dynasty begins landing regular maritime missions on the coast of East Africa, cutting out middlemen Arab sea merchants.
  • 785 – 805: Chinese geographer Jia Dan describes large lighthouse pillars built in the Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by al-Mas'udi and al-Muqaddasi.
  • 787: The Empress Irene of Athens convenes the Seventh Ecumenical Council, ending the first phase of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
  • 792: Battle of Marcelae. The Bulgarian victory over the Byzantines marks the end of the half-century political instability in Bulgaria.
  • 792: The Manjusrigrha (Sewu) temple is completed according to Manjusrigrha inscription.
  • 793: The first written account of a Viking raid carried out on the abbey of Lindisfarne in northern England.
  • 793: The Frisian–Frankish wars come to an end with the last uprising of the Frisians.
  • 794: Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Heian-kyō (present day Kyoto), initiating the Heian period of Japan.
  • 800: An Arab fleet sails up the Tiber.
  • 800 – 909: Rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.
  • 800: Beginning of the ancient West African state of Takrur or Tekrour, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire.
  • 800: On Christmas Day, Charlemagne is crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.
  • 800: The agriculturally based Buddhist Sailendra kingdom flourishes and declines.[5] (to 832)

Significant persons

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
8th century silk fragment, central Asia

References
  1. Roberts, J., History of the World, Penguin, 1994.
  2. Roberts, J., History of the World, Penguin, 1994.
  3. Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation. Mizan Pustaka. ISBN 979-433-430-8.
  4. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 34–37. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  5. Miksic (1997)
  6. Lee Lawrence. (3 September 2011). "A Mysterious Stranger in China". The Wall Street Journal. Accessed on 31 August 2016.
  7. Miksic (2003)
  8. Taylor (2003), p. 37.
  9. Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 171. ISBN 981-4155-67-5.
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