2020 Belarusian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Belarus on Sunday, 9 August 2020. Early voting began on 4 August and ran until 8 August.[2]

2020 Belarusian presidential election
9 August 2020
Turnout84.17%[1]
 
Nominee Alexander Lukashenko Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
Party Independent Independent
Alliance Belaya Rus Country for Life
Popular vote 4,661,075 588,622
Percentage 80.10% 10.12%
President before election

Alexander Lukashenko
Independent

 Elected President

Alexander Lukashenko (disputed)
Independent

Belarus
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The president was elected directly to serve for five years. Incumbent Alexander Lukashenko was re-elected to a sixth term in office (with about 80% of all votes in his favour according to official results), having won every presidential election since 1994,[3] with all but the first being labelled by international monitors as neither free nor fair.[4] Opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya declared herself the winner of the elections and called on Lukashenko to start negotiations, meanwhile, her campaign team stated that they were ready to hold "long-term protests" against the official results.[5]

All opposition candidates have filed appeals to the Central Election Commission of Belarus (CEC) calling for the results to be invalidated.[6] The election was marred by allegations of widespread electoral fraud.[7][8]

Background

On 8 May 2020, the National Assembly set 9 August as the date for the presidential election.[9] Incumbent President Alexander Lukashenko has been leading the country since the first presidential elections held in 1994, and is described by the West as leading an authoritarian dictatorship following a consolidation of power shortly thereafter.[10] Opposition activists are often pressured or detained by the government, and Lukashenko or those loyal to him control (as of 2019) all of the seats in both houses of the National Assembly, all judicial appointments, the media, and the CEC (which has the power to approve or deny candidates for political offices).[11]

Electoral system

The President of Belarus is elected using the two-round system. If no candidate obtains over 50% of the vote, a second round is held with the top two candidates. The winner of the second round is elected. A turnout quorum of 50% is applied.

Despite the two-round system being in place, a second round has not been required since 1994. In the previous four elections, Lukashenko claimed margins of 77 percent or more in the first round. No election after 1994 has been labeled by the international community as free or fair.[4]

Candidates

Registered candidates

The following list of candidates were officially registered by the CEC as candidates for the presidential election on 21 July 2020.[12][13] To register as a candidate for the presidency the candidate is required to submit an application for an initiative group of voters containing no fewer than 100,000 persons.[14]

Registered candidates for the 2020 Belarusian presidential election
Candidate Occupation Subject of nomination Application date Initiative group registration date Initiative group size[15]
Alexander Lukashenko[3] Incumbent president of Belarus Self-nomination 17 November 2019[16] 15 May 2020 11,480
Siarhei Cherachen Chairman of the Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly 11 January 2020[17] 20 May 2020 1,127
Hanna Kanapatskaya Member of Parliament (2016–2019) Self-nomination 12 May 2020[18] 20 May 2020 1,314
Andrey Dmitriyeu Co-chairman of the political movement "Tell the Truth" Tell the Truth 8 May 2020[19] 20 May 2020 2,399
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya Spouse of Belarusian YouTuber and activist Siarhei Tsikhanouski Self-nomination 15 May 2020[20] 20 May 2020 247

Denied candidates
  • Viktar Babaryka – former Chairman of the Management Board of OJSC Belgazprombank[21]
    • On 14 July the CEC voted unanimously to deny Babaryka's registration due to an alleged inconsistency in his submitted income and property declaration.[22]
  • Valery Tsepkalo – founder and former director (2005–2017) of the Belarusian High Technology Park[23]
    • On 30 June the CEC announced that Tsepkalo had only gathered 75,249 valid signatures (out of 160,000 he had submitted). This was below the 100,000 required to run for president.[24][25] On 24 July, fearing arrest, Tsepkalo fled to Russia with his two children.[26]
  • Siarhei Tsikhanouski – political and business YouTube blogger[27][28]
    • He was taken to prison after a provocation in Hrodna, before Alexander Lukashenko mentioned that Tsikhanouski was fighting against a police officer and that the authorities found $900,000 in his second house. During the sentencing, Tsikhanouski stated that he had no idea about the money found by the authorities. Lukashenko also confirmed that Tsikhanouski was detained by the authorities after giving his command.[29]
  • Yuri Hantsevich – farmer and blogger[30]
  • Yuras Hubarevich – head of the Movement "For Freedom"
  • Volha Kavalkova – co-chairman of the organizing committee for the establishment of the Belarusian Christian Democracy
  • Mikalai Kazlou – acting chairman of United Civic Party of Belarus
  • Natallia Kisel – individual entrepreneur
  • Vladimir Nepomnyashchikh – pensioner
  • Ales Tabolich – musician, frontman of the folk-metal band Znich

Withdrawn candidates

Declined candidates

In January 2020, five opposition forces, the Movement "For Freedom", Belarusian Christian Democracy, Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly), BPF Party and United Civic Party of Belarus reached a definite agreement to hold primaries to field a single candidate from the Belarusian opposition. Yury Hubarevich (For Freedom), Paval Sieviaryniec, Volha Kavalkova (both BCD), Aliaksei Yanukevich (BPF) and Mikalai Kazlou (UCPB) were listed as potential candidates.[34][35]

The Belarusian Green Party announced that it would not participate in the primaries and the election.[36]

The Belarusian Left Party "A Just World" called for a boycott of the election, describing the election a “political farce″.[37]

Collection of signatures
Candidates who received more than 100,000 signatures in support of their candidacy
Candidate Signatures collected[38][39][40][41][42] Signatures
submitted		 Signatures
accepted[43]
28 May 4 June 8 June 19 June
Viktar Babaryka 51,259 82,519 167,001 435,119 367,179[44] 165,744
Siarhei Cherachen 20,247 52,991 74,382 153,764 149,750 143,109
Andrei Dmitriyeu 14,118 36,475 59,975 112,950 110,754 106,841
Anna Kanapatskaya 12,483 36,432 72,864 159,728 151,631[45] 146,588
Natallia Kisel 37,235 62,470 73,941 108,705 N/A
Alexander Lukashenko 199,752 499,256 998,760 1,997,520 1,958,800 1,939,572
Valery Tsepkalo 19,807 54,828 118,456 212,412 158,682[46] 75,249
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya 1,567 59,774 145,322 109,479[47] 104,757

Most government organizations forced their employees to sign for Alexander Lukashenko under threats that their work contracts would not be renewed.[48][49][50]

Timeline

May

  • 5 May — The House of Representatives of Belarus schedules the date for the presidential election.[51][52]
  • 15 May — Last day to register as a candidate, a total of 55 candidates apply. This is a record for independent Belarus.[53]
  • 20 May — The CEC registers a total of 15 groups on 15, 19 and 20 May.[54]
  • 22 May — Election commissions are formed.[55]
  • 29 May — Siarhei Tsikhanouski holds a picket in Hrodno at which he and nine activists of his initiative group are detained.[56]

June

  • 5 June — The first picket in the election campaign takes place and signatures are collected for the nomination of incumbent president Alexander Lukashenko as a candidate.
  • 10 June — Lukashenko orders that the CEC should be provided with necessary support during the election campaign.
  • 11 June— The Financial Investigation Department opens a criminal case against a number of employees of Belgazprombank (headed by Viktar Babaryka); searches are carried out in the bank, and fifteen people are detained.
  • 17 June — A private bank account held by the headquarters of Viktor Babaryka is blocked, and more than 100,000 Belarusian rubles ($45,000) are frozen.
  • 18 June — Both Viktar and Eduard Babaryka are detained early in the morning. That evening, the so-called “Action of Solidarity” took place in Minsk. Several thousand people lined up in a human chain from Yakub Kolas Square to Independence Square, spanning more than 3 km. The action was loudly approved by applause and honking of passing cars. The event lasted over six hours and ended after midnight.
  • 19 June — Yuri Gubarevich and Alexander Tabolich withdraw from the presidential race after working hours in many cities of the country (Minsk, Homel, Mogilev, Orsha, Pinsk, etc.), the next "Solidarity Actions" are held. In some places there are detentions, and in Brest and Molodechno there are clashes with riot police. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 270 citizens are detained. In the evening, by one of the leaders of Babaryka's campaign releases a proposal to hold a republican referendum and the return of the 1994 Constitution.
  • 30 June — The CEC holds a meeting at which five presidential candidates are rejected. Among them is Tsepkalo, who only had 75,000 signatures out of the required 100,000. Most of Tsepkalo's signatures are rejected by CEC.

July

  • 14 July — The CEC refuses to register Babaryka for the presidential election because of inconsistencies in the declaration of income and property and the participation of a foreign organization in his election campaign. In many cities across Belarus, including Minsk, protest actions are held, over 250 people are detained, six riot police officers are injured, and 4 are hospitalized.
  • 15 July — Citizens form a line to the CEC building to file complaints over the refusal to register Babaryka and Tsepkalo. The line stretches for over a kilometer. Soon police appear and a number of people are detained.
  • 16 July
    • The headquarters of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Babaryka and Tsepkalo unite, asserting need for general control over the course of voting and holding fresh elections if they win.
    • The OSCE representative says that observers will not be present at the upcoming elections because the Belarusian Foreign Ministry did not send an official invitation on time (it was sent on 15 July, when there was less than a month left before the elections).
  • 19 July — in the city of Vitebsk and Minsk at Bangalore Square, the first meeting is held with the voters of Tsikhanouskaya, and according to various estimates there are approx. 7,000- 8,000 people total present.
  • 21 July — Presidential candidates Tsikhanouskaya, Anna Kanopatskaya, Sergei Cherechen and Andrei Dmitriyeu appear on national TV channel, “Belarus 1”.
  • 30 July
    • The CEC summons presidential candidates. It is reported that on the night of 29 July 33 Russian citizens were detained and also that security measures are being strengthened and they issued warnings of possible provocation from Russia.
    • Presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya refused to debate on state-wide TV, and she also challenged Alexander Lukashenko to a one-on-one debate.
    • Presidential candidates Sergei Cherechen, Andrei Dmitriyeu, and Oleg Gaidukevich, Alexander Lukashenko's confidant, took part in the nationally televised debates.
    • A permitted rally of presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya took place in the Friendship of Peoples Park in Minsk. According to human rights activists, 63,000–70,000 people gathered,[57][58] but a statement from the Belarusian Interior Ministry alleged that only 18,250 people had been recorded passing through the metal-detecting checkpoints set up at the event.[59]

August

  • 2 August - Tsikhanouskaya and her team visit Baranovichy (the meeting was attended by 7,400 people) and Brest (18,000 people). A planned rally in Pinsk does not take place, since the only site allocated for pre-election rallies was already occupied by Lukashenko's confidant daily until 8 August from the hours of 8:00 AM to 10:00 PM (similarly, the only site in Stolin was booked for the entire pre-election period ).
  • 4 August - In Slutsk and Salihorsk (Minsk Region), local executive committees cancels meetings with Tsikhanouskaya and her team at the very last minute under the pretext needing to carry out urgent repairs of the only venues allowed for voter meetings. Riot police are sent to both cities and begin detaining some of the people and under similar pretexts, previously agreed meetings with Dmitriyeu in Lyepel and Polotsk (Vitebsk Region) are canceled.
  • August 5—6
    • The Minsk City Executive Committee announces a meeting/concert of Tsikhanouskaya scheduled for 6 August, cannot be held, and that within Friendship of Peoples Park in Minsk it is also not possible, since a holiday in honor of the Day of Railway Troops is to be held there (on 7 and 8 August, the park is reserved for other events). The remaining five sites in Minsk, where pre-election rallies are allowed, were also booked daily until 8 August for events unrelated to the elections. Large-scale holiday concerts with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian pop stars are announced on the official websites of the city executive committees. Free concerts are scheduled for 8 August, the day before the main voting day in the presidential elections, at the main venues in various cities of Belarus. Many artists begin to refuse to perform in Belarusian cities. A special group of the Russian Foundation for Free Elections arrives in Minsk as representatives for CIS observation of international elections.
    • The Tsikhanouskaya's rally is moved to Kievsky Square, which is located a few hundred meters from Bangalore Square, this was meant to be an open day for an additional education institution event to take place in Kievsky Square. From the steps of the cinema "Kiev" the song "Changes" by Viktor Tsoi sounded. Later the two DJs, Vladislav Sokolovsky and Kirill Galanov, who started playing the song, are detained. The song is deemed to be officially illegal in Belarus.
  • 7 August
    • The court appointed the sound technicians Kirill Galanov and Vladislav Sokolovsky for 10 days of administrative arrest for hooliganism and disobedience towards the police.
    • Tikhanovskaya addressed the Belarusian people together with her associates Maria Kolesnikova and Veronika Tsepkalo. The Solidarity bike ride took place on 7 August in Minsk.
    • In Minsk, actions of solidarity took place, including a bike ride was held in support of two musicians who were detained. This detention was considered brutal and carried out by the security forces. As of 8 August, several people were detained, some of the detentions ended in violence with ambulances being called. The journalists of the "Current Time" TV channel were also detained. They were deported from the country and barred entry for 10 years.
  • 8 August
    • The CEC announced that the turnout in the four days of the early voting reached 32.24%
    • In the evening, Maria Kolesnikova (a member of Tikhanovskaya's headquarters) was detained. She was soon released; authorities claimed she was taken by mistake. Maria Moroz, chief of staff of Tihanovskaya's campaign, was also detained and placed in an isolation center for offenders in Minsk.

Campaign
Street banner in Minsk with the date of the election

Siarhei Tsikhanouski and Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
Rally in support of Tsikhanouskaya in Minsk on 30 July 2020
Rally in support of Tsikhanouskaya in Minsk on 30 July 2020. Tsikhanouskaya is on the left
Rally in support of Tsikhanouskaya in Minsk on 30 July 2020. Security measures (taken after the arrest of 33 alleged Russian mercenaries)

On 7 May, Belarusian blogger and entrepreneur Syarhei Tsikhanouski has announced on his YouTube channel "Country for Life" that he intended to become a candidate in the presidential election.[60][61] Prior to this event, on 6 May, he was detained by the Belarusian police in the vicinity of Mahilyow.

The police officers refused to present identification (confirming that they were legitimate policemen) and threatened to break the windows of the car that Tsikhanouski was in.[62] Prior to that, a crowd of Tsikhanouski's supporters in Mahilyow released a member of Tsikhanouski's team from the police.[63] A day later, allies of Tsikhanouski were arrested, including a blogger from Slutsk, Uladzimier Niaronski.[64] The Tsikhanouski's team, including Niaronski, were chased by road police and two minivans with members of the police special forces AMAP.[65]

The blogger's arrest was due to his trips around the Belarus that covered consequences of the Lukashenko’s 26-year tenure as a president. The Tsikhanouski trips were popular and gathered hundreds of people who spoke out to him about violations of human rights and economic problems. During these trips, Tsikhanouski and his team was constantly chased by cars with the people which were recording him and his activities, presumably they were employees of the Belarusian special services.[66]

After the Tikhanovski was arrested, his supporters held a series of protests across the Belarus. According to Radio Liberty, 20 to 30 people were detained in Homiel, which is Tsikhanouski's hometown.[64] Viasna Human Rights Centre reported that at least 19 of his supporters were brutally detained in Minsk.[64]

After his arrest, Tsikhanouski was transported to Homiel, where he was placed in a temporary detention center. The formal reason for his detention was his participation in the rally against the integration of Belarus with Russia on 19 December 2019 in Minsk. After his detention, Tsikhanouski has announced on his YouTube channel his intention to run for president of Belarus. The video had recorded 250,000 views in 20 hours after the publication. The aforementioned YouTube channel had 276,000 subscribers as of 10 August.[67] However, the Central Election Commission of Belarus refused to register the initiative group to nominate him.[68][69]

His spouse, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, decided to apply for election as a candidate, her initiative group was successfully registered by the Central Election Commission of Belarus.[70] Tsikhanouski became the head of the initiative group to collect signatures for Tikhanovskaya's participation in the election.

On 20 May, Tsikhanouski was released from the temporary detention center.[71][72] He explained that the pressure of activist supporters helped to achieve it. In an interview with Tsikhanouski after his release, Deutsche Welle drew parallels between the Belarusian blogger and Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny and the Ukrainian actor Volodymyr Zelensky, who became the president of Ukraine.[73] RTVI also drew a parallel between Tsikhanouski and Navalny.[74]

Tsikhanouski then began travelling round the country to hold pickets in order to collect signatures for Tsikhanouskaya. Tsikhanouski's pickets were very popular and attracted thousands of people. The queue to the picket in Minsk near Kamarouski market was half a mile long. Several thousand people also attended the picket of Tsikhanouski in Homiel. Tsikhanouski announced that he was collecting signatures for fair election in Belarus.

Tsikhanouski uses the slogan "Stop the cockroach!" in his campaign, which is chanted by his supporters. The symbol of the campaign is a slipper. The slogan "Stop the cockroach!" refers to the fairy tale "Cockroach" by Soviet poet Kornei Chukovsky about how a "moustached cockroach" intimidated all the animals and became their ruler. Apparently, this slogan is a reference to the current leadership of Belarus. Slippers are supposedly a traditional means of pest control.[75] Euronews journalists called the events in Belarus the "Slipper Revolution", demonstrating the quote of the Belarusian activist Franak Viačorka with this phrase.[76]

On 29 May, Tsikhanouski visited Hrodna to collect signatures for his wife. On the same day, the head of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko alluded to Tsikhanouski at a meeting with workers of Minsk Tractor Works: "They come cool, all in jeeps — 10-12 cars... we know whose cars he drives, who finances it. We know where he comes from, what his citizenship is and stuff... We all know that. I'm already looking, they're giving me information, our people have already seen it."[77] Tsikhanouski commented on Lukashenko's statement to the Nasha Niva newspaper: "My last name isn't there, but a hint of me: "We know his citizenship." They have information, analytical work! I have one citizenship, I never had any other. In terms of money — I've had business since 2005, I have money."[78]

A few hours after Lukashenko's statement, when Tsikhanouski was talking with the residents of Hrodna, nearby there was a provocation, where policeman fall by him self and was laying on the ground whistling. After one minute and thirteen seconds later, Tsikhanouski was detained by AMAP.[79] Eight vans arrived to detain him.[80] The soldiers of the special unit escorted Tsikhanouski into a police GAZelle van without showing their IDs. During the arrest, the van's door was broken. The blogger's supporters tried to stop the vans from leaving the place of detention. Unidentified people in tracksuits then cleared the way for the police transport to leave in a struggle with Tsikhanouski's supporters.[80] Then supporters then went to the police station in Hrodna to demand the blogger's release.[81][82]

Shortly after Tsikhanouski's arrest, Belarusian state-owned TV channel Belarus 1 showed a story where the events in Hrodna were covered as follows: "From the very first minutes, this collection of signatures turned into a rally, and according to the law, it is prohibited to hold campaign meetings at this stage of the election campaign. As a result, this manner of communication turned into a scuffle. The police, trying to restore order, found themselves in the epicenter of the scuffle, which was arranged on the square. One of the police officers was attacked."[83][84] The leader of the United Civil Party, retired lieutenant colonel of the Belarusian police, Mikalai Kazlou, noted that during his speech at Minsk Tractor Plant, Alexander Lukashenko "gave the command to screw, twist, throw in jail, and the minister immediately seized this opportunity and created a provocation". Kazlou also noted that all the policemen involved in this provocation would be exposed and brought to justice.[85]

According to the Vesna Human Rights Centre, at least 13 people were detained, including two members of Tsikhanouskaya's initiative group and three assistants of Tsikhanouski. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus announced that investigators had opened a criminal case for violence against police officers.[86]

Tsikhanouskaya made an official statement regarding the detention of her husband and the head of the headquarters of her initiative group in Hrodna: "I officially declare: Today, 29 May, during a picket in Hrodna in support of my candidacy for the presidency there was a "dirty" provocation against Syarhei Leanidovich Tsikhanouski, head of the headquarters of my initiative group. He was detained. I declare responsibly that the picket was legal and peaceful. In connection with this, I demand the immediate release of the head of my initiative group, otherwise, I will regard it as a violation of my constitutional rights and pressure on me as a candidate for the presidency of Belarus". She promised to submit relevant applications to the CEC and the Interior Ministry.[87]

The first two mass rallies after registration by the Tsikhanouskaya campaign were held on 19 July in Banhalore Square in Minsk and the city of Dzyarzhynsk with an audience of around 7,500. She was joined on stage by Babaryka's campaign manager Maryja Kalesnikava and Tsepkalo's wife Veranika as they had announced earlier that they would merge their campaigns.[88][89]

Local governments cancelled several campaign events that Tsikhanouskaya had planned to hold in the run-up to the elections.[2]

"Female Solidarity"

Before the 2020 presidential election, Alexander Lukashenko insisted that Belarus is not ready for a woman to be president. On 17 July the three women representing the main opposition candidates (Tsikhanouskaya, Tsepkalo's wife Veronica and Babaryka's campaign manager Maryja Kalesnikava) merged their campaigns, pitting "Female Solidarity" against Lukashenko.[90]

Pressure by authorities

Viktar Babaryka was detained on 18 June during the reported arrest of several hundred opposition supporters. Charges of embezzlement and fraud have been brought against Babaryka, who is currently being held in a State Security Committee detention centre in Minsk.[91][92][93]

Valery Tsepkalo, who was not allowed to register as a candidate, and has "gone to Moscow with his children, fearing for his safety". During an interview, Tsepkalo mentioned that his friends in law enforcement agencies warned "an order had gone out for my arrest". Tsepkalo said he planned to give press conferences in Russia, Ukraine, Western Europe and the United States to expose "the true nature of the Belarusian regime." His wife, Veronika Tsepkalo, is remaining in Belarus to help the campaign of Lukashenko's main competitor in the election, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.[94][95]

In June, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya released a video saying that she had been threatened with arrest, and her children being taken away if she continued to campaign. She had to send her children abroad to live with their grandmother for their safety.[96] The children of opposition candidates have been taken away before and put into state orphanages.[97]

According to Belarusian Electoral Code (articles 45 and 451),[98][99] local authorities have to determine some outdoor sites for rallies and meetings, where mass events are possible. In Minsk, the authorities allowed six sites to be used for this purpose (none of them in the city centre)[100] while only one site was usually allocated in each of the small towns. During the 2020 election, the authorities and confidants of Lukashenko widely used booking of these sites to prevent independent candidates to meet with people. In Pinsk (Brest region), local authorities provided only one site for meetings with candidates, and this site was booked by a confidant of Lukashenko (Tacciana Lugina, mayor of Pinsk) from 24 July to 8 August. Due to this, Tsikhanouskaya failed to visit Pinsk on 2 August.[101][102] In Stolin (Brest region), the only site was booked by Lugina too from 27 July to 8 August every day from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m.[103]

On 4 August, Tsikhanouskaya planned to visit Slutsk and Salihorsk (Minsk region). On 3 August, local authorities of Slutsk informed the confidant of Tsikhanouskaya that the meeting couldn't be held due to "urgent repair" of the only provided site, but they didn't provide the alternative site (as requried by law).[104] The meeting in Salihorsk was also cancelled by the authorities at the last moment. The people who gathered in Slutsk and Salihorsk were asked to leave and those who refused were arrested.[105][106][107] Meetings with another independent candidate Andrey Dmitriyeu in Liepiel and Polatsk (Viciebsk region) were cancelled at the last moment for similar reasons.[108]

On 6 August, Tsikhanouskaya was forced to cancel a previously announced rally in Minsk due to full booking at all six sites in the city that were made available by the authorities. Instead, she, with Veranika Tsepkalo and Maryja Kalesnikava, visited one of the booked sites and invited people to join them, but the policemen did not allow three of them to come in. During the event, DJs put the song "[We Want] Changes!" by Viktor Tsoi and thus supported Tsikhanouskaya. They were later sentenced to detention for 10 days.[109][110][111][112]

On 8 August, Maryja Maroz (campaign manager of Tsikhanouskaya) and Maryja Kalesnikava (see above) were arrested, but Kalesnikava was freed a few hours later.[113][114]

Solidarity

Demonstrations in solidarity with the Belarusian opposition have been held in more than 20 countries and in more than 30 cities around the world.[115]

Opinion polls

According to a poll conducted back in March–April 2020 by the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the level of trust of current Lukashenko in the capital city of Belarus is 24%. At the same time, 11% of the poll participants trust the Central Election Commission.[116]

The state-affiliated analytical center "Ecoom" commissioned by the state TV channel ONT, which was criticized for its biased coverage of the election campaign, conducted a sociological survey of electoral moods and preferences of citizens. According to this data, incumbent President Alexander Lukashenko enjoyed support of 72.3% of citizens. At the same time, no more than 10% in total were ready to vote for the remaining candidates.[117][118]

Opinion polling in Belarus requires a government license. Media outlets are also banned from conducting online polls regarding the election.[119]

Internet polls
Legend
*
: denied, withdrawn or declined candidates
Bold and green marks the candidate who took first place.
Bold italics and yellow marks the candidate who took second place.
Internet polling results
Poll TUT.by nn.by Telegraf.by Onliner.by Svaboda.org
Date 20 May 2020 20 May 2020 22 May 2020 26 May 2020 26 May 2020
Participants 70,029 16,526 35,775 32,128 9,705
Babaryka* 54.91% 49.7% 52.43% 56% 32%
Gaidukevich* 1.28% 0.65% 3.93% 0.4% —
Hantsevich* 0.34% — 0.62% — 0%
Hubarevich* 0.45% — 0.23% — 0%
Dmitriyeu 0.58% 0.32% 0.33% 0.29% 0%
Kanapatskaya 4.14% 2.5% 1.7% 1.4% 1%
Kisel* 0.63% — 0.22% — 0%
Kavalkova* 0.37% — 0.21% — 0%
Kazlou* 0.64% — 0.61% 0.32% 1%
Lukashenko 6.24% 2.96% 3.90% 3% 1%
Nepomnyashchikh* 0.4% — 0.4% — 0%
Tabolich* 1.37% 2.3% 0.25% 0.9% 2%
Tsikhanouski* or Tsikhanouskaya 12.71% 18.39% 17.37% 12% 51%
Tsepkalo* 15.22% 7.5% 9.8% 17% 7%
Cherachen 0.72% 0.28% 0.16% — 0%
Against all or other answer — 15.37% 7.8% 7.7% 4%

State-sponsored polls
Legend
Italics: candidate was denied registration
Bold and green marks the candidate who took first place.
Bold italics and yellow marks the candidate who took second place.
State-sponsored polling results
Date Polling firm Lukashenko Tsikhanouskaya Kanapatskaya Cherachen Dmitriyeu Babaryka Tsepkalo Lead
23–27 July 2020 A C Ecoom 73.3 7.5 1.6 0.2 0.7 N/A 65.8
10–14 July 2020 A C Ecoom 69.4 2.2 1.5 0.8 0.3 6.7 3.1 62.6

Oversight

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe reported that it would not be monitoring the 2020 election as it had not been sent a timely invitation. It had not recognised any elections in Belarus as free and fair since 1995.[120] The only international observers in the country were from Russia, Azerbaijan and a few other countries with questionable democratic records.[121] On 4 August 2020, the first day of early voting in the election, the CEC reported a turnout of almost 5%.[122][123] However, independent observers disputed this figure and claimed that it was inflated.[123]

External images
Vote cabin without curtain
Vote cabin with a deliberately drawn curtain

In several polling stations, curtains were deliberately removed from the vote cabins, leaving them covered on only three sides.[124]

A few days prior to the election, a number of journalists and bloggers were arrested on weak and spurious charges, or were denied accreditation to cover the elections,[121] bringing the total to over 100 arrests made since January. It was thought that the government wants to reduce external scrutiny of the election.[125]

Honest People, an independent association in Belarus that monitors elections, reported having found 5096 violations from observers. They also questioned the election commission's reported turnout statistics. The group said that around 70 election observers were detained.[126]

Turnout and results
The queue of voters at the embassy of Belarus in Moscow, Russia

Turnout was said to be 4.98% on 4 August,[123][127] 12.75% on 5 August,[128] 22.47% on 6 August,[129] and 32.24% on 7 August.

On 9 August, turnout was reported to be 84.05% as of 20:00, more than the 50% required to validate the election.[130][131]

Exit poll

According to Russian government-owned media outlet RIA Novosti,[132] official exit polls indicated a win for Lukashenko. The below figures are widely disputed by opposition figures, including Tikhanovskaya.[133][134]

Date Source Lukashenko Tsikhanouskaya Kanapatskaya Cherachen Dmitriyeu Lead
9 August 2020 RIA Novosti 79.7 6.8 2.3 0.9 1.1 72.9

Results

The result of the vote, "as in previous elections, was never in any real doubt" and had a "foregone nature" according to The New York Times, stating that Lukashenko "controls vote counting, [and abused] a vast security apparatus and a noisy state media machine unwavering in its support for him and contempt for his rivals." Tsikhanouskaya, the principal challenger, was stated to have gone into hiding in Minsk after security agents detained at least eight members of her campaign staff on the day of the election.[121]

Candidate Party Votes %
Alexander LukashenkoIndependent4,661,075 80.10
Sviatlana TsikhanouskayaIndependent588,622 10.12
Hanna KanapatskayaIndependent97,4891.67
Andrey DmitriyeuIndependent70,6711.20
Siarhei CherachenBelarusian Social Democratic Assembly66,6131.14
Against all267,3604.59
Invalid/blank votes69,505–
Total5,818,955100
Registered voters/turnout84.17
Source: Central Election Commission of Belarus[135][136]

Protocols of the polling stations

Once the votes have been duly counted, polling stations in Belarus write a "Protocol" (report) which sums up the election tallies. The Protocol is then displayed for passers-by.

People took photos of the protocols, which testified that in many stations in the Minsk capital, and in foreign consulates, the support for Tsikhanouskaya was roughly equal or even several times higher than of Lukashenko.[137][138]

Voting paper photographic database

The Golos (Russian: Голос, Belarusian: Голас) web service invited Belarusian citizens to submit photographs of both sides of their voting papers, together with their voting bureau locations. The aim was to make all photographs available as a public photographic database, enabling cross-checks against the official results. As of 15 August 2020, Golos claimed to have 1,248,714 valid voting papers recorded,[139] about 18% of the voting population.

Aftermath
Main article: 2020 Belarusian protests

After state TV revealed the results of an exit poll showing a landslide Lukashenko victory, clashes between protesters and riot police broke out in Minsk. Reports of injuries and the use of stun grenades and rubber bullets emerged.[140]

The main opposition candidate, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, said in a news conference that she did not trust the exit poll, saying, "I believe my eyes, and I see that the majority is with us".[140]

As polling closed many internet service providers lost routing, the communication losses were widespread as police and military closed down most of Minsk.[141]

On the second night after the allegedly falsified results were announced, protesters barricaded the area around the Rīga market. Security forces responded by tear-gassing the protesters and using flashbangs.[142]

After being released from a seven-hour-long detention on election night following her submission of a formal complaint to the Central Election Commission (CEC), Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya was escorted by Belarusian security services to Lithuania, reportedly a condition of a deal securing the release of her campaign manager, Maria Moroz.[143]

Tsikhanouskaya released a video reading from a script following her detainment, seemingly filmed under duress and promoted on state-sponsored media.[143] She calls upon the people of Belarus to stop protesting and accept the victory of Lukashenko. The strong change in message and demeanor of Tsikhanouskaya post-detainment lead allies to insist the video was coerced, likening it to a hostage video.[144] She had previously sent her children abroad before the elections for their safety.

Arrests and violence against protestors, including claims of torture, increased in the week after the election resulting in calls for international sanctions against the perpetrators.[145]

On 14 August, Tikhanovskaya published a video in which she claimed to have won the presidential election with between 60 and 70% of the vote and called for the creation of a transitional council of "civil society activists, respected Belarusians and professionals" to handle the transfer of power from Lukashenko. She also said that her supporters should sign an online petition calling for a recount of the election.[145][146]

Deaths

29-year-old Konstantin Shishmakov[147], director of the Volkovysk Military History Museum named after Bagration, disappeared on August 15. He refused to sign the protocol of the election commission, called his wife at about 5 pm and said: "I will not work here anymore, I am going home." But he never came home.

Later he was found dead. This was announced by the search and rescue squad "Angel".

It all started on the 9th, - the father recalls. - When he was on the election commission. There was another guy with him - I do not remember his last name, I will not name it. The two of them did not sign the final protocol. According to his son, they signed for them. He called his wife and talked about it.

International reactions
International reactions to Lukashenko's re-election
  Belarus
  Congratulated Lukashensko
  Expressed concern or criticism
  No reaction

International organizations

Countries giving congratulations

Countries expressing concern
  •  Belgium - Belgian Foreign Minister Philippe Goffin released a statement that he "deplores the violent crackdown on peaceful protests following the elections in Belarus. Freedom of expression and free press are fundamental rights for the whole of Europe." He encouraged the Belarussian authorities to release the unjustly arrested citizens immediately.[169]
  •  Canada - Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister François-Philippe Champagne stated that Canada was "deeply concerned" by the violence following the elections, and that actions by the authorities had "further eroded the democratic legitimacy of the vote." He called for the results of Sunday's election "to reflect the will of the people."[170]
  •  Czech Republic - The Czech foreign minister criticised the election.[171]
  •  Estonia - The Estonian foreign affairs minister criticised the election at a UNSC meeting.[172] On 18 August the minister went further stating that "The Government of the Republic of Estonia does not recognize Belarusian election results".[173]
  •  Latvia - Edgars Rinkēvičs, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, stated that as violence against peaceful protests in Belarus continues and there is a lack of political dialogue, Latvia supports the need to introduce individual sanctions against Belarusian officials responsible for the crackdown on protests and election fraud.[174]
  •  Lithuania - Linas Linkevičius, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, condemned the "obviously undemocratic" elections and promised that Lithuania will do everything it can to support the freedom voice in Belarus. The next day opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya was apparently forced to cross the border from Belarus to Lithuania[175] and was reported by Linkevičius as "safe".[170][176] The Lithuanian foreign affairs committee voted on 12 August to declare Mr Lukashenko's claim to the presidency as illegitimate.[177] On 18 August the full Lithuanian Parliament voted to declare Lukashenko's presidency as illegitimate. The resolution also called on NATO and EU member states to do the same. It was approved with 120 members votes in favor, none against, and two abstentions[178].
  •  Germany - German government spokesperson Steffen Seibert declared that the minimum standards for democratic elections were not observed during the vote, that the reports of the opposition about election fraud are credible. He also said that the Belarusian political leadership must accept the will of the people and condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrators and the arrest of journalists and civil rights activists.[179]
  •  Netherlands - The Dutch minister of Foreign Affairs stated: "The Netherlands is concerned about the course of the elections in Belarus last Sunday and its aftermath, especially the harsh police crackdown on peaceful protesters."[180] On 14 August 2020 he stated: "New elections Belarus needed, sanctions not ruled out."[181]
  •  Poland - The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jacek Czaputowicz called on the Belarusian authorities to "stop actions that escalate the situation and start respecting fundamental human rights".[182] Additionally, the Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki called for an emergency meeting of the European Council concerning the situation in Belarus.[183]
  •  Romania - The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that he was "very concerned" about the situation in Belarus and that the "only way" was to stop the violence and start a political dialogue. He also urged the country to respect fundamental human rights.[184]
  •  Slovakia - Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Ivan Korčok, labelled the interventions of the Belarusian regime against its political opponents and citizens peacefully expressing their opinion as unacceptable. The Slovak Republic "appeals to president Lukashenko to abide by the basic principles of democracy and freedom of expression. No one can be persecuted for expressing their views."[185] Separately, Deputy Speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, Juraj Šeliga, supported the protesters and called "on the Belarussian authorities to immediately stop the violence and oppression they are inflicting upon their citizens, who are asking for nothing but what is the essence of democracy. I believe that the international community will not remain silent and will take appropriate steps to punish the oppression and violence taking place in Belarus."[186]
  •  Slovenia - At a press conference with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo during his visit to Slovenia on 13 August 2020, Prime Minister Janez Janša expressed his concern over current situation in Belarus and called for new free election under wide international observance. He also stated that Slovenia is gathering support within the EU to increase an international pressure on Belarus.
  •  Sweden - Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ann Linde, expressed concerns over how protesters in Belarus were beaten and arrested. She issued a statement saying that the election in Belarus was neither democratic nor fair and that this particular election follows the same pattern as previous elections in Belarus. She demanded that all arrested protesters should be released.[187]
  •   Switzerland - The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs expressed concern over the protests following the election and urged the Belarusian government to exercise restraint.[188]
  •  Ukraine - Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky expressed regret at the questionable legitimacy of the official election results and the conflict that followed their announcement. He urged Belarus to refrain from violence and to initiate a wide, open dialogue between the government and the citizens. He also called for the authorities "to adhere to democratic standards universally recognized in the civilized world" and urged them to do their best to ensure that the rights and freedoms of the people are maintained.[189]
  •  United Kingdom - The Foreign and Commonwealth Office called for the authorities "to refrain from further acts of violence following the seriously flawed Presidential elections." It acknowledged that there had "been a lack of transparency throughout the electoral process."[190] On 17 August the Foreign Secretary stated that "the UK does not accept the results" and called the election "fraudulent".[191][192]
  •  United States - Secretary of State Mike Pompeo issued a press statement declaring that the United States was "deeply concerned" over the conduct of the presidential election in Belarus, stating it was not free and fair. He claimed that "severe restrictions on ballot access for candidates, [the] prohibition of local independent observers at polling stations, intimidation tactics employed against opposition candidates, and the detentions of peaceful protesters and journalists marred the process." He urged the Belarusian government to refrain from using force and called on it to respect the rights of all Belarusians to assemble peacefully. The administration criticized the use of internet shutdowns and detention of opposition supporters and called for those detained to be released.[193] Separately, White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany stated the U.S. was "deeply concerned" about the elections.[194]
  •   Vatican – In a Sunday address, Pope Francis expressed the need "for dialogue, to refuse violence and respect justice and rights".[195]

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