1918 in the United States
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Events from the year 1918 in the United States.
Incumbents
Federal Government
- President: Woodrow Wilson (D-New Jersey)
- Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall (D-Indiana)
- Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White (Louisiana)
- Speaker of the House of Representatives: Champ Clark (D-Missouri)
- Congress: 65th
Events
January–March
- January – The World Tomorrow pacifist magazine begins publication.
- January 8 – President Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech.
- February 21 – The last Carolina parakeet (the last breed of parrot native to the eastern U.S.), a male named "Incas", dies at Cincinnati Zoo.
- March – The Liberator socialist magazine begins publication.
- March 4 – A soldier at Camp Funston, Kansas falls sick with the first confirmed case of the Spanish flu.
- March 19 – The U.S. Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).
April–June
- April 21 – The 6.7 Mw San Jacinto earthquake shakes southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Severe), causing $200,000 in damage, one death, and several injuries.
- May 2 – General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware.
- May 15 – The United States Post Office Department (later renamed the United States Postal Service) begins the first regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC).
- May 16 – The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by the U.S. Congress.
- May 20 – The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third year in a row by a tornado. Coincidentally, all three tornadoes hit on the same date.
- May 23 – First victims of the "axeman of New Orleans" in a 17-month series of brutal murders mainly directed at Italian American shopkeepers and their families; the serial killer is never identified.
- June 8 – The total solar eclipse of June 8, 1918 crosses the United States from Washington State to Florida.
- June 22
- Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody, for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn.
- Hammond Circus Train Wreck, one of the worst train accidents in the US history occurs.
July–September
1918 flu pandemic
- July 9 – Great train wreck of 1918: In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101.
- August – A deadly second wave of the Spanish flu starts in France, Sierra Leone and the United States.[1]
- August 13 – Opha May Johnson becomes the first woman to enlist in the United States Marine Corps.
- August 27 – Border War; Battle of Ambos Nogales – U.S. Army forces skirmish with Mexican Carrancistas at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of World War I fought on U.S. soil.
- September 11 – The Boston Red Sox defeat the Chicago Cubs for the 1918 World Series championship, their last World Series win until 2004.
- September 12–15 – World War I: Battle of Saint-Mihiel fought in France: The first and only offensive launched solely by the American Expeditionary Forces under John J. Pershing overcomes German forces in the Saint-Mihiel salient.
October–December
- October 4 – The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion in New Jersey kills 100+, and destroys enough ammunition to supply the Western Front for 6 months.
- October 8 – World War I: In the Forest of Argonne in France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132.
- October 11 – The 7.1 Mw San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 76–116 people. A destructive tsunami contributed to the damage and loss of life.
- October 12 – 1918 Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453.
- October 25 – The SS Princess Sophia sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.
- November 1 – Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead.
- November 11 – World War I ends.
- December 4 – President of the U.S. Woodrow Wilson sails for the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first U.S. president to travel to Europe while in office.
- December 19 – Ripley's Believe It or Not! first appears as a cartoon under the title Champs and Chumps in The New York Globe.
Undated
- The Native American Church is formally founded.
- The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to oppose Prohibition in the U.S.
- George Drumm's concert march "Hail, America" is first performed in New York City.
Ongoing
- Progressive Era (1890s–1920s)
- Lochner era (c. 1897–c. 1937)
- U.S. occupation of Haiti (1915–1934)
- World War I, U.S. involvement (1917–1918)
- First Red Scare (1917–1920)
Births
January
- January 1 – Ed Price, American soldier, pilot, and politician (d. 2012)
- January 9 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005)
- January 15 – Ira B. Harkey Jr., American newspaper editor (d. 2006)
- January 16 – Stirling Silliphant, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1996)
- January 17 – George M. Leader, American politician (d. 2013)
- January 19
- Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011)
- John H. Johnson, African-American publisher, founder of Ebony (d. 2005)
- January 20 – Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist (d. 2013)
- January 21 – Richard Winters, American World War II soldier (d. 2011)
- January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American pharmacologist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 (d. 1999)
- January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009)
- January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010)
- January 26
- Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009)
- Vito Scotti, American actor (d. 1996)
- January 27 – Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963)
- January 29 – John Forsythe, American actor (Dynasty) (d. 2010)
- January 31 – Millie Dunn Veasey, African-American civil rights activist and World War II soldier (d. 2018)
February
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- February 3
- Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007)
- Martin Greenberg, American poet and translator
- Helen Stephens, American athlete (d. 1994)
- February 8
- Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler, novelty singer (Pencil Neck Geek) (d. 2003)
- Walter Newton Read, American lawyer and second chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001)
- February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- February 15
- Allan Arbus, American actor (M*A*S*H) (d. 2013)
- William T. Young, American businessman (d. 2004)
- February 16 – Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 2013)
- February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999)
- February 19 – Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress (d. 2019)
- February 21 – Robert E. Thacker, American aviator and test pilot
- February 22
- Charlie Finley, American businessman (d. 1996)
- Don Pardo, American television announcer (Saturday Night Live) (d. 2014)
- Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940)
- February 25
- Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996)
- Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995)
- February 26
- Otis R. Bowen, American politician (d. 2013)
- Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985)
March
- March 1 – James N. Morgan, American economist (d. 2018)
- March 3 – Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007)
- March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012)
- March 5 – James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
- March 8 – Mendel L. Peterson, American underwater archaeologist (d. 2003)
- March 9
- George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967)
- Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006)
- March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956)
- March 12 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989)
- March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, coach (d. 2006)
- March 15 – Richard Ellmann, American literary biographer (d. 1987)
- March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 (d. 1998)
- March 17 – Ross Bass, American politician (d. 1993)
- March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005)
- March 20 – Jack Barry, American television game show host, producer (d. 1984)
- March 23
- Helene Hale, American politician (d. 2013)[2]
- Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 1961)
- March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995)
- March 26 – Lloyd McCuiston, American politician
- March 29
- Pearl Bailey, African-American singer, actress (d. 1990)[3]
- Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993)
- Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992)
April
- April 1 – Milt Earnhart, American politician
- April 4 – Joseph Ashbrook, American astronomer (d. 1980)
- April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player (d. 2017)
- April 8
- Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States, Second Lady of the United States (d. 2011)
- Charles P. Roland, American historian
- April 14 – Mary Healy, American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015)
- April 15
- Louis O. Coxe, American writer (d. 1993)
- Edmund Jones, American politician (d. 2019)
- April 17
- William Holden, American actor (d. 1981)
- Anne Shirley, American actress (d. 1993)
- April 18 – Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of CliffsNotes (d. 2001)
- April 20 – Edward L. Beach Jr., American naval captain and author (d. 2002)
- April 22
- Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008)
- William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015)
- April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer (d. 2008)
- April 27 – John Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011)
- April 28
- Mildred Persinger, American feminist (d. 2018)
- Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (d. 1943)
- April 29 – George Allen, American football coach (d. 1990)
May
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- May 1 – Jack Paar, American television show host (The Tonight Show) (d. 2004)
- May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial writer (St. Louis Post-Dispatch) (d. 2017)
- May 9
- Russell M. Carneal, American politician, judge (d. 1998)
- Orville Freeman, American politician (d. 2003)
- Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012)
- May 10
- T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician (d. 2018)
- Jane Mayhall, American poet and novelist (d. 2009)
- George Welch, U.S. soldier and pilot (d. 1954)
- May 11
- Richard Feynman, American physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 (d. 1988)
- Phil Rasmussen, American pilot (d. 2005)
- May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953)
- May 15 – Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008)
- May 17 – A. C. Lyles, American film producer (d. 2013)
- May 18
- Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011)
- Joe Krush, American illustrator
- May 20 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- May 21 – Lloyd Hartman Elliott, American educator, president of George Washington University (d. 2013)
- May 23
- Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player, politician (d. 2007)
- Naomi Replansky, American poet
June
- June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011)
- June 4 – Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997)
- June 6 – Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 (d. 2009)
- June 8 – Robert Preston, American actor (The Music Man) (d. 1987)
- June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011)
- June 10 – Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017)
- June 12 – Jerry A. Moore Jr., American politician (d. 2017)
- June 18
- Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
- Lillian Ross, American journalist on The New Yorker (d. 2017)
- Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist, composer
- June 21
- Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author and artist (d. 2020)
- Josephine Webb, American engineer
- June 25 – Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015)
- June 26 – Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007)
- June 27 – Adolph Kiefer, American former competition swimmer (d. 2017)
- June 28 – Marshall Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008)
- June 29
- Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016)
- Francis W. Nye, United States Air Force major general (d. 2019)
July
- July 1 – Ralph Young, American singer, actor (d. 2008)
- July 3
- Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006)
- Shirley Adelson Siegel, American activist and lawyer
- Ben Thompson, American architect and designer (d. 2002)
- July 4
- Joe Fortunato, American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004)
- Eppie Lederer, American journalist and radio host (d. 2002)
- Johnnie Parsons, American race car driver (d. 1984)
- Pauline Phillips, American journalist and radio host, creator of Dear Abby (d. 2013)
- July 5 – George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
- July 6
- J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017)
- Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010)
- July 7 – Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016)
- July 8
- Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general (d. 2017)
- Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000)
- Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009)
- July 10
- Chuck Stevens, American major baseball (d. 2018)
- Frank L. Lambert, American professor emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018)
- July 12
- Doris Grumbach, American novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist
- Alice Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008)
- Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009)
- Paul Stenn, American football offensive tackle (d. 2003)
- July 14
- Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016)
- Arthur Laurents, American novelist and screenwriter (d. 2011)
- July 16 – Leonard T. Schroeder, American colonel (d. 2009)
- July 17 – Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist (d. 2017)
- July 18
- James Duesenberry, American economist (d. 2009)
- Warren Hair, American professional basketball player (d. 2006)
- July 20
- Edward S. Little, American diplomat (d. 2004)
- Cindy Walker, American songwriter, country singer (d. 2006)
- July 22 – Stanley Lebergott, American government economist (d. 2009)
- July 23
- Carl T. Langford, American politician (d. 2011)
- Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player (d. 1999)
- July 24 – Irving London, American hematologist and geneticist (d. 2018)
- July 25 – Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986)
- July 26 – Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015)
- July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984)
- July 29 – Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968)
- July 30
- John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961)
- Jimmy Robinson, American actor (d. 1967)
- July 31
- Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)
- Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010)
August
- August 3 – Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)
- August 6 – Charles Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015)
- August 9 – Robert Aldrich, American writer and filmmaker (d. 1983)
- August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter (d. 2015)
- August 13 – Tao Porchon-Lynch, American yoga master and author
- August 19 – Oliver Brown, African-American plaintiff (d. 1961)
- August 20 – Jacqueline Susann, American novelist (d. 1974)
- August 21 – Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010 in Israel)
- August 22 – Martin Pope, American physical chemist
- August 23 – Bernard Fisher, American surgeon (d. 2019)
- August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (d. 1990)
- August 26
- Hutton Gibson, American religion writer, father of actor Mel Gibson
- Katherine Johnson, African-American physicist and mathematician (d. 2020)
- August 27 – Simeon Booker, American journalist (d. 2017)
- August 30 – Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002)
- August 31
- Griffin Bell, American politician (d. 2009)
- Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist (d. 1986)
- Kenny Washington, African-American football player (d. 1971)
September
- September 1 – James D. Martin, American politician (d. 2017)
- September 3 – Helen Wagner, American soap opera actress (d. 2010)
- September 4
- Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (d. 2009)
- Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014)
- September 6 – Hugh Gillis, American politician (d. 2013)
- September 13
- Ray Charles, American musician, singer and songwriter (d. 2015)
- Rosemary Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy (d. 2005)
- September 15 – Nipsey Russell, African-American comedian (d. 2005)
- September 19 – Joseph Zeller, American politician (d. 2018)
- September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist, advocate (d. 2007)
- September 26
- Harry Yee, American bartender
- John Zacherle, American television and radio host, singer, and voice actor (d. 2016)
October
- October 4 – Adrian Kantrowitz, American cardiac surgeon (d. 2008)
- October 9 – E. Howard Hunt, American Watergate break-in coordinator (d. 2007)
- October 13 – Robert Walker, American actor (d. 1951)
- October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987)
- October 18 – Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and actor, known for his role in Emergency! (d. 1999)
- October 19 – Robert S. Strauss, American politician, Democratic National Committee Chairman (d. 2014)
- October 22 – Fred Caligiuri, American baseball player (d. 2018)
- October 23
- Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008)
- Paul Rudolph, American architect (d. 1997)
- October 25 – Milton Selzer, American actor (d. 2006)
- October 27 – Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005)
- October 29 – Diana Serra Cary, born Peggy-Jean Montgomery ("Baby Peggy"), American silent film child actress (d. 2020)
- October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007)
November
- November 3
- Bob Feller, American baseball player (d. 2010)
- Ann Hutchinson Guest, American movement, dance researcher
- Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007)
- Russell B. Long, United States Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003)
- Dean Riesner, American film, television screenwriter (d. 2002)
- November 4
- Art Carney, American actor, best known for his role in The Honeymooners (d. 2003)
- Cameron Mitchell, American actor, best known for his role in The High Chaparral (d. 1994)
- November 7
- Fred Cusick, American ice hockey broadcaster (d. 2009)
- Billy Graham, evangelist (d. 2018)
- November 8 – Bob Schiller, American screenwriter (d. 2017)
- November 9
- Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States from 1969 to 1973 (d. 1996)
- Thomas Ferebee, United States Air Force colonel (d. 2000)
- November 10 – John Henry Moss, American baseball executive, politician (d. 2009)
- November 11 – Louise Tobin, American singer
- November 21 – Dorothy Maguire, American professional baseball player (d. 1981)
- November 28 – Jack H. Harris, American film producer, distributor and actor (d. 2017)
- November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, children's fiction writer (d. 2007)
- November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (d. 2014)
December
- December 6 – Nick Drahos, American football player (d. 2018)
- December 10 – Anne Gwynne, American actress (d. 2003)[4]
- December 11 – John W. Reed, American legal scholar (d. 2018)
- December 12 – Joe Williams, American jazz singer (d. 1999)
- December 14 – Jack Cole, American cartoonist (d. 1958)
- December 15 – Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961)
- December 17 – Dusty Anderson, American actress, model
- December 18 – Hal Kanter, American comedy writer, producer and director (d. 2011)
- December 20 – Joseph Payne Brennan, American poet, author (d. 1990)
- December 21
- Fred Gloden, American football player (d. 2019)
- Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary, White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003)
- December 24 – Dave Bartholomew, American musician, bandleader, composer and arranger (d. 2019)
- December 25
- Henry Hillman, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2017)
- George S. Vest, American diplomat
- December 26 – Butch Ballard, American jazz drummer (d. 2011)
- December 29 – Leo J. Dulacki, American general (d. 2019)
- December 31 – Al Lakeman, American Major League Baseball catcher (d. 1976)
Deaths
- January 8 – Ellis H. Roberts, politician (born 1827)
- February 2 – John L. Sullivan, boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (born 1858)
- February 15 – Vernon Castle, ballroom dancer (born 1887)
- March 10 – Jim McCormick, baseball pitcher (born 1856 in Scotland)
- March 14 – Lucretia Garfield, First Lady of the United States (born 1832)
- March 16 – Prosper P. Parker, civil engineer, Union Army officer and politician (born 1835 in Canada)
- March 27 – Henry Adams, historian (born 1838)
- April 14 – James E. Ware, architect who devised the "dumbbell plan" for New York City tenements (born 1846)
- May 1 – G. K. Gilbert, geologist (born 1843)
- May 5 – Bertha Palmer, businesswoman, socialite and philanthropist (born 1849)
- May 14 – James Gordon Bennett, Jr., newspaper publisher (born 1841)
- May 17 – William Drew Robeson, African American Presbyterian minister, escaped slave and father of Paul Robeson (born 1844)
- May 19 – Raoul Lufbery, fighter pilot (killed in action; born 1885 in France)
- May 27 – Frederick Trump, German American businessman, paternal grandfather of Donald Trump (born 1869)
- June 4 – Charles W. Fairbanks, 26th Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909 and U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905 (born 1852)
- June 18 – Lizzie Halliday, serial killer (born c.1859)
- June 25 – Jake Beckley, baseball player (born 1867)
- June 27 – George Mary Searle, astronomer (born 1839)
- June 28 – Albert Henry Munsell, inventor of the Munsell color system (born 1858)
- July 20 – Francis Lupo, U.S. Army soldier (killed in action; born 1895)
- July 27 – Gustav Kobbé, music critic and author (sailing accident; born 1857)
- July 30 – Joyce Kilmer, poet (killed in action; born 1886)
- August 1 – John Riley Banister, policeman and cowboy (born 1854)
- August 10 – William Pitt Kellogg, U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1868 to 1872 and from 1877 to 1883 (born 1830)
- August 12 – Anna Held, singer (born 1872 in Poland)
- August 14 – Anna Morton, Second Lady of the United States (born 1846)
- September 12 – Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1885 to 1897 and from 1901 to 1907 (born 1838)
- September 28
- True Boardman, silent film actor (born 1882)
- Freddie Stowers, African American corporal (killed in action; born 1896)
- September 29 – Frank Luke, fighter pilot (killed in action; born 1897)
- October 8 – James B. McCreary, 27th and 37th Governor of Kentucky from 1875 to 1879 and from 1911 to 1915, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1903 to 1909 (born 1838)
- October 16 – Felix Arndt, pianist and composer (born 1889)
- October 19 – Harold Lockwood, silent film actor (born 1887)
- October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, silent film actress (born 1891)
- November 4 – Andrew Dickson White, diplomat, academic and author (born 1832)
- November 19 – Joseph F. Smith, Mormon leader (born 1838)
- December 17 – John Green Brady, 5th Governor of the District of Alaska from 1897 to 1906 (born 1847)
- December 26 – William Hampton Patton, entomologist (born 1853)
References
- House of Lords (U.K.), Science and Technology Committee (2005-12-16), Pandemic Influenza (PDF), London: The Stationery Office, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-08, retrieved 2009-05-06
- Barbee-Wooten, Daphne (2 August 2013). "Helene H. Hale (1918-2013)". blackpast.org. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- "Pearl Bailey | American entertainer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- "Anne Gwynne". BFI. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
External links
- "1918". Timeline. Digital Public Library of America. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014.
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