Zoogocho Zapotec
Zoogocho Zapotec, or Diža'xon,[3] is a Zapotec language of Oaxaca, Mexico.
| Zoogocho Zapotec | |
|---|---|
| (San Bartolomé Zoogocho) | |
| Diža'xon | |
| Pronunciation | [diʒaʔˈʐon] |
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Northern Oaxaca |
Native speakers | (1,400 cited ca. 1991)[1] (1,000 in Mexico)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zpq |
| Glottolog | zoog1238[2] |
It is spoken in San Bartolomé Zoogocho, Oaxaca, Santa María Yalina, Tabehua, and Oaxaca City.[1]
As of 2013, about 1,500 "Zoogochenses" live in Los Angeles, California. Classes are held in the MacArthur Park neighborhood to preserve the Zoogocho Zapotec language.[4]
The language is also known as Tabehua, Yalina, Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho, and Zoogocho.[5]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | (u) |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
There are a total of five vowels in San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec.[6] The /u/ sound is used in loanwords.[6] Phonation types include: VV, VhV, V'. VV stands for double vowels that produce a creaky voice, vowels which include an h in between them produce a breathy sounds such as in the word yáhà, and vowels such as V' are checked vowels. [6]
Tones
Tones include high, mid, low, rising and falling. [6] Lower tonal qualities are seen more commonly in breathy tones, while checked vowels are have a higher tone quality. [6] Although it's common for breathy to have a lower tones and checked vowels commonly have higher tones, this is considered a distinct phenomenon and tone can't be predicted based on phonation types. [6]
Example: yáhà'weapon’
Stress
In Zoogocho Zapotec, stress is most commonly found on the penultimate syllable of a stem. [6] Stress is not found in words that are made of more than one root, in this situation, the stress(accent) will fall on the second root. [6]
Example: Niihe 'nixtamal' ; Yeten 'the tortilla'
Syllable Structure
(C)CV(V)(C)(C), there are no restrictions on phonation type on the vowels in this type of syllable set up. [6]
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Labio- velar |
Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | |||||||
| voiced | dʒ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | ʂ | |||||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʐ | ʁ | |||||
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ||||||
| voiceless | n̥ | ||||||||
| Rhotic | (ɾ) | ||||||||
| Lateral | voiced | l | |||||||
| voiceless | l̥ | ||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||||
A few sounds also occur in loanwords from Spanish: /f/, /ɾ/, /r/, /ɲ/, /x/, /rr/[r], /ñ/[ɳ], and /j/ [x]. [6]
Morphology
Nominal Morphology
Nominal means to be categorized in a group of nouns and adjectives, the morphology occurs in a noun phrase.
[6](1) x-migw=a’
poss-friend=1sg
‘my friend’
(2) x-kuzh lalo
poss-pig lalo
‘Lalo’s pig’
(3) xtaobe’
x-dao=be’
poss-corn.tassel=3inf
‘his corn tassel’
Possession
Possession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed (Inherent possession is the items being possessed) which is marked prenominally with prefix x- , the possessed nominal then is developed by a pronominal clitic or noun phrase. [6]
Pronominal Clitic
Or noun phrase is pronounced like an affix. Clitics play a syntactic role at the phrase level.
Verbal Morphology
No tense in this language. Zoogocho Zapotec relies on 'temporal particles' za, ba, na, gxe, or neghe.
Primary Aspect
Events that are still occurring, occurred, or will occur over a period of time. The continuative aspect of the examples is dx- .
(13) dx-e-ban-e’ yogo zhaha
cont-freq-wake=3f every day
‘She wakes up every day.’
(14) bi dx-aog zxoana
what cont-eat Juan
‘What is Juan eating?’[6]
The completive aspect is usually marked as b-, gw-, gud-, or g-. This aspect reflects the completion of the event occurred.
(18) b-e-ban=e’
comp-freq-wake=3f
‘She used to wake up.’
(19) ga gud-ao=be’ yet
where comp-eat=3inf tortilla
‘Where did he eat the tortilla?’[6]
The potential aspect refers to an event that has not yet happened or an event that has not been specified. This aspect is marked by gu- or gw-.
(22) gw-e-ban=e’
pot-freq-wake=3f
‘She will wake up.’
(23) dx-bez=a’ w-aow bidao yeth
cont-hope=1sg pot-eat child tortilla
‘I hope the kid eats the tortilla.”
(24) bate’ y-egh=o’ nis
when pot-drink=2s water
‘When are you going to drink water?’[6]
The stative aspect is referred to as the prefix n- or by nothing at all. This aspect has multiple uses, such as, expressing the states and conditions and habitual meaning.
(28) m-ban=a’
stat-live=1sg
‘I am alive.’
(29) kuzh la n-dxe=be’ ke?
pig focus stat-carry=3sginf no
‘He’s carrying a pig, right?’
(30) nake gud-itgh=le kate n-ak=le bidao=na’
how comp-play=2pl when stat-be=2pl child=det
‘How did you all use to play when you were children?’
(31) Maria n-ak-dx=e’ benhe zxen ka xoan
Maria hab-be-more=3f person large than Juan
‘Maria is larger than Juan.’[6]
| Conjugation in gw- | |
|---|---|
| Potential | gw- |
| Completive | b- |
| Continuative | dx- |
| Stative | n- |
Orthography
Dillawalhall Zapotec Alphabet
a, b, ch, chh, d, e, f, g, i, j, k, l, ll, lh, m, n, nh, o, p, r, rh, s, sh, t, u, w, x, xh, y, z. [6]
Vowels
| A/a, E/e, I/i, O/o | A’/a’, E’/e’, I’/i’, O’/o’ | A’A, a’a, E’E, e’e, I’I, i’i O’O/u’u |
|---|---|---|
| Ba: Tumba
De: ceniza Bi: No, negación Do: mecate (con u para nuevas generaciones) |
La’: Oaxaca
Ye’: enfermedad de la piel Li’: aguijón Yo’: casa |
Za’a: elote
Ze’e: pared Zi’i: está pesado Yo’o: vamos |
Consonants
| B/b
Beb: ceniza Bid: chinche |
CH/ch
chop: dos Bach: ya |
CHH/chh
Chhak: algo que se está haciendo Nhachh: entonces Chho’: tos |
D/d
Da: ven De: ceniza Déd: lejos Dé: hay dud |
| F/f
Yej fre: floripondio |
G/g
Ga: 9 Bgab: escalera Go: camote Nhaga’: mi oreja |
J/j
Jed: gallina Bej: pozo Jia: gallo Yetj: caña |
K/j
Ka’: así Beko’: perro Ki: así Nhake’: es Nhaka’: soy |
| L/l
Lao: lazo de penca de maguey Bel: culebra Bél: pescado Lí: cierto, verdadero |
LL/ll
Lli’: abajo, al sur Lla: día Bell: tigre Yill: cicatriz |
LH/lh
Lhao (rhao): tu nombre Lhillo’ (rhillo’): tu casa Lhe’ (rhe’): tú Zilh (zirh): por la mañana |
M/m (hay pocas palabras)
Mechho: dinero Llome (llom): canasta Dam: tecolote |
| N/n
Na’: hoy, ahora Ne’: ten Bene’: persona |
NH/nh
Nhi: aquí Nhile: nixtamal Nha’: ahí Nholhe: mujer Bnha’: lávate Benhi’: claridad |
P/p (pocas palabras)
Padioxh: saludo Tap: 4 Pita’: arcoiris
|
R/r (pocas palabras, se usa
para escribir préstamos del español) Rob: arroba Ros: rosa, arroz Rós: Rosa |
| RH/rh (Existen pocas palabras.
Niños y jóvenes actualmente la usan en lugar de LH/lh. Por lo que lo pueden escribir con esta letra aunque lo pronuncien con RH) Rhiz: pequeño Rhito: Margarita |
S/s
Sib: alto, refiriéndose a casa, pared, árbol. Se usa también chhá’ (arriba) Sa’o: pedazos de vidrio Bes: riega (objetos) Bsa’: raspa o pon en movimiento algo Nhis: agua |
SH/sh
Shi: 10 Sha’: cazuela Shod (shud): zopilote Gash: Amarillo Bsha’: cambia |
T/t
Tap: 4 To: 1 Bat: cuándo Btao: maíz aposcahuado |
| W/w
Wí: naranja Wag: leña Wekoell: Músico Weya’: Danza Tawa’: mi abuela Wenllin: trabajador |
X/x
Xjollo’: Zoogocho Xao: tu papá Xop: 6 Bex: tomate Bxin: aura Bxide’: estropajo |
XH/xh
Xhiko’: Tu perro Xhis: barañas Bxhidw: beso Xhiga’: jícara Xop: 6 |
Y/y
Ya: fierro Yag: árbol Beye’: hielo Laya’: mi diente Yade: Yaté |
| Z/z
Za: frijol Beza’: zorra Nhez: camino Bzinha’: ratón |
Syntax
Sentence Structure
Zoogocho Zapotech uses Verb Subject Object sentence structure. It is possible to use Object Verb Subject, and Subject Verb Object but they only occur in special situations.
| Verb Subject Object
(VSO) |
Object Verb Subject
(OVS) |
Subject Verb Object
(SVO) |
|---|---|---|
| dx-aogo be’ko’ yet
cont-eat dog tortilla ‘The dog is eating tortillas.’ |
yet dx-aogo be’ko’
tortilla cont-eat dog ‘Tortillas, the dog is eating.’ |
be’ko’=n’ dx-aogo yet
dog=det cont-eat tortilla ‘It’s the dog that’s eating tortillas.’ |
Noun Phrases
Adjective-Noun Order: The ordering of adjectives and nouns.
When asked to cite adjectives in isolations native speakers will invariably put da the inanimate classifier in front of the adjective.
Da is used as an inanimate classifier, bi is a classifier for small things and be is an animate classifier. These three classifiers can be used in sentences when agreeing with the head noun. The reason behind the conditioning for this remains undetermined.
Plural Markers
Not always present in plural noun phrases, and plurality is either recovered from context or from verbal marking. Ka is used to mark a plural noun
Demonstratives
Demonstratives follow their nouns, and either appear by themselves as in or with a classifier as in.
Determiners
The determiner is a clitic which has three main variants; one which occurs following a non-nasal consonant as in is =en’, one which occurs with words ending in n or nh is =na’, as in , and, finally, the one which occurs after a vowel is =n or =na’ in free variation as in . Determiners occur at the end of a noun phrase.
References
- Zoogocho Zapotec at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Zoogocho Zapotec". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Long & Cruz (1999)
- "Los Angeles immigrant community pushes to keep Zapotec language alive". PRI, Public Radio International. 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
- "OLAC resources in and about the Zoogocho Zapotec language". Retrieved 2013-09-17.
- Sonnenschein, Aaron (2005). A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783895868030.
- Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey (2005). A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783895868030.
External links
- Long C., Rebecca & Sofronio Cruz M., compilers. 1999. Diccionario Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho Oaxaca. Coyoacán D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
- Zoogocho Zapotec language resources
- OLAC resources in and about the Zoogocho Zapotec language