Zeno map

The Zeno map is a map of the North Atlantic first published in 1558 in Venice by Nicolò Zeno, a descendant of Nicolò Zeno, of the Zeno brothers.

A reproduction of the Zeno map from a 1793 book

The younger Zeno published the map, along with a series of letters, claiming he had discovered them in a storeroom in his family's home in Venice. According to Zeno, the map and letters date from around the year 1400 and purportedly describe a long voyage made by the Zeno brothers in the 1390s under the direction of a prince named Zichmni.[1] Supporters of the Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, legend suggest that Zichmni is a mistranscription of d’Orkney. The voyage supposedly traversed the North Atlantic and, according to some interpretations, reached North America.

Modern views

Most historians regard the map and accompanying narrative as a hoax,[2] perpetrated by the younger Zeno to make a retroactive claim for Venice as having discovered the New World before Christopher Columbus.

The evidence against the authenticity of the map is based largely on the appearance of many phantom islands in the North Atlantic and off the coast of Iceland.[3][4] One of these non-existent islands was Frisland, where the Zeno brothers allegedly spent some time.

Current scholarship regards the map as being based on existing maps of the 16th century, in particular:

• The Olaus Magnus map of the North, the Carta marina
• The Caerte van Oostland of Cornelis Anthoniszoon
• Claudius Clavus-type maps of the North

Phantom islands

Estotiland

Main article: Estotiland

"Estotiland" appears on the Zeno map, ostensibly on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean in the location of Labrador. Estotiland is listed along with Eden and Arcadia under the heading 'utopia, paradise, heaven, heaven on earth' in Roget's International Thesaurus.[5] It is one of the sources for the Russian "Estoty", featured in Vladimir Nabokov's Ada.[6]

Frisland

Main article: Frisland

"Frisland" appeared on virtually all maps of the North Atlantic from the 1560s through to the 1660s. It is not to be confused with the similarly named Friesland in the Netherlands nor the two Frieslands (East and North) in Germany. It originally referred to Iceland ("Freezeland"), but after the Zeno Map placed it as an entirely separate island south (or occasionally south-west) of Iceland, it appeared that way on maps for the next 100 years.

Other islands

"Islanda" is clearly Iceland. "Estland" is presumed to be Shetland, with various place names recognisable as belonging to that island group.[7] It has been tentatively suggested that "Podalida" is a corruption of Pomona, a historical name for Mainland, Orkney.[8] "Icaria", or "Caria" if the initial "I" means "Island", has been suggested as a misplaced Kerry or Kilda, but may simply be an invention of the mapmaker.[9] "Neome" has been identified as Fair Isle or Foula.[10]

References

1. Wright, Helen Saunders (1910). The great white North: the story of polar exploration from the earliest times to the discovery of the Pole. The Macmillan co. p. 8.
2. "ZENO, NICOLÒ and ANTONIO". University of Toronto. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
3. Lainema, Matti; Juha Nurminen (2009). A History of Arctic Exploration: Discovery, Adventure and Endurance at the Top of the World. Conway. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-84486-069-2.
4. Mills, William James (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 9781576074220.
5. (New York: Crowell, 1962)
6. Brian Boyd. "ADAonline, Part One, Chapter 1". English Department, University of Auckland. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
7. The Journal of The Royal Geographical Society, Volume 5, 1835, p. 106
8. The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, p. 336, Sir William Laird Clowes, 1996
9. Legendary islands of the Atlantic; a study in medieval geography, p. 142, William H. Babcock, 1922
10. Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolo and Antonio Zeno, in the North Atlantic About the End of the Fourteenth Century, and the Claim Founded Thereon to a Venetian Discovery of America; a Criticism and an Indictment., Frederick W. Lucas, 1898.

Further reading

• Cooper, Robert L. D. (Ed.) The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers Nicolo & Antonio Zeno to the Northern Seas in the XIVth Century. Masonic Publishing Co. 2004. ISBN 0-9544268-2-7.