Zainal Abidin of Ternate

Zainal Abidin (born Tidore Wonge or Gapi Buta) was the eighteenth (or nineteenth) ruler of the Ternate kingdom in Maluku in modern-day Indonesia. His life is only described in sources dating from the 16th century or later.[1] According to these sources he was the first ruler of Ternate to use the title Sultan rather than Kolano, or king, and enacted a number of changes in the government, based on Islamic Law, technically transforming Ternate into an Islamic kingdom.

Zainal Abidin
Sultan of Ternate
Reign	1486–1500
Successor	Bayan Sirrullah
Father	Marhum of Ternate
Religion	Sunni Islam

Tidore Wonge and the Muslim Javanese princess

By far the oldest account is provided in a Portuguese text from c. 1544, A treatise on the Moluccas. It says that Islam came to Maluku about 80-90 years previously, brought by Malay, Javanese and other merchants. Along with them arrived a Muslim Javanese woman of high birth who subsequently married the King of Ternate, Tidore Wonge. The king was then converted for her sake. A variant version provided by the same text says that Tidore Wonge, who had recently accepted Islam, travelled to Melaka and Java to learn about foreign lands and to be confirmed in his fate. On his return journey he married the Javanese princess whose influence paved the way for the new religion. After his death, Tidore Wongi was succeeded by his son Abu Lais (Bayan Sirrullah).[2]

Valentijn's and Rijali's versions

According to the more elaborated version by François Valentijn (1724) the future Sultan was the son of Kolano Marhum, the eighteenth king of Ternate.[3] Other chronicles say that his father was the seventeenth ruler Gapi Baguna II (Ngolo-ma-Caya) while his mother was a lady from the Sula Islands. Valentijn indicates that Marhum was the first recorded convert to Islam, and as such provided the young prince with an Islamic education.[4] Under Marhum's rule, the first tenets of Islam were preached by a merchant-cum-cleric from Java named Dato Maulana Hussein who stunned the as-yet illiterate Ternatans with his reading skills.[5] Some traditions, including the oldest chronicle Hikayat Tanah Hitu by Rijali (before 1657), nevertheless hold that Zainal Abidin himself first converted to the new religion.[6] Rijali relates that a prince and missionary from Samudra Pasai in Sumatra, Mahadum by name, travelled to Maluku via Melaka and Java, successfully converting the rulers of Jailolo, Tidore and Ternate in turn. Mahadum stayed in Ternate and died there, his son marrying Zainal Abidin's daughter.[7] Valentijn gives Zainal Abidin's regnal years as 1486-1500, though it is unclear what this is based on.[8]

Islamization of Ternate

Ternate was one of the four traditional kingdoms in North Maluku, the others being Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. Of these, Ternate emerged as the stronger component at an early date, though it was severely contested by the others. As soon as he was appointed ruler, according to Valentijn, Zainal Abidin had to deal with aggression from the powerful Jailolo kingdom that was based in Halmahera and allied with Tidore. Eventually the warring parts made peace in 1488, leaving the ruler free to bring Ternate on the track to ordered Islamic governance.[9] Lots of Muslim Javanese traders frequented Ternate at the time and incited the king to learn more about the new creed. In c. 1495, he traveled with his companion Hussein to study Islam in Giri (Gresik) on Java's north coast, where Sunan Giri kept a well-known madrasa.[10] While there, he won renown as Sultan Bualawa, or Sultan of Cloves.[11] He was well respected, known as a valiant warrior and pious scholar, and developed friendships which developed into strong alliances. One story told of his time there is that he stood up to a crazed killer on the rampage while others fled, beheading him with a single stroke.[12]

According to the Hikayat Tanah Hitu, Zainal Abidin stopped in Bima in Sumbawa on his way back to Maluku. He and his crew got into trouble with the local king and a fight took place where a Bimanese wounded Zainal Abidin with his spear. The bodyguards of the ruler brought him back to the ship, though he passed away on board. The account of François Valentijn, on the contrary, insists that he survived the battle and made it back to Ternate.[13] On his return, he replaced the royal title Kolano with Sultan, and it may have been now that he adopted the Islamic name Zainal Abidin.[14] He brought back a mubaligh from Java named Tuhubahanui to propagate the Islamic faith and created a Bobato (headman) to assist in all matters relating to the rule of Islamic law across the Sultanate.[15] The background to this transformation is the inter-regional network that developed during the 15th century with the lucrative trade in cloves and exotic forest products. This trade attracted Indian, Javanese and Malay traders who were often Muslims. European accounts date the introduction of Islam to about the 1460s or 1460s.[16] Far into the 16th century, however, European observers noted that Islam was mostly confined to the highest elite. The great dissemination of Islam in Maluku came later, after 1570.[17]

Expansion of political influence

Zainal Abidin's reign coincided with the rise of the noble houses of Tomaitu and Tomagola who were instrumental in spreading the political influence of Ternate. Members of the Tomaitu went to the Sula Islands where they acted as sub-rulers with the title Kimelaha. The Tomagola, on their part, settled in Buru Island and later established their authority in the Ambon Quarter, settling at the inner coast of Ceram.[18] These migrations had a long lasting impact. The friendship pact that the Sultan concluded with Pati Puti (or Pati Tuban), one of the petty rulers from Ambon, also contributed to the claims made by Ternate to the southern parts of Maluku: Buru, Seram, Ambon, the Lease and Banda Islands.[19] A 19th-century chronicle claims that Zainal Abidin, at the time when he returned from Java, subdued half of Sulawesi.[20] These areas are, however only documented as Ternatan vassals in the second half of the 16th century.[21]

Family

Zainal Abidin had two wives and six children, including the sons Kaicil Leliatu, Kuliba, and Vaidua, and the daughter Jamanula who married Syaku, son of the preacher Mahadum.[22] Kaicil Leliatu succeeded him as the second Sultan, with the title Bayan Sirrullah.[23]

See also

• Spice trade
• List of rulers of Maluku
• Sultanate of Ternate
• History of Islam in Indonesia

References

Citations

1. Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 1-12.
2. Hubert Jacobs (1971) A treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544). Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 83-5.
3. Amal (2016), p. 238.
4. Amal (2002), p. 128.
5. François Valentijn (1724) Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien, Vol. I. Amsterdam: Onder de Linden, p. 140.
6. Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 6.
7. Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 5.
8. Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 10.
9. Hanna & Alwi (1996); François Valentijn (1724), p. 141.
10. Soejono (2008), p. 194; François Valentijn (1724), p. 143..
11. Amal (2016), p. 64.
12. Amal (2016), p. 65.
13. Hans Hägerdal (2017), Held's history of Sumbawa. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University press, p. 34.
14. Putuhena (2007), p. 101.
15. Office of Islamic Information Service (1980), p. 28.
16. Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 32.
17. Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 57, 134.
18. François Valentijn (1724), p. 142.
19. Abdurachman (2008), p. 188.
20. Naïdah (1878) "Geschiednis van Ternate", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 4:II, p. 443.
21. P.A. Tiele (1877-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 25-35, Part V:1, p. 161-2.
22. Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 5, 15.
23. Amal (2002), p. 130.

Bibliography

• Abdurachman, Paramita Rahayu (2008). Bunga angin Portugis di Nusantara: jejak-jejak kebudayaan Portugis di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakata: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-9-79799-235-4.
• Amal, M. Adnan (2002). Maluku Utara, Perjalanan Sejarah 1250 - 1800 Volume 1 (in Indonesian). Ternate: Universitas Khairun Ternate.
• Amal, M. Adnan (2016). Kepulauan Rempah-rempah : Perjalanan Sejarah Maluku Utara 1250-1950 (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 978-6-02424-166-7.
• Hanna, Willard Anderson; Alwi, Des (1996). Ternate dan Tidore, Masa Lalu Penuh Gejolak (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. ISBN 978-9-79416-310-8.
• Office of Islamic Information Service (1980). The Development of Islam in Indonesia. Jakata: Office of Islamic Information Service, Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
• Putuhena, M. Shaleh (2007). Historiografi haji Indonesia (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. ISBN 978-9-79255-264-5.
• Soejono, R.P.; Leirissa, Richard Z. (2008). Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Zaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakata: PT Balai Pustaka. ISBN 978-9-79407-409-1.

Zainal Abidin of Ternate
Preceded by New Creation	Sultan of Ternate 1485–1500	Succeeded by Bayan Sirrullah