Yuzo Koshiro

Yuzo Koshiro (古代 祐三, Koshiro Yūzō, born December 12, 1967 in Hino, Tokyo) is a Japanese video game musician programmer, and president of the game development company Ancient. He is often regarded as one of the most influential innovators in chiptune and video game music, producing music in a number of genres, including various electronic genres (such as breakbeat, electro, hardcore, house, jungle, techno, and trance),[1][2][3] experimental,[3] symphonic, hip hop, jazz, and synth-rock.[1]

Yuzo Koshiro
Yuzo Koshiro at Chicago's "Play! A Video Game Symphony" concert in 2006
Background information
Born (1967-12-12) December 12, 1967
Hino, Tokyo, Japan
Genres
Occupation(s)
Instruments
Years active1986–present
Associated actsMotohiro Kawashima
WebsiteAncient Corp.

Nintendo Power once stated that Koshiro was "arguably the greatest game-music composer of the 16-bit age" and that he "created some of the most memorable game music of the late '80s and early '90s."[4] 1UP stated he was the "king" of FM synthesis chiptune music.[5] He has produced some of the most influential role-playing video game scores, for titles such as Nihon Falcom's Dragon Slayer and Ys series,[1] as well as ActRaiser[2] and Beyond Oasis.[6] GameAxis Unwired stated that his "progressive, catchy, techno-style compositions" for games such as The Revenge of Shinobi, Misty Blue, and the Streets of Rage series were "far more advanced than what players were used to" and set a "new high watermark for what music in games could sound like."[7] The Streets of Rage soundtracks are considered ahead of their time,[8][9] featuring a "blend of swaggering house synths," "dirty" electro-funk,[8] and early trance elements.[3]

His influence also extends to the popular music industry, particularly within the electronic dance music genre.[9][10][11] His work remains highly regarded within the chiptune community,[10] and has influenced artists outside of it, including electronic music artists such as Ikonika,[11][12][13] Labrinth,[13] Martyn, Joker, Darkstar,[11] Danger,[14] and Just Blaze.[15] Koshiro's Streets of Rage soundtracks in particular have been compared to later electronic dance music,[8][9] and have influenced electronica, grime and dubstep producers.[11][13] Koshiro and his sister Ayano founded the game development company Ancient in 1990.[16]

Biography

Early life (1967–1985)

Yuzo Koshiro was born in Tokyo on December 12, 1967. His mother, Tomo Koshiro, was a pianist. She taught him how to play the piano at the age of three, and by the age of five, he had a strong command of it. In 1975, he began taking music lessons from the acclaimed film composer Joe Hisaishi (later known for his soundtracks to Hayao Miyazaki films), and studied with him for three years. Everything Koshiro has learned after that has since been self-taught.[17]

While he was still in high school during the early 1980s, Koshiro began composing music on the NEC PC-8801 as a hobby, including mockups of early arcade game music from Namco, Konami, and Sega. The sequencing skills and experience he gained from this would later be utilized in his early video game projects.[1][18] The video games that influenced him most were The Tower of Druaga (1984), Space Harrier (1985), and Gradius (1985). The video game music soundtracks to these games inspired him to become a video game composer.[18][19]

In a 1992 interview, Koshiro said that his favorite music genres are new wave, dance music, technopop, classical, and hard rock, and that his favorite Western bands are Van Halen and Soul II Soul.[20]

Nihon Falcom (1986–1988)

Koshiro's first composing job was with Nihon Falcom in 1986 at the age of 18. Falcom used compositions from the PC-8801 demo tape he had sent them in their Dragon Slayer action role-playing game Xanadu Scenario II, for its opening theme and several dungeon levels.[21] He also wrote the opening song in Romancia that same year. His compositions for these early games were influenced by arcade game music and Japanese bands such as The Alfee. He then produced the soundtrack to Dragon Slayer IV / Legacy of the Wizard (1987), which was influenced by the sounds of early Konami games. His most well-known Falcom works are his soundtracks for Sorcerian (1987) and the early Ys games, Ys I (1987) and Ys II (1988). These early music productions mainly featured rock and fusion music.[1] The TurboGrafx-CD versions of the first three Ys games (from 1989 to 1991) are notable for their very early use of Red Book audio in video games. Music from the Ys games were also employed in the Ys anime.[22]

All of these early soundtracks were produced using the FM synthesis sound chip of the PC-8801. Despite later advances in audio technology, Koshiro would continue to use older PC-8801 hardware to produce many of his later video game soundtracks, including the Streets of Rage and Etrian Odyssey soundtracks.[10] His soundtracks for early Nihon Falcom games, such as the Dragon Slayer and Ys series, are widely regarded as some of the most influential role-playing video game scores.[1]

Early freelance work (1988–1990)

Following his separation with Falcom, Koshiro became a freelancer, composing music for many other companies. His early freelance projects included the Sharp X68000 port of Bosconian, Bothtec's action role-playing game The Scheme (1988) for the PC-8801, and Enix's visual novel adventure game Misty Blue for the PC-9801 in 1990.[1][10] The latter two soundtracks featured early Eurobeat music.[1] His most notable freelance work was for Sega, where he composed music for the Shinobi series and the Streets of Rage series, as well as Quintet, where he composed the soundtracks to ActRaiser (1990) and ActRaiser 2 (1993).

His first freelance work for Sega was the soundtrack to The Revenge of Shinobi (1989), for which he produced house[1][23] and "progressive, catchy, techno-style compositions"[7] that fused electronic dance music with traditional Japanese music.[24] His soundtrack for ActRaiser (1990), on the other hand, was mainly classical and orchestral.[1] While working on ActRaiser, in order to get around the SNES's 64 KB memory limitation which limited the number of instruments that can be used and prevented the reloading of samples, Koshiro developed a sample loading system that worked with the ROM cartridge memory, swapping samples from the ROM data on the fly. This allowed him to "load parts of the music gradually as needed, and also change it quickly between stages or parts of a stage" which the "original system couldn't do it with its restrictions." A similar system was used by other companies for later SNES games such as Squaresoft's Seiken Densetsu 3 (1995) and Namco Tales Studio's Tales of Phantasia (1995).[18]

Founding of Ancient Corp. (1990–1994)

In 1990, Koshiro helped found Ancient Corp., which contributed to the development of a number of games, such as the 8-bit version of Sonic the Hedgehog and Beyond Oasis. The company was also founded by his mother, Tomo Koshiro, while his sister Ayano Koshiro works at the company as an art/character/graphic designer and was also the art designer for the ActRaiser games.[17] His sister Ayano has designed characters and graphics for several games Koshiro has worked on, including the Streets of Rage (Bare Knuckle in Japan) series, Ys, and ActRaiser.

While working with Ancient, he composed the soundtrack for the 8-bit version of Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991. He adapted several pieces of music from the original 16-bit version, while the rest of the soundtrack consisted of his own original music.[1]

His soundtracks for the Streets of Rage series (known as Bare Knuckle in Japan) from 1991 to 1994 were composed using then outdated PC-8801 hardware alongside his own original audio programming language. According to Koshiro: "For Bare Knuckle I used the PC88 and an original programming language I developed myself. The original was called MML, Music Macro Language. It is based on NEC's BASIC program, but I modified it heavily. It was more a BASIC-style language at first, but I modified it to be something more like Assembly. I called it ‘Music Love'. I used it for all the Bare Knuckle games."[10]

The soundtracks for Streets of Rage (1991) and Streets of Rage 2 (1992) were influenced by house, techno, hardcore techno,[2] breakbeat,[25] funk and ethnic music. He also attempted to reproduce the Roland TR-808 and TR-909 beats and Roland TB-303 synths using FM synthesis.[26] The soundtrack for Streets of Rage 2 in particular is considered "revolutionary" and ahead of its time,[8][9] for its "amazing blend of swaggering house synths, dirty" electro-funk and "trancey electronic textures that would feel as comfortable in a nightclub as a video game."[8]

His CD soundtracks became best-sellers in Japan during the early 1990s.[27] In 1993, Electronic Games listed the first two Streets of Rage games as having some of the best video game music soundtracks they "ever heard." They described Koshiro as "just about universally acknowledged as the most gifted composer currently working in the video game field."[28]

For the soundtrack to Streets of Rage 3 (1994), he created a new composition method called the "Automated Composing System" to produce "fast-beat techno like jungle."[2] It was the most advanced techno technique of the time, incorporating heavily randomized sequences.[1] This resulted in innovative and experimental sounds generated automatically that, according to Koshiro, "you ordinarily never could imagine on your own." This method was very rare at the time, but has since become popular among techno and trance music producers to get "unexpected and odd sounds."[3] The soundtrack also had elements of abstract, experimental, gabber,[29] and trance music.[30] The experimental electronic music was not very well received upon release, but has since been considered to be ahead of its time. According to Mean Machines, "ironically it pre-dated the 'trance' era that came a short while after release."[30]

Koshiro was one of the first composers credited under his real name in a time when several other Japanese developers were credited under pen names.[31]

Later career (1994–present)

Also in 1994, Koshiro co-composed a well known soundtrack for the Mega-CD version of Eye of the Beholder, a dungeon crawl role-playing video game ported over from the original by Japanese developer Opera House and published by Sega.[6] That same year, his soundtrack for Beyond Oasis utilized a late romantic style of music, which he later also utilized for Legend of Oasis (1996), Merregnon (2000), and Warriors of the Lost Empire (2007).[1]

He also composed the soundtrack for Sega's Shenmue (1999) alongside Takenobu Mitsuyoshi and a few others, with Koshiro contributing fifteen original compositions to the soundtrack. Three other staff members of Ancient also worked on Shenmue.[17][32] He later composed the soundtracks for the Wangan Midnight series (2001 onwards) and Namco × Capcom (2005). These were the first projects where he wrote the lyrics along with the music. For the Wangan Midnight series in particular, his compositions were mostly trance music, a style he was previously unfamiliar with.[18]

He composed the main theme of the French TV channel Nolife, which launched in 2007. The theme was released as part of the album Tamiuta in 2008.[33] Some of Koshiro's latest work includes music for the Etrian Odyssey series,[10] the Wangan Midnight series, and the 7th Dragon series. He was also brought back to compose for Streets of Rage 4, along with Kawashima, Yoko Shimomura, Hideki Naganuma, and Keiji Yamagishi.[34]

Concert performances
Year Venue Game(s) performed Role
2004[35] Symphonic Game Music Concert, Gewandhaus ActRaiser Medley Music arranger
2005[35] Chamber Music Game Concert, Gewandhaus ActRaiser Medley
2006 Play! A Video Game Symphony, Rosemont Theater Sonic the Hedgehog
Symphonic Game Music Concert, Gewandhaus The Revenge of Shinobi
2007 Play! A Video Game Symphony, Stockholm
Play! A Video Game Symphony, Prague
Play! A Video Game Symphony, Singapore[36]
Disc jockey
Symphonic Game Music Concert, Gewandhaus[35] New Super Mario Bros. Music arranger
2008[35] Symphonic Shades – Hülsbeck in Concert Jim Power in Mutant Planet
2013 MAGFest[37]
Disc jockey
2017 Diggin' In The Carts - World Tour[38], The Regent Theatre, Los Angeles
Disc jockey with Motohiro Kawashima
Diggin' In The Carts - World Tour, Liquidroom, Tokyo
Diggin' In The Carts - World Tour, fabric, London
2018 Diggin' In The Carts, La Gaîté Lyrique[39], Paris

Works

All works listed below had scores written by Koshiro unless otherwise noted.

YearTitleNotes
1986Xanadu Scenario IIwith Takahito Abe
Romanciacomposed the opening theme
1987Ys I: Ancient Ys Vanishedwith Mieko Ishikawa
Legacy of the Wizard
Space Harriersound effects for the X68000 version
Sorcerianwith various others
Ojousama Club
Dark Storm: Demon Crystal
The Gate of Labyrinth
1988Ys II: Ancient Ys Vanished – The Final Chapterwith Mieko Ishikawa and Hideya Nagata
The Scheme
The Return of Ishtar MSX version
The Curse of Mars
1989Wanderers from Super Scheme
Algarna
The Revenge of Shinobi
BosconianX68000 version with Hideya Nagata
1990Misty Blue
ActRaiser
Thrice
1991The G.G. Shinobi
Streets of Rage
Sonic the Hedgehog 8-bit version
Star Wars: Attack on the Death Stararrangements
1992Super Adventure Island
Eye of the BeholderPC-98 version with Yuji Yamada
Gagewith Ayako Yoda
Batman Returnssound producer on the 8-bit versions
The G.G. Shinobi II: The Silent Furywith Motohiro Kawashima
Streets of Rage 2
1993Slap Fight MD
ActRaiser 2
1994Streets of Rage 3with Motohiro Kawashima
Eye of the Beholder Sega CD version with Motohiro Kawashima
Robotreksound producer
Beyond Oasis
1995Miracle Casino Paradise
Manji Psy Yuukiwith Motohiro Kawashima
1996Zork I: The Great Underground Empire PlayStation version with Motohiro Kawashima
The Legend of Oasis
Vatlvawith Motohiro Kawashima
1997Culdceptwith Takeshi Yanagawa
1998Fox Junctionwith Motohiro Kawashima and Ryuji Iuchi
1999Shenmuewith various others
2001Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune
Shenmue IIwith various others
Car Battler Joewith Tomonori Hayashibe
2004Amazing Islandwith Motohiro Kawashima
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune
Dokapon the World
2005Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 2
Namco × Capcomwith various others
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2composed "You gotta move it"
2006Ueki no Housokuwith Motohiro Kawashima and Takeshi Yanagawa
Castlevania: Portrait of Ruinwith Michiru Yamane
2007Etrian Odyssey
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 3
Katekyo Hitman Reborn! Dream Hyper Battle!with Motohiro Kawashima and Takeshi Yanagawa
Warriors of the Lost Empire
2008Super Smash Bros. Brawlarrangements with various others
Etrian Odyssey II
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 3 DX
20097th Dragon
Half-Minute Herowith various others
2010Dragon Ball Online
Etrian Odyssey III
Protect Me Knight
Jaseiken Necromancer: Nightmare Rebornwith Takeshi Yanagawa
Criminal Girlswith various others
Dead Heatwith Motohiro Kawashima
20117th Dragon 2020
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 4
2012Kid Icarus: Uprisingwith Motoi Sakuraba, Masafumi Takada, Noriyuki Iwadare, Takahiro Nishi, and Yasunori Mitsuda
Etrian Odyssey IV
Layton Brothers: Mystery Roomwith Takeshi Yanagawa
Time and Eternity
20137th Dragon 2020-II
Etrian Odyssey Untold: The Millennium Girl
Drift Spirits[40]
Momoiro Billionaire!with Motohiro Kawashima
2014Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 5
Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinthcomposed "Disturbances - The One Called from Beyond"
Gotta Protectors[41]with Hisayoshi Ogura, Motoaki Furukawa, Shinji Hosoe, and Hiroshi Kawaguchi
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii Uarrangements with various others
Etrian Odyssey 2 Untold: The Fafnir Knight
2015Etrian Mystery Dungeonwith Takeshi Yanagawa
Chunithm: Seelisch Tactcomposed "Grab your sword"
7th Dragon III Code: VFD[42]
Project X Zone 2composed the main theme
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 5 DX
2016Cosmic Cavern 3671[43]
Puzzle & Dragons Xwith Kenji Ito, Akira Yamaoka, and Keigo Ozaki
Etrian Odyssey V
2017Etrian Mystery Dungeon 2
RXN -Raijin-[44] with various others
2018Secret of Mana[45]arrangements with various others
Crystal of Re:union[46]
Chrono Ma:Gia[47]
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune 6
Etrian Odyssey Nexus[48]
Monster Boy and the Cursed Kingdomwith Motoi Sakuraba, Michiru Yamane, Keiki Kobayashi, and Takeshi Yanagawa
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate[49]arrangements with various others
201916bit Rhythm Landwith various others[50]
198X[51]with Anton Dromberg and Daniel Rosenqvist[52]
SolSeraphcomposed the main theme[53]
Arcalastbattle music[54]
Sega Genesis Minidedicated console featuring over 40 emulated Sega Genesis games; Koshiro composed the menu music[55]
Susume!! Mamotte Knight: Hime no Totsugeki Serenade[56]
The Takeover[57]with James Ronald
Rakugaki Kingdomcomposed "Sunny Days Battle"[58]
2020Gibiateanime[59]
Streets of Rage 4with various others
The Wonderful 101: Remasteredarrangements with various others
gollark: ++tel status
gollark: You do not use it that way.
gollark: What is it, apioformicoids?
gollark: Hi Terra.
gollark: https://qntm.org/structure

References
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  4. Nintendo Power, Volumes 208–210. Nintendo Power. 2006. p. 102. Retrieved August 5, 2011. Yuzo Koshiro, the musician responsible for ActRaiser's amazing score, is arguably the greatest game-music composer of the 16-bit age. Equally comfortable composing classical or techno, Koshiro built up a faithful fan base by creating some of the most memorable game music of the late '80s and early '90s.
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  28. https://archive.org/stream/Electronic-Games-1993-06/Electronic%20Games%201993-06#page/n45/mode/2up
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  31. El compositor de Streets of Rage puso su nombre en los juegos porque se lo dijo su madre. Vandal, 12 March 2020
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  33. Nolife TV Theme, released on the album Tamiuta
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  38. , Retrieved 4 January 2019
  39. Archived September 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved September 7, 2018
  40. Crider, Michael. "47 New And Notable Android Games From The Last 2 Weeks (5/26/15 - 6/8/15)". Android Police. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
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  51. McFerran, Damien. "Streets Of Rage Composer Yuzo Koshiro Is Contributing To 198X's Soundtrack". Nintendo Life. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  52. Hi-Bit Studios. "Music for the masses". Kickstarter.com. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  53. McWhertor, Michael. "Sega's SolSeraph looks like an ActRaiser spiritual successor". Polygon. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
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  56. Yuzo Koshiro [@yuzokoshiro] (September 5, 2019). "yuzokoshiro" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  57. @1thetakeover (August 13, 2018). "A new version of The Takeover has hit Steam Early Access! What's New: - New music track by the legendary Yuzo Koshiro! - A new vertical roll move (much like in SoR3) - New voice samples for all characters! - Plenty of bug fixes!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  58. "SOUND". rakugaki-kingdom.com (in Japanese). Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  59. Komatsu, Mikikazu. "Japanese-Themed Project GIBIATE Unveils Its First Anime PV for Summer 2020". CrunchyRoll.com. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
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