Yamashita Gentarō

Baron Yamashita Gentarō (山下 源太郎, 30 July 1863 – 18 February 1931) was an admiral in the early Imperial Japanese Navy.

Baron Yamashita Gentarō
Admiral Yamashita Gentarō
Native name	山下 源太郎
Born	(1863-07-30)July 30, 1863 Yonezawa, Dewa Province, Japan
Died	February 18, 1931(1931-02-18) (aged 67) Japan
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Service/branch	Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service	1879–1928
Rank	Admiral
Commands held	Iwate Imperial Japanese Naval Academy Sasebo Naval District IJN 1st Fleet, Combined Fleet
Battles/wars	First Sino-Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War World War I
Awards	Order of the Golden Kite (3rd class)

In this Japanese name, the family name is Yamashita.

Biography

Early career

Yamashita was the second son of a samurai in the service of the Yonezawa Domain and was born in the castle town of Yonezawa, Dewa Province (present day Yamagata prefecture). Yamashita graduated from the 10th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1883, ranked 4th out of 27 cadets. His classmates included Katō Sadakichi.

His midshipman service was aboard the ironclad warship Ryūjō during its long-distance navigational training voyage to Wellingtion, Valparaíso, Callao and Honolulu in 1886. After his return to Japan, he was assigned to a number of ships in the early navy as gunnery officer, including the ironclad Fusō, gunboat Atago (1889), corvettes Hiei (1891), Kaimon (1892) and Musashi (1893).

During the First Sino-Japanese War, Yamashita served as the chief gunnery officer on the corvette Kongō, followed by the cruiser Akitsushima

In 1896, Yamashita was sent to the United Kingdom to oversee warship construction and to study then latest designs of the Royal Navy.[1] While based in London, he was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1897 and then to commander in 1898. On his return to Japan in 1899, he was appointed executive officer, first on the cruiser Izumi, then on Kasuga.

In July 1900, Yamashita was assigned command of Japanese marines during the Boxer Rebellion at Tientsin[1] and, after performing special duty in Hong Kong and Chefoo, he was promoted to captain in 1903.

During the Russo-Japanese War, Yamashita served as an operations planner at the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. In particular, he was central to the efforts to locate the Russian Baltic Fleet and to predict its movements through the Tsushima Strait, leadings to the crucial Battle of Tsushima.[1] Following the war, in February 1906, he was assigned command of the cruiser Iwate, which proved to be the only time he ever captained a ship. In November of the same year, he became chief-of-staff of the IJN 1st Fleet.

As admiral

Yamashita was promoted to rear admiral in 1908 and subsequently served as chief-of-staff of the Combined Fleet for October to December, when he as assigned to command the Sasebo Naval District. In March 1909 he returned to the Navy General Staff as chief of the First Bureau (Operations) and in December of the same year became commandant of the Naval Academy. Yamashita was promoted to vice admiral in December 1912. While commanding the Navy Academy, he was known for being honest and strict in temperament, but on holidays he often invited the cadets to the his office and served them with rice. He was also a great matchmaker who arranged for the marriages of 24 of his cadets. Many of the cadets of the Academy during this period went on to play major roles in World War II.

Following Japan's entry into World War I, Yamashita served as vice chief of the Navy General Staff until 1915. From 1915 to 1917, he was the Commander in Chief of the Sasebo Naval District. In August 1915, soon after he as transferred to Sasebo, his ten-year old son was stabbed to death by a junior officer. In December 1917, Yamashita was given command of the IJN 1st Fleet. Promoted to admiral on 2 July 1918, Yamashita served as commander of the Combined Fleet from September 1918 until the end of October 1918, shortly before the war's end.

Yamashita served as Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff from December 1920 until April 1925.He was outspoken in his opposition to the Washington Naval Treaty and Japan's abandonment of the "Eight-eight fleet" concept. Although he pledged to abide by government policies, he focused on new technologies (such as aviation and submarine warfare) which were not restricted by the treaty. Yamashita held several honorary and ceremonial posts after 1925 until being placed on the second reserve list in July 1928. He was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system on 10 November 1928,[2]and lived in retirement until his death in 1931. His grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.

Decorations

• 1895 – Order of the Rising Sun, 6th class [3]
• 1901 – Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class [4]
• 1901 – Order of the Golden Kite, 4th class [5]
• 1901 – Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class [6]
• 1901 – Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class [7]
• 1895 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, 6th class [8]
• 1914 - Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class [9]
• 1915 – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun[10]
• 1928 – Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers[11]

Foreign

• 1924 – France - Legion of Honor, Commandeur [12]

References

• Agawa, Hiroyuki (2000). The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2539-4.
• Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
• Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
• Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). (陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army). Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. ISBN 4829500026.
• Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). (日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 4130301357.

Footnotes

1. Kowner, Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 429.
2. 『官報』号外「授爵・叙任及辞令」November 10, 1928
3. 『官報』第3727号「叙任及辞令」November 29, 1895
4. 『官報』第5508号「叙任及辞令」November 11, 1901
5. 『官報』第5508号「叙任及辞令」November 11, 1901
6. 『官報』第7005号「叙任及辞令」November 2, 1906
7. 『官報』第5508号「叙任及辞令」November 11, 1901
8. 『官報』第5508号「叙任及辞令」November 11, 1901
9. 『官報』第700号「叙任及辞令」December 1, 1914
10. 『官報』第1194号「叙任及辞令」July 24, 1916
11. 『官報』第409号「叙任及辞令」May 11, 1928
12. 『官報』第3641号「叙任及辞令」October 10, 1924

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Military offices
Preceded by Tsuchiya Tamotsu	1st Fleet Chief of Staff 22 November 1906 – 10 December 1908	Succeeded by Takarabe Takeshi
Preceded by Fujii Kōichi	Sasebo Naval District Chief of Staff 10 December 1908 - 4 March 1909	Succeeded by Ogi Genzaburō
Preceded by Fujii Kōichi	Sasebo Naval District Commander-in-chief 10 August 1915 - 1 December 1917	Succeeded by Yashiro Rokurō
Preceded by Yoshimatsu Motaro	1st Fleet Commander-in-chief 1 December 1917 – 1 December 1919	Succeeded by Yamaya Tanin
Fleet recreated; post last held by Yoshimatsu Motaro	Combined Fleet Commander-in-chief 1 September 1918 - 15 October 1918	Fleet dissolved; post next held by Himself
Fleet recreated; post last held by Himself	Combined Fleet Commander-in-chief 1 June 1919 - 28 October 1919	Fleet dissolved; post next held by Yamaya Tanin
Preceded by Shimamura Hayao	Navy General Staff Chairman 1 December 1920 – 15 April 1925	Succeeded by Suzuki Kantarō