Xyloterinus
Xyloterinus is a genus of typical bark beetles in the family Curculionidae. This is a monotypic genus and the one described species is Xyloterinus politus.[1][2][3] It is native to North America where it infests both hardwood and softwood trees, as well as stacks of logs.
| Xyloterinus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Tribe: | Scolytini |
| Genus: | Xyloterinus Swaine, 1918 |
| Type species | |
| Xyloterinus politus (Say, 1826) | |
Description
Adult beetles are between 2.3 and 3.5 mm (0.09 and 0.14 in) in length and are a dark brown or blackish colour. The prothorax is squarish and has spines and two to four teeth at the front. The elytra (wing-covers) are a rufous brown colour and covered with a felting of yellowish bristles. The entrance to the galleries in which the larvae develop is about 1.6 mm (0.06 in) in diameter.[4]
Distribution and habitat
This beetle is native to eastern North America, where it is present in both Canada and the United States. It infests both hardwoods and softwoods, mostly recently fallen or cut timber.[4] Host trees include Acer, Alnus, Betula, Carya, Castanea, Fagus, Fraxinus, Picea, Pinus, Quercus, Tsuga, and Ulmus.[5]
Ecology
After mating, the adult female tunnels into the bark, creating a gallery up to 45 mm (1.8 in) long in the sapwood.[4] Like other ambrosia beetles, the female carries a fungal culture with which to inoculate the walls of the galleries.[6] On either side of the original tunnel she creates two further galleries about 14 mm (0.6 in) long.[4] The eggs are laid singly, each in a cup-shaped cradle beside the side gallery, the entrance of the cradle being plugged by frass.[7] The eggs hatch within about fourteen hours, and the larvae feed on the mycelia and spores of the fungus, enlarging the cradle as they grow. Wood fragments accumulate in the main tunnel and may escape from or be pushed out of the entrance by the female. The larvae take about 19 days to develop fully, before pupating. The new adults exit the cradle and then turn round and re-enter, feeding on the ambrosial growth. They overwinter in the empty cradles and galleries and exit the wood through the original entrance.[4][7]
References
- "Xyloterinus Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- "Xyloterinus". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- "Xyloterinus genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- Robinson, William H. (2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-139-44347-0.
- "Xyloterinus". Bark Beetle Genera of the United States. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Genetics and Metabolism of Ambrosia Fungi". IFAS. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- MacLean, David B. & Giese, Ronald L. (1967). "The life history of the ambrosia beetle Xyloterinus politus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)". The Canadian Entomologist. 99 (3): 285–299. doi:10.4039/Ent99285-3.
Further reading
- O'Brien, Charles W.; Wibmer, Guillermo J. (1982). "Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" (PDF). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute.
- Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
- Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.