William Stewart Simkins

William Stewart Simkins (August 25, 1842 – February 27, 1929) was a Confederate soldier and professor of law at the University of Texas at Austin.[1] While a Citadel cadet, he quite possibly fired the first shot of the American Civil War.[2]

William Stewart Simkins
Photographed as a cadet
Born(1842-08-25)August 25, 1842
Edgefield, South Carolina
DiedFebruary 27, 1929(1929-02-27) (aged 86)
Austin, Texas
OccupationProfessor of law
Spouse(s)Lizzie Ware

Early life

Simkins was born on August 25, 1842 in Edgefield, South Carolina. His parents were Eldred James and Pattie Simkins. He entered the Citadel, a South Carolina military academy, in 1856.[3]

Civil War

At daybreak on January 9, 1861, Simkins saw the signal from a guard boat, and sounded the alarm in the sand battery, alerting his fellow Citadel cadets to the arrival of the Union ship the Star of the West, which was attempting to ferry supplies to Fort Sumter. The cadets fired the first shots of the American Civil War.[4] The Daily Courier at first said he had fired the first shot, although the official account later blamed a local youth named G. E. Haynesworth.[5] Simkins once said he only loaded the gun which fired the first shot, though many historians believe that he actually fired it, too.[6]

The cadets were graduated early on April 9.[4] On the morning of April 12, 1861, Simkins, on duty near Charleston Harbor, participated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, the first battle of the war.[1][7][8]

He was commissioned as a first lieutenant of artillery.[3] He oversaw a battery during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor on April 7, 1863.[9] He is mentioned on September 19, 1863 as the inspector general for General Hagood.[10] Simkins surrendered as a colonel in the army of Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina in 1865.[3]

Post war activities

After the war he went to Monticello, Florida, where he and his brother, Eldred J. Simkins, organized the Florida Ku Klux Klan.[3]

Simkins married Lizzie Ware on February 10, 1870. They had five children.[3]

Simkins was admitted to the bar in 1870 and moved to Texas in 1873 where he practiced law at Corsicana. In 1885 he and his brother began a practice in Dallas.[3] In 1894 he was, alongside Texas Attorney General Charles Allen Culberson, an appellant in two cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Co. and Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.[11]

Professorship

Simkins joined the law faculty of the University of Texas in 1899.[3]

Peregrinus, the mascot of the University of Texas School of Law, came from his course on Equity, after a drowsing student, Russell Savage, awoke halfway through Simkins's discussion of Roman law to the word "peregrinus" scrawled on the blackboard. Not understanding the context to Roman citizenship or a type of praetor, Savage made the first doodle of the four-legged duck-billed creature.[12]

Simkins was himself nicknamed "Old Peregrinoos." First-year law students were known as "Simkins's Jackasses," and later by the initialism J.A.[3]

His publications became standard textbooks in law schools in and beyond Texas. The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, conferred an honorary doctorate of civil law upon him in 1913.[3]

Simkins gave a yearly speech each Thanksgiving in which he decried Northern carpetbaggers who, he suggested, helped promote a culture of poverty among freed slaves, and proclaimed his belief that the South had overcome its racist past and had arisen once again as an economic powerhouse.[13]

He became professor emeritus in 1923, but continued to lecture once a week until his death. There is no evidence to suggest he joined the second Klan that had reorganized in Georgia in 1915 and became a power in Texas in the 1920s. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Dallas.

Legacy

On the University of Texas campus, Simkins Hall dormitory was, for a time, named in his honor.[14] The two-story dormitory was constructed near Waller Creek in the 1950s.[15] Next door to the law school where Professor Simkins made his intellectual mark, it was originally the law student dormitory, but later moved into common undergraduate use.

In 2010, UT changed the name to Creekside Residence Hall after Professor Thomas D. Russell, a historian and former professor of law at UT, published a paper[16] chronicling Simkins's role as the co-founder of the Florida Ku Klux Klan.[17] University President William Powers, Jr., endorsed the change on July 12, 2010.[18] The regents also changed the name "Simkins Park", a green space next to the dormitory which had been named for Simkins's brother, Eldred James Simkins of Corsicana, who served on the UT board from 1882-1893[19] and had reputed Klan ties.[15] The African American trustee, Printice L. Gary (born 1946) of Dallas, made the motion, approved unanimously, to delete the name "Simkins" from the dormitory: "From time to time we are reminded of ugly periods in our nation's history regarding civil rights. The history behind the name is not in line with today's University of Texas and its core values."[15] Gregory Vincent, UT vice president for diversity and community engagement, said that the Simkins Hall sign would be removed by July 16.[15]

Personal life

Legendary Sewanee Tigers football player Ormond Simkins was his son.

Partial bibliography
  • Equity as Applied in the State and Federal Courts of Texas (1903)
  • Contracts and Sales (1905)
  • Administration of Estates in Texas (1908)
  • A Federal Suit in Equity (1909)
  • A Federal Suit at Law (1912)
  • Title by Limitations in Texas (1924)
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References
  1. "Monday, March 11, 1929 (notices)". Time Magazine. 1929-03-11.
  2. Harvey, Bill (2003). Texas Cemeteries: The Resting Places of Famous, Infamous, and Just Plain Interesting Texans. University of Texas Press. pp. 101. ISBN 0-292-73466-2.
  3. "The Handbook of Texas Online: SIMKINS, WILLIAM STEWART". Texas State Historical Association. 2001-06-06.
  4. Conrad, James Lee (2004). The Young Lions: Confederate Cadets at War. University of South Carolina Press. p. 32. ISBN 1-57003-575-X.
  5. Badders, Hurley E. (2006). Remembering South Carolina's Old Pendleton District. The History Press. ISBN 1-59629-197-4.
  6. Wendell Givens (2003). Ninety-Nine Iron: The Season Sewanee Won Five Games in Six Days. University of Alabama Press. p. 28.
  7. Snowden, Yates; Harry Gardner Cutler (1920). History of South Carolina. II. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 861.
  8. His brief Times obituary puts him as firing the opening mortar here, an act usually ascribed to Edmund Ruffin, or Henry S. Farley; it seems likely sources have confused this with the January events.
  9. Moore, Frank; Edward Everett (1863). The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events. sixth. New York: G. P. Putnam. pp. 513–4.
  10. Manigault, Edward (1996). Warren Ripley (ed.). Siege Train: The Journal of a Confederate Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston. University of South Carolina Press. p. 45. ISBN 1-57003-127-4.
  11. "REAGAN v. MERCANTILE TRUST CO, 154 U.S. 413 (1894)". U.S. Supreme Court. 1894-05-26.
  12. Benedict, Harry Yandell (2005). Peregrinusings: A Queer Title for Some Moronic Essays. Kessinger Publishing. pp. ix. ISBN 1-4179-9761-3.
  13. Simkins, William Stewart (June 1916). "Why The Ku Klux". The Alcalde.
  14. Durbin, John R.; Teresa Palomo Acosta (2001-01-18). "In Memoriam: William S. Simkins". University of Texas Faculty Council.
  15. "Klan name gone from UT dorm", Laredo Morning Times, July 16, 2010, p. 6A
  16. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2240973
  17. "University of Texas Considers Renaming Dorm After KKK Link Found". foxnews.com. 2010-05-24.
  18. "President Wants University of Texas to Drop KKK Dorm Name". National Ledger. July 12, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
  19. "Eldred James Simkins". utsystem.edu. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
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