William M. Jackson

William Morgan Jackson (born September 24, 1936) is a Distinguished Research and Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at University of California, Davis and pioneer in the field of astrochemistry. His work considers cometary astrochemistry and the development of laser photochemistry to understand planetary atmospheres. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society and the American Chemical Society. In 2019 he was awarded the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Arthur B.C. Walker II Award for his research and commitment to promoting diversity.

William Morgan Jackson
BornSeptember 24, 1936
Birmingham, Alabama
Alma materCatholic University of America
Morehouse College
Known forAstrochemistry
Free radicals
NOBCChE
Scientific career
InstitutionsNational Institute of Standards and Technology
University of Pittsburgh
Goddard Space Flight Center
Howard University
University of California, Davis

Early life and education

Jackson was born in Birmingham, Alabama.[1] He grew up in a segregated society and spent part of his childhood in Dynamite Hill, an area in Birmingham that the Ku Klux Klan frequently bombed during the Civil rights movement.[2][3] His father, a Tuskegee University graduate, owned the Apex Cab Company and also taught auto mechanics at Parker High School, whilst his mother, a Santa Barbara Junior High School graduate, worked for the US Government.[4][1] At the age of nine Jackson contracted polio and he had to spend a year out of school.[1] After completing tenth grade, Jackson joined Morehouse College as an early entrance student.[4] He was awarded a full scholarship.[4] At first Jackson considered majoring in mathematics, but decided to study chemistry after meeting Henry Cecil McBay.[1] He graduated in 1956 and applied to several graduate schools, including Northwestern University and Purdue University. He received a response from Northwestern, who said that they had already fulfilled their three fellowships for African American students.[1] Eventually he moved Washington, D.C., where he got a job and lived with his cousin.[1] He studied at the Catholic University of America where he was awarded a postgraduate research fellowship.[5] During his doctoral studies he worked in the Harry Diamond Laboratories, where he studied molten salt compounds.[1] During the final year of his PhD, Jackson's wife became pregnant, and Jackson took time out of graduate school to earn money.[1] During this time he worked at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[1] He returned to the Catholic University of America where he studied gasoline additives.[1] After earning his PhD in 1961 he joined the Lockheed Martin, where he worked on formaldehyde resins and ways to protect missiles as they reenter the Atmosphere of Earth.[1][4][6] He returned to the National Institute of Standards and Technology as a postdoctoral researcher, studying how radiant energy impacted chemical structures.[1] He investigated how radiation impacted the coating applied to space vehicles.[1]

Research and careers

In 1964 Jackson joined the Goddard Space Flight Center.[4] It was here that he became interested in the origins of free radicals in comets.[4] While at the Goddard Space Flight Center he proposed to use the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite to look for comets.[4] Using the Haystack Observatory, Jackson made measurements of water emission in comets.[7] He joined the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh in 1969, where he spent a year researching and teaching.[1][8] At the University of Pittsburgh he worked with Wade Fite and Ted Brackman on the detection of electron impact on molecules using mass spectrometry.[7] A year later he returned to Goddard, where he developed a system to detect free radicals using laser beams.[1]

In 1974 one of Jackson's colleagues, a Professor of Chemistry at Howard University, died suddenly.[1] Jackson agreed to teach his course for the rest of the term and was subsequently appointed to a joint position in chemistry and physics.[1] Here he began working on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to study the rovibronic coupling in cyano radicals.[7] He was the first person to demonstrate LIF could be used to study molecular photodissociation.[9] He primarily studied comets using satellites ground-based telescopes, using experimental data and theoretical predictions to establish how the free radicals inside comets form. Despite having left Goddard Space Flight Center, Jackson served as team leader for the International Ultraviolet Explorer telescope, which observed Halley's Comet.[4] He joined University of California, Davis in 1985 and was promoted to Distinguished Professor in 1998.[2] The Jackson laboratory ("Jackson’s Photon Crusaders") developed tunable lasers which could be used to detect and characterise free radicals.[7] These included excimer lasers, nitrogen-pumped lasers and an Alexandrite laser.[7] By building laser systems in the laboratory, Jackson helped to establish the excited states of molecules that are present in planetary atmospheres. The experiments consisted of one laser for the photodissociation of the parent molecule, and another laser to excite the free radical into an excited state. When the excited molecule fluoresced back to the ground state, the fluorescence was captured in a photomultiplier tube.[7] He has investigated the photochemistry of carbon monoxide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.[10] His laser systems exploit resonant four-wave mixing, which allows them to photodissociate gases observed in planetary atmospheres.[10] He also showed that it is possible to ionise the resulting atomic fragments using a velocity imaging time-of-flight mass spectrometer.[10]

In 1996 The Planetary Society named asteroid 1081 EE37 as (4322) Billjackson in his honour.[11] He served as Chair of the Department of Chemistry at University of California, Davis in 2000.[11] He retired in 2006, but has continued to research and recruit students.[4] In 2013 he was made the Emile A. Dickenson Professor at University of California, Davis.[6] In 2019 the Journal of Physical Chemistry dedicated a special issue to Jackson.[12]

Academic service and advocacy

Jackson has campaigned for equity, diversity and inclusion in science since he started his career.[2] He was one of the founders of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE).[2][11] The organisation began to promote and award minority scientists and engineers, as well as encouraging high school students to consider studying science or engineering. It was supported by Ted Kennedy and the National Science Foundation.[4] Jackson served as NOBCChE's first treasurer from 1973.[13] He stated that he was inspired to start the NOBCChE after attending a meeting of the American Chemical Society, and seeing no African Americans there.[14] He has served in various capacities for the NOBCChE, attending every annual meeting other than one (San Diego, 1999) in protest of the 1996 California Proposition 209.[14] He provided evidence to congress in an effort to increase research funding to historically black colleges and universities.[2] When he arrived at U.C. Davis, only two students from underrepresented minorities had ever earned chemistry PhDs there. While at Davis, he secured funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and increased the department's minority student population to about 15% of the academic cohort.[4] Jackson was known for bringing students and researchers to his laboratory “who were the stones the builders rejected, and he made them the cornerstones for future scientific research”.[7]

Awards and honours

His awards and honours include;

Selected publications

His publications include;

Jackson, William M. (1954). "A method for growing barium titanate single crystals". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (3): 940–941. doi:10.1021/ja01632a107.

Jackson, William M. (1964). "High temperature oxidative degradation of phenol–formaldehyde polycondensates". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 8 (5): 2163–2193. doi:10.1002/app.1964.070080516.

gollark: You still run into externalities like, er, carbon dioxide.
gollark: Ideally we'd be able to partition Earth into... lots of... different areas, set up different governments in each with people who like each one in them, magically fix externalities between them and stop them going to war or something, somehow deal with the issue of ensuring children in each society have a reasonable choice of where to go, and allowing people to be exiled to some other society in lieu of punishment there - assuming other ones will take them, obviously. But that is impractical.
gollark: The reason I support *some* land-value-taxish thing is that nobody creates land, so reward from it should probably go to everyone.
gollark: The only big problem I can see with that is that you can't really have the property/developed stuff on that land separate from the land itself, at least with current technology and use of nonmovable stuff.
gollark: You wouldn't just say "each m² of land costs $0.0001/year in taxes", I think one interesting idea there is to have people *set* a value, have a % of that be taxed, but also force it to be sold at that price if someone wants it.

References
  1. Kessler, James H.; Morin, Katherine A.; Kidd, J. S.; Kidd, Renee A. (1996). Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780897749558.
  2. Oskin, Becky. "William Jackson Honored for Research and Mentoring". lettersandscience.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  3. "Remembering Birmingham's 'Dynamite Hill' Neighborhood". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  4. "Auburn University". Auburn University. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  5. "Science Update: The Science Radio News Feature of the AAAS". Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  6. "William Jackson | Chemistry". chemistry.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  7. Goodson, Theodore; Houston, Paul L.; McCrary, Victor R. (2019-03-14). "A Tribute to William M. Jackson, Jr". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 123 (10): 1905–1907. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12308. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 30866632.
  8. "INVENTORS & INVENTIONS". Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  9. Jackson, William M. (1973-07-15). "Laser induced fluorescence of CN radicals". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 59 (2): 960–961. doi:10.1063/1.1680120. ISSN 0021-9606.
  10. Goodson, Theodore; Houston, Paul L.; McCrary, Victor R. (2019-03-14). "A Tribute to William M. Jackson, Jr". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 123 (10): 1905–1907. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12308. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 30866632.
  11. "William Jackson's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  12. "The Journal of Physical Chemistry A | Vol 123, No 10". pubs.acs.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  13. "Paying It Forward At NOBCChE | November 4, 2013 Issue - Vol. 91 Issue 44 | Chemical & Engineering News". cen-cc-origin.acs.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  14. "Paying It Forward At NOBCChE | November 4, 2013 Issue - Vol. 91 Issue 44 | Chemical & Engineering News". cen-cc-origin.acs.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  15. "Percy Julian Distinguished Lecture". www.nobcche.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  16. "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | William M. Jackson". Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  17. "APS Fellow Archive". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  18. "AAAS Mentor Awards: Lifetime Achievement | Academic Affairs". academicaffairs.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  19. "2003-2004". www.sigmaxi.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  20. "2002-2003". www.sigmaxi.org. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  21. "Bennie and Candle Recipients". Morehouse College. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  22. "LAURELS: Astronomers Honor William M. Jackson Jr". UC Davis. 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
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