William E. Thornton

William Edgar Thornton (M.D.) (born April 14, 1929) is a former NASA astronaut. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from University of North Carolina and a doctorate in medicine, also from UNC. He flew on Challenger twice, the STS-8 and STS-51B missions.

For other people named William Thornton, see William Thornton (disambiguation).
William E. Thornton
Born
William Edgar Thornton

(1929-04-14) April 14, 1929
Faison, North Carolina, U.S.
StatusRetired
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of North Carolina, B.S. 1952, M.D. 1963
OccupationMedical Doctor
Space career
NASA Astronaut
Time in space
13d 01h 16m
Selection1967 NASA Group 6
MissionsSTS-8, STS-51-B
Mission insignia
RetirementMay 31, 1994

Early life and education

William Edgar Thornton was born April 14, 1929. He attended primary and secondary schools in Faison, North Carolina. He received a bachelor of science degree in physics from the University of North Carolina (UNC) in 1952.[1] In 1963, he received a doctorate in medicine from UNC.[1]

Experience

Following graduation from the University of North Carolina and having completed Air Force ROTC training, Thornton served as officer-in-charge of the Instrumentation Lab at the Flight Test Air Proving Ground. He later became a consultant to Air Proving Ground Command.

As chief engineer of the electronics division of the Del Mar Engineering Labs at Los Angeles from 1956 to 1959, he also organized and directed its Avionics Division. He returned to the University of North Carolina Medical School in 1959, graduated in 1963, and completed internship training in 1964 at the Wilford Hall USAF Hospital at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas.

Thornton returned to active duty with the United States Air Force and was then assigned to the USAF Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, where he completed the Primary Flight Surgeon's training in 1964. It was during his two-year tour of duty there that he became involved in space medicine research and subsequently applied and was selected for astronaut training. Dr. Thornton developed and designed the first mass measuring devices for space, which remain in use today.

Thornton has logged over 2,500 hours pilot flying time in jet aircraft.

NASA experience

Thornton was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in August 1967.[2] He completed the required flight training at Reese Air Force Base, Texas. Thornton was physician crew member on the highly successful Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT)—a 56-day simulation of a Skylab mission enabling crewmen to collect medical experiments baseline data and evaluate equipment, operations, and procedures. Thornton was also the mission specialist on SMD III, a simulation of a Spacelab life sciences mission.

Thornton was a member of the astronaut support crew for the Skylab 2, 3, and 4 missions, and principal investigator for Skylab experiments on mass measurement, anthropometric measurements, hemodynamics, and human fluid shifts and physical conditioning. He first documented the shift and loss of fluid changes in body posture size and shape, including increase in height and the rapid loss of muscle strength and mass in space flight.

As a member of the Astronaut Office Operations Missions Development group, Thornton was responsible for developing crew procedures and techniques for deployable payloads, and for maintenance of crew conditions in flight. He developed advanced techniques for, and made studies in, kinesiology and kinesimetry related to space operations.

During Space Shuttle operations he continued physiological investigations in the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal and neurological areas. He developed the Shuttle treadmill for in-flight exercise and several other on-board devices. He was long an advocate for exercise as a countermeasure for conditions such as bone loss in space.[3] His work concentrated on the space adaptation syndrome, with relevant investigations on STS-4, STS-5, STS-6, STS-7, and STS-8.

Thornton holds more than 60 patents that range from military weapons systems through the first real-time EKG computer analysis. Space-related items include the first in-flight mass measurement devices, shock and vibration isolation systems, an improved waste collection system, an improved lower body negative pressure (LBNP) apparatus, and others.

Thornton continued his work in space medicine while awaiting his next flight opportunity. He worked on problems relative to extending mission durations in the Space Shuttle, in the Space station, and in space exploration, and has designed the necessary exercise and other hardware to support such missions. He continued analysis and publication of results from studies of neurological adaptation, and the study of neuromuscular inhibition following flight, osteoporosis in space and on Earth, and post-flight orthostatic hypotension. He has completed designs for exercise and other countermeasure equipment for the Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO), and for Space Station Freedom, including improved treadmills, rowing machines, isotonic exercise devices, and a bicycle. Much of this is currently scheduled for flight.

Spaceflight experience

STS-8

STS-8 Challenger (August 30 to September 5, 1983). This was the third flight for the Challenger and the first mission with a night launch from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and a night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Thornton, participating as a scientist-astronaut, was one of five crew members.[4] During the flight Thornton made almost continuous measurements and investigations of adaptation of the human body to weightlessness, especially of the nervous system and of the space adaptation syndrome. This was a continuation of his previous work in these areas. Much of the equipment used was designed and developed by Thornton. The mission was accomplished in 98 orbits of the Earth, traveling 2.2 million miles in 145 hours, 8 minutes, 4 seconds.[5] He became the oldest person to fly in space.[4]

STS-51B

STS-51B/Spacelab-3 Challenger (April 29 to May 6, 1985). The Spacelab-3 science mission was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned for a night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.[6] During the 7-day flight, Thornton was responsible for the first animal payload on a shuttle mission[1] and other medical investigations. The mission was accomplished in 110 orbits of the Earth, traveling 2.9 million miles (4.7 million km) in 169 hours and 39 minutes.

At the conclusion of the STS-51B flight, Thornton had logged over 313 hours in space across his two missions.[7]

Post-NASA career

Thornton retired from NASA effective May 31, 1994.[1] Thornton is currently a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and is an adjunct professor at the University of Houston–Clear Lake. He resides in Texas.

Special honors

Personal life

Thornton is married with two sons to the former Elizabeth Jennifer Fowler of Hertfordshire, England.

gollark: A broom has a fairly simple and easy to understand primary function. Webapps interact with massively complex global infrastructure.
gollark: It isn't very easy to compare usefulness of most things.
gollark: Wait, are these runtimes for register allocators or for a program compiled with each?
gollark: Why?
gollark: So if developers were less smart than the users there would be fewer bugs? Interesting.

References
  1. "Veteran Astronaut Retires from NASA". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. June 12, 1994. p. 49 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. "New Citizens to be Astros". Muncie Evening Press. Muncie, Indiana. UPI. August 3, 1967. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. Peter R. Cavanagh; Angelo A. Licata & Andrea J. Rice (June 2005), "Exercise and pharmacological countermeasures for bone loss during long-duration space flight", Gravitational and Space Biology, 18 (2): 39–58, PMID 16038092
  4. "Space Shuttle Astronauts Ready for Unearthly Tasks". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. August 29, 1983. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. Cliff Lethbridge. "STS-8 Fact Sheet". Spaceline.org.
  6. "Space Agency: Shuttle Gets Better Every Trip". Argus-Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Associated Press. September 7, 1983. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. "William Thornton NASA Biography". NASA. May 1994. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
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