White-eyed buzzard

The white-eyed buzzard (Butastur teesa) is a medium-sized hawk, distinct from the true buzzards in the genus Buteo, found in South Asia. Adults have a rufous tail, a distinctive white iris, and a white throat bearing a dark mesial stripe bordered. The head is brown and the median coverts of the upper wing are pale. They lack the typical carpal patches on the underside of the wings seen in true buzzards, but the entire wing lining appears dark in contrast to the flight feathers. They sit upright on perches for prolonged periods and soar on thermals in search of insect and small vertebrate prey. They are vociferous in the breeding season, and several birds may be heard calling as they soar together.

White-eyed buzzard
Adult showing the typical throat, mesial stripe and pale iris, India

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Butastur
Species:
B. teesa
Binomial name
Butastur teesa
(Franklin, 1831)
Synonyms

Poliornis teesa

Description
Adult, note the pale appearance to the median upperwing coverts

This slim and small hawk is easily identified by its white iris and the white throat and dark mesial stripe. A white spot is sometimes visible on the back of the head. When perched, the wing tip nearly reaches the tip of the tail. The ceres are distinctly yellow and the head is dark with the underside of the body darkly barred. In flight, the narrow wings appear rounded with black tips to the feathers and the wing lining appears dark. The upper wing in flight shows a pale bar over the brown. The rufous tail is barred with a darker subterminal band. Young birds have the iris brownish and the forehead is whitish and a broad supercilium may be present.[2] The only confusion can occur in places where it overlaps with the grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus), adults of which have a distinctive white supercilium.[3][4] Fledgelings are reddish brown, unlike most other downy raptor chicks, which tend to be white.[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The specific name teesa is derived from the name in Hindi.[6] The species was described on the basis of specimens collected by James Franklin who placed it in the genus Circus along with the harriers.[7] The name Butastur was used to indicate that it appeared to be intermediate in characters to the Buteo buzzards and Astur, an old name for the sparrowhawks. Molecular phylogeny studies suggest that the genus is a sister group of Buteo and its relatives within the subfamily Buteoninae.[8]

Distribution and habitat
A young bird

This species is widely distributed in South Asia, throughout India in the plains and extending up to 1000 m in the Himalayas. It is a resident in Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. A form that is possibly of this species has been recorded in the Greater Sundas, Indonesia but this population is widely disjunct and has whiter and unmarked feathers on the thigh or "trousers" and vent, possibly representing a new form.[9] It is absent from Sri Lanka and is probably absent from the Andamans. It is a summer visitor in northeastern Afghanistan. It is mainly found in the plains, but may go up to 1200 m altitude in the foothills of the Himalayas.[3]

The usual habitat is in dry, open forest or cultivation. They are numerous in some areas, but declining.[3] A survey in the late 1950s estimated about 5000 birds in the vicinity of Delhi in an area of about 50,000 km2 giving a density of 0.1 per square kilometre.[10]

Behaviour and ecology
In flight, the dark wing lining and white throat are distinctive on the underside.

This species is usually seen soaring alone in thermals or perched still. Groups of two or three may sometimes be seen. They have a mewing call or falling whistle (transcribed as pit-weer[11]) that is repeated when pairs are soaring.[3] They are vociferous in the breeding season.[12]

 
 
 
 

Butastur teesa

 
 

Butastur liventer

 
 
 

Butastur indicus

 
 
 

Butastur rufipennis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Buteo

 
 

Leucopternis

 
 
 
 

Geranoaetus

 
 

Pseudastur

 
 
 
 
 

Parabuteo

 
 

Rupornis

 
 
 

Morphnarchus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Buteogallus

 
 

Cryptoleucopteryx

 
 
 

Rostrhamus

 
 
 

Busarellus

 
 
 
 

Ictinia

 
 

Geranospiza

 
 
 
 
Evolutionary relationship with Butastur species and other genera within the Buteoninae[13]

They feed mainly on locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, and other large insects, as well as mice, lizards, and frogs. They may also take crabs from near wetlands[14] and have been reported to take larger prey such as the black-naped hare (Lepus nigricollis).[15]

The breeding season is February to May. The nest is loose platform of twigs not unlike that of a crow, sometimes placed in a leafless tree.[16] The usual clutch is three eggs, which are white and usually unspotted.[17] Both sexes share nest-building and feeding young; the female alone incubates for about 19 days until the eggs hatch.[18][19][20]

A species of endoparasitic platyhelminth has been described from the liver of this species.[21] A species of nematode, Contracaecum milvi, has been recorded in the liver and the stomach[22] while Acanthocephalans, Mediorhynchus gibson and M. fatimae, has been described from the gut of specimens from Pakistan.[23] Protozoa that live in the blood stream belonging to the genus Atoxoplasma have been isolated.[24] Like most birds, they have specialized ectoparasitic bird lice such as Colpocephalum zerafae that are also known from other birds of prey.[25] A study of power lines in Rajasthan in 2011 found white-eyed buzzards to be the second most common raptor killed by electrocution after kestrels.[26]

gollark: You could do return values more consistently, *pass around* multireturn things, sort of thing.
gollark: Yep!
gollark: In a sensible language.
gollark: Fixed types, fixed length.
gollark: No, they would be `(a, b)`.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Butastur teesa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Hume, AO (1869). My Scrap Book: Rough notes on Indian oology and ornithology. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. pp. 286–288.
  3. Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 100–101.
  4. Clark,William S; Schmitt,N John (1992). "Flight identification of indian raptors with pale bars on upper wings". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (1): 1–3.
  5. Gnanaselvan, P (1992). "Nesting of the White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle in Pudukudi, Thanjavur District". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 32 (7&8): 16–17.
  6. Jerdon, TC (1862). The Birds of India. volume 1. Military Orphan Press, Calcutta. pp. 92–93.
  7. Franklin, James (1831). "Catalogue of Birds which were collected on the Ganges between Calcutta nad Benares, and in the Vindhyian hills between the latter place and Gurrah Mundela, on the Nerbudda". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London: 114–125.
  8. Lerner, HRL & Matthew C. Klaver, David P. Mindell (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Buteonine Birds of Prey (Accipitridae)". The Auk. 125 (2): 304–315. doi:10.1525/auk.2008.06161.
  9. Shagir, K. J.; Iqbal, M. (2015). "White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa, a new species for Greater Sundas and Wallacea". BirdingAsia (23): 124–125. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  10. Galushin VM (1975). "A comparative analysis of the density of predatory birds in two selected areas within the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, near Moscow and Delhi" (PDF). Emu. 74: 330–335. doi:10.1071/MU974330.
  11. Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 366–367.
  12. Dewar, Douglas (1912). Jungle Folk: Indian natural history. John Lane. pp. 32–36.
  13. Mindell, D.P.; Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J.A. (2018). "Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Geographic Diversity of Diurnal Raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes". In Sarasola, J.H.; Grande, J.M.; Negro, J.J. (eds.). Birds of Prey. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_1. ISBN 9783319737447.
  14. Mackenzie, K (1894). "Food of the white-eyed buzzard". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 9 (1): 101.
  15. Javed, Salim (1995). "Hare in the diet of White-eyed Buzzard Eagle Butastur teesa (Franklin)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (1): 119.
  16. Kanoje, R (1997). "Nesting site of white-eyed buzzard in Kanha National Park". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 37 (5): 90.
  17. Blanford, W.T. (1895). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 362–364.
  18. Soni, R.G. (1993). "Breeding of White-eyed Buzzard in the Thar Desert". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (3): 506–507.
  19. Hume, AO (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 3. R H Porter, London. pp. 158–161.
  20. Ali S & SD Ripley (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 256–258.
  21. Dharejo, A.M. Bilqees; F.M. Khan, M.M. (2007). "Uvitellina teesae, new species (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) from liver of white-eyed buzzard Butastur teesa (Accipitridae), in Hala, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 39 (6): 385–388.
  22. Inglis, William G. (1954). "On some nematodes from Indian vertebrates. I. Birds". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7 (83): 821–826. doi:10.1080/00222935408651795. ISSN 0374-5481.
  23. Bilqees, F. M.; Khan, A.; Khatoon, N.; Khatoon, Sh. (2007). "Acanthocephala from eagle of Karachi with descriptions of two new species". Proceedings of Parasitology. 43: 15–26.
  24. Levine, Norman D (1982). "The Genus Atoxoplasma (Protozoa, Apicomplexa)". Journal of Parasitology. 68 (4): 719–723. doi:10.2307/3280933. JSTOR 3280933. PMID 7119994.
  25. Tendeiro, J (1988). "Etudes sur les Colpocephalum (Mallophaga, Menoponidae) parasites des Falconiforms 1. Groupe zerafae Price & Beer" (PDF). Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 39: 77–102.
  26. Harness, R.H.; Juvvadi, P.R.; Dwyer, J.F. "Avian electrocutions in western Rajasthan, India". J. Raptor Res. 47 (4): 352–364.

Further reading
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