Western Expedition

The Western Expedition was a campaign by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing dynasty during the Taiping Rebellion.

Western Expedition
Part of Taiping Rebellion
DateMay 19, 1853 - March 1856
Location
China
Result Limited Taiping success, Taiping occupies most of Anhui and Jiangxi, but fail to retake Hunan and Hubei
Territorial
changes		 Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan
Belligerents
Qing dynasty Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
  • Hu Yiguang
  • Lai Hanying
  • Zeng Tianyang
  • Wei Jun
  • Shi Zhenxiang

Planning

The Western Expedition was conceived by Yang Xiuqing shortly after the fall of Nanjing.[1] It was intended to march along the Yangtze River and ultimately meet with the concurrent Northern Expedition in Sichuan.[2] The Taiping believed that such a pincer movement could capture all of western and northern China.[3] It was also intended to, in conjunction with the Northern Expedition, relieve pressure on the Taiping's holdings caused by the Qing's formation of the Northern and Southern Fronts.[4]

Execution

The Western Expedition left Nanjing on May 19, 1853.[5] Less than a month later, it recaptured the city of Anqing on June 10, 1853.[6] At that point, the expedition split into three separate armies.[7] The first army, led by Hu Yiguang, traveled north to conquer Anhui.[8] The second, led by Lai Hanying, traveled south to conquer Jiangxi. The third, led by Zeng Tianyang, attacked a number of cities south of the Yangtze.[9] Hu Yinguang successfully captured Luzhou, the government's new capital of Anhui, on January 14, 1854.[10] In doing so, Hu defeated a small force led by Jiang Zhongyuan, who subsequently committed suicide.[11] Lai was less successful, as he was unable to take Nanchang, Jiangxi's capital.[12] Lai was replaced by Wei Jun and Shi Zhenxiang, who moved into Hubei and Hunan, ultimately capturing Xiangtan on April 24, 1854.[13] The Western Expedition succeeded in capturing Pengze, Hukou, and Jiujiang.[14] It also defeated Zeng Guofan in battle, leading him to attempt suicide on two separate occasions.[15] The Western Expedition ended in March 1856 when it was recalled to Nanjing to reinforce the besieged city.[16]

Analysis

The Western Expedition had limited success.[17] Although a number of key cities within a fertile recruiting ground had fallen, the Western Expedition was ultimately unable to capture the whole of western China or the upper Yangtze.[18] The Taiping's original, rapid drive transformed into a push-and-pull struggle, which provided the Qing with time to recover and build-up new armies with new leaders who ultimately doomed the rebellion.[19]

In 1856 Shi Dakai launches a second western expedition destined for Sichuan. This other campaign also fails when he surrenders in 1863.

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References
  1. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 93 (1966)
  2. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 93 (1966)
  3. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 93 (1966)
  4. Maochun Yu, The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in A Military History of China 138 (David A. Graff & Robin Higham eds., 2002)
  5. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  6. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  7. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  8. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  9. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  10. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  11. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  12. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  13. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  14. Maochun Yu, The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in A Military History of China 138 (David A. Graff & Robin Higham eds., 2002)
  15. Maochun Yu, The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in A Military History of China 138 (David A. Graff & Robin Higham eds., 2002)
  16. Maochun Yu, The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution, printed in A Military History of China 138 (David A. Graff & Robin Higham eds., 2002)
  17. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  18. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
  19. Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 95 (1966)
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