Welwitschia

Welwitschia is a monotypic gymnosperm genus, comprising solely the distinctive Welwitschia mirabilis, endemic to the Namib desert within Namibia and Angola. The plant is commonly known simply as welwitschia in English, but the name tree tumbo is also used. It is called kharos or khurub in Nama, tweeblaarkanniedood in Afrikaans, nyanka in Damara, and onyanga in Herero. Welwitschia is the only living genus of the family Welwitschiaceae and order Welwitschiales, in the division Gnetophyta. Informal sources commonly refer to the plant as a "living fossil".[2][3]

For the Namibian national rugby union team nicknamed the Welwitschias, see Namibia national rugby union team. For the Namibian representative rugby union team playing in South African domestic competitions, see Welwitschias.

Welwitschia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Gnetophyta
Class: Gnetopsida
Order: Welwitschiales
Family: Welwitschiaceae
Genus: Welwitschia
Hook.f.
Species:
W. mirabilis
Binomial name
Welwitschia mirabilis
Welwitschia's range.
Synonyms[1]
  • Tumboa Welw. nom. rej.
  • Tumboa bainesii Hook. f. nom. inval.
  • Welwitschia bainesii (Hook. f.) Carrière
  • Tumboa strobilifera Welw. ex Hook. f. nom. inval.

Naming
Female cones, from Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1863).

Welwitschia is named after the Austrian botanist and doctor Friedrich Welwitsch, who was the first European to describe the plant, in 1859 in present-day Angola. Welwitsch was so overwhelmed by the plant that he, "could do nothing but kneel down and gaze at it, half in fear lest a touch should prove it a figment of the imagination."[4] Joseph Dalton Hooker of the Linnean Society of London, using Welwitsch's description and collected material along with material from the artist Thomas Baines who had independently recorded the plant in Namibia, described the species.[5][6]

Welwitsch proposed calling the genus Tumboa after what he believed to be the local name, tumbo. Hooker asked Welwitsch for permission to name the genus Welwitschia instead. Welwitsch concurred and supplied some well-preserved material from which Hooker was able to make substantial progress in determining its botanical affinities.[7] The taxonomy of Welwitschia subsequently changed intermittently with the development of new classification systems (see Flowering plants: History of classification), however, its current taxonomic status is essentially the same as Hooker's placement.

Most botanists have treated Welwitschia as a distinct monotypic genus in a monotypic family or even order. Most recent systems place Welwitschia mirabilis in its own family Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales, although other extinct species have been placed in this family.[8]

Biology

After germination, the seedling produces two cotyledons which grow to 25–35 mm (0.98–1.38 in) in length, and have reticulate venation.[9] Subsequently, two foliage leaves are produced at the edge of a woody bilobed crown. The permanent leaves are opposite (at right angles to the cotyledons), amphistomatic (producing stomata on both sides of the leaf), parallel-veined and ribbon-shaped. Shortly after the appearance of the foliage leaves, the apical meristem dies and meristematic activity is transferred to the periphery of the crown.[10]

The two foliage leaves grow continuously from a basal meristem reaching lengths up to 4 m (13 ft). The tips of the leaves split and fray into several well-separated strap-shaped sections by the distortions of the woody portions surrounding the apical slit, and also by wind and adventitious external injuries.[10][11] The largest specimens may be no more than 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall above ground, but the circumference of the leaves in contact with the sand may exceed 8 m (26 ft).[12]

Welwitschia has an elongated shallow root system consisting of "a tapering taproot with one or more non-tapering extensions, some pronounced lateral roots, and a network of delicate spongy roots"[12] and a woody fibrous unbranched main stem.[10] The roots extend to a depth roughly equal to the span of the living leaves from tip to tip.[10] The main stem consists of an unbranched woody crown roughly shaped like an inverted cone.[13] The only branching in the shoot system occurs in the reproductive branches, which bear strobili.

The species is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. Fertilization is carried out by insects including flies and true bugs. The most common of the true bugs attending Welwitschia is a member of the family Pyrrhocoridae, Probergrothius angolensis, but a hypothesized role in pollination has so far not been demonstrated. Infrequently, wasps and bees also play a role as pollinators of Welwitschia. At least some of the pollinators are attracted by "nectar" produced on both male and female strobili.[14]

Welwitschia has been classified as a CAM plant (crassulacean acid metabolism) after reconciliation of some initially contradictory and confusing data.[15][16] There are however some very puzzling aspects to the matter; for example, the employment of the CAM metabolism is very slight, which was part of the reason that it took so long to establish its presence at all; it is not understood why this should be.

The age of individual plants is difficult to assess, but many plants may be over 1000 years old. Some individuals may be more than 2000 years old.[10] Because Welwitschia only produces a single pair of foliage leaves, the plant was thought by some to be neotenic, consisting essentially of a "giant seedling." However, research showed that its anatomy is not consistent with the giant seedling idea. Instead, the plant is more accurately thought of as achieving its unusual morphology as a result of having "lost its head" (apical meristem) at an early stage.[17]

Distribution and habitat

Welwitschia mirabilis is endemic to the Kaokoveld Desert,[18] which lies within the Namib Desert.[19] The population is distributed southwards from the Bentiaba River in southern Angola, to the Kuiseb River in Namibia,[20] and up to 100 km (62 mi) inland of the coast.[10] The area is extremely arid: the coast is recorded as having almost zero rainfall, while less than 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain falls annually below the escarpment in the wet season from February to April.[18] Populations tend to occur in ephemeral water courses, indicating a dependence on ground water in addition to precipitation from fog.[21]

Cultivation

Welwitschia mirabilis grows readily from seed, which may be bought from specialty seed dealers. The seeds have been shown to display orthodox seed behavior, which in general means that they may be stored for long periods at suitably low humidity and temperature. Welwitschia seeds naturally develop suitably low water concentrations as they ripen.[22]

Removal of the outer seed coverings enhances germination performance, which suggests that the seeds may display non-deep physiological dormancy.[22] On planting the seed it is necessary to keep it moist, but not immersed in water, for the first two weeks of cultivation; it has been suggested that soaking the seeds in water before planting interferes with germination.[22] Seeds collected from the wild often are heavily contaminated with spores of the fungus Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis,[23] which causes them to rot shortly after they germinate.

The fungal inoculum infects the growing cones of W. mirabilis early during their development, and a sharp increase in infection occurs when the pollination drops appear; through those drops the fungal spores may gain access to the interior of the developing seed.[24] Seeds in the wild may therefore be obliterated through fungal action even before they are fully developed. Seeds from botanical gardens or other cultivated sources are much cleaner and less likely to rot. The fungicide tebuconazole may be useful in controlling limited A. niger seed infection.[24]

Conservation

The population of Welwitschia mirabilis in the wild is reasonably satisfactory at present. Plants in Angola are better protected than those in Namibia, because of the relatively high concentration of land mines in Angola, which keep collectors away.[4]

Although Welwitschia mirabilis is not at present immediately threatened, there being abundant populations over a large area, its status is far from secure; its recruitment and growth rates are low, and its range, though wide, covers only a single compact, ecologically limited and vulnerable area. The remarkable longevity of Welwitschia favours its survival of temporary periods adverse to reproduction, but it offers no protection against circumstances of direct threat, such as overgrazing and disease. Fungal infection of female cones severely reduces seed viability, reducing already inherently low recruitment. Other threats include injury from off-road vehicles, collection of wild plants and overgrazing by zebras, rhinos, and domestic animals.[25]

Heraldry

The plant figures as a charge in the national coat of arms of Namibia.

  • The largest known Welwitschia, nicknamed "The Big Welwitschia", stands 1.4 m tall and is over 4 m in diameter.
  • A female plant
  • A female Welwitschia beginning to shed seeds
  • Detail photograph of ripe female cones after seed dispersal
  • Detail photograph of male plant and cones
  • Person standing beside Welwitschia plant for scale
  • Cultivated at Huntington Library and botanical garden
  • A Welwitschia in the petrified forest of Khorixas (Namibia)
  • Immature nymphs and adult Welwitschia bugs (Probergrothius angolensis)
  • Welwitschia mirabilis - Toulouse Museum of Natural History
  • Coat of Arms of Namibia, with a "Welwitschia" in the bottom.
gollark: And also it infinitely loops somehow.
gollark: Right now it doesn't actually test it.
gollark: Hold on, I'll dredge up what it's meant to do.
gollark: (I checked!)
gollark: It's very ethical.

See also

References
  1. Tropicos, Welwitschia mirabilis and Topicos Tumboa Welw.
  2. Flowering Plants of Africa 57:2-8(2001)
  3. A. Lewington & E. Parker (1999). Ancient Trees: Trees that Live for a Thousand Years. Collins & Brown Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-704-9.
  4. "Welwitschia mirabilis (tree tumbo)". Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  5. Welwitsche, Frederick (1861). "Extract from a letter, addressed to Sir William J. Hooker, on the botany of Benguiela, Mossameded, &C, in Western Africa". Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany. 5: 182–186. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1861.tb01048.x.
  6. Gotten, Alice. "Welwitschia mirabilis". PlantZAfrica. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  7. Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1863). "On Welwitschia, a new Genus of Gnetaceae". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 24 (1): 1–48. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1863.tb00151.x. BHL page 27558549, Pl. I–XIV.
  8. Stevens, P. F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny (2001 onwards) - Version 9, June 2008". www.mobot.org.
  9. Singh, V.P. (2006). Gymnosperm (naked seeds plant) : structure and development. Sarup & Sons. p. 576. ISBN 978-8176256711. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  10. Bornman, Chris (1978). Welwitschia. Cape Town: Struik. ISBN 0-86977-097-7.
  11. "Welwitschia". waynesword.palomar.edu.
  12. Bornman, C.H., J.A. Elsworthy, V. Butler and C.E.J Botha (1972). Welwitschia mirabilis: Observations on general habit, seed, seedling, and leaf characteristics. Madoqua Series II 1:53-66.
  13. "From Solitaire to Walvis Bay - Namibia | Welwitschia Mirabilis, Welwitschia Plain, Namibia - Yair Karelic Photography". www.yairkarelic.com. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  14. Wetschnig W, Depisch B (1999). "[Chrysomya albiceps Pollination biology of Welwitschia mirabilis HOOK. f. (Welwitschiaceae, Gnetopsida)]" (PDF). Phyton: Annales Rei Botanicae. 39: 167.
  15. Eller, B.M, D. J. von Willert, E. Brinckmann and R. Baasch (1983). Ecophysiological studies on Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib desert. South African Journal of Botany 2:209-223.
  16. von Willert, D.J. N. Armbruster, T. Drees and M. Zaborowski (2005). Welwitschia mirabilis: CAM or not CAM - what is the answer? Functional Plant Biology 32:389-395.
  17. Martens, P. (4 September 1977). "Welwitschia mirabilis and Neoteny". American Journal of Botany. 64 (7): 916–920. doi:10.2307/2442386. JSTOR 2442386.
  18. van Wyk, A.E. and G.F. Smith (2001). Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield.
  19. Spriggs, Amy. Africa: Coastal Namibia and Angola. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2020-01-21.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  20. Kers, L.E. (1967). The distribution of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. F. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 61:97-125
  21. Henchel, J.R. and M.K. Seely (2000). Long-term growth patterns of Welwitschia mirabilis, a long-lived plant of the Namib Desert (including a bibliography). Plant Ecology 150:7-26
  22. Whitaker, C., P. Berjak, H. Kolberg, and N.W. Pammenter (2004). Responses to various manipulations, and storage potential, of seeds of the unique desert gymnosperm, Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. fil. South African Journal of Botany 70: 622-630.
  23. Cooper-Driver, G.A., C. Wagner and H. Kolberg (2000). Patterns of Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis (Corda) Al-Musallam infection in Namibian populations of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f. Journal of Arid Environments 46:181-198
  24. Whitaker, C., N. Pammenter, and P. Berjak(2008). Infection of the cones and seeds of Welwitschia mirabilis by Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis in the Namib-Naukluft Park. South African Journal of Botany 74:41-50
  25. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-12. Retrieved 2014-12-31.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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