Waldo–Hancock Bridge

The Waldo–Hancock Bridge was the first long-span suspension bridge erected in Maine, as well as the first permanent bridge across the Penobscot River below Bangor. The name comes from connecting Waldo and Hancock counties. The bridge was built in 1931 and retired in 2006, when the new Penobscot Narrows Bridge was opened just a few yards away, and it was demolished in 2013.

Waldo–Hancock Bridge
Waldo–Hancock Bridge in 2001
Coordinates44.560692°N 68.801966°W / 44.560692; -68.801966
Carries US 1
CrossesPenobscot River
LocaleBucksport, Maine, (Hancock County, Maine)
Official nameWaldo–Hancock Bridge
Maintained byMaine Department of Transportation
ID number(Bridge No. 2973)
Characteristics
DesignSuspension bridge
Total length2,040 ft (621.8 m)
Width20 ft (6.1 m) roadway with
Two 3 1⁄2 ft (1.1 m) sidewalks
Height72 m
Longest span800 ft (243.8 m)
Clearance below135 ft (41.1 m)
History
Construction start1929
Construction end1931
OpenedNovember 16, 1931
ClosedDecember 30, 2006 (Demolished 2013)
Statistics
Toll1931–1953
Waldo–Hancock Bridge
Location US 1,
Verona, Maine
Area4 acres (1.6 ha)
Built1931
ArchitectRobinson & Steinman
Architectural styleSuspension
NRHP reference No.85001267[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJune 20, 1985
Removed from NRHPDecember 18, 2013[2]

The bridge was 2,040 feet (621.8 m) long with a clear center span of 800 feet (243.8 m) between towers. It had two 350-foot (106.7 m) side spans and carries a 20-foot (6.1 m) wide roadway with two 3 1⁄2-foot (1.1 m) sidewalks. It used stiffening trusses that are 9 feet (2.7 m) deep. Each of the main suspender cables were 9 5⁄8 inches (24.4 cm) in diameter, and consisted of 37 strands of 37 wires. The deck was 135 feet (41.1 m) above water level to allow passage of large ships. The total cost of the span was less than $850,000 in 1931 dollars (about $12 million in 2010 dollars), significantly under its allocated budget.

Construction

David B. Steinman, of Robinson and Steinman, was the designer. The bridge was fabricated by American Bridge Company (superstructure) and Merritt-Chapman & Scott (substructure).

Dedication plaque, 1931
Toll ticket books, c1935

Technologically, the Waldo–Hancock Bridge represented a number of firsts. It was one of the first two bridges in the U.S. (along with the St. Johns Bridge in Portland, Oregon, completed in June, 1931) to employ Robinson and Steinman's prestressed twisted wire strand cables, which were first used on the 1929 Grand Mère Suspension Bridge over the Saint-Maurice River in Quebec. The prefabrication and prestressing of the cables decreased the number of field adjustments required, saving considerable time, effort, and money. As an additional experiment in efficiency, the Waldo–Hancock cables were marked prior to construction, ensuring proper setting. This method had never been used before and proved successful in this instance. These innovations, invented and pioneered by Steinman, were a significant step forward for builders of suspension bridges.

The Waldo–Hancock was also the first bridge to make use of the Vierendeel truss in its two towers, giving it an effect that Steinman called "artistic, emphasizing horizontal and vertical lines." This attractive and effective truss design was later used in a number of important bridges, including the Triborough Bridge and Golden Gate Bridge.[3]

The Waldo–Hancock Bridge was noted at the time for its economy of design and construction. It cost far less than had been appropriated by the State Highway Commission, which enabled the construction of a second bridge between Verona Island and Bucksport. When opened in 1931 the bridge collected tolls used to retire the bonds issued to finance its construction. All tolls were lifted twenty-two years later on October 31, 1953, however, when those original construction bonds were paid off. Original tolls ranged from 10¢ for "one or two horse vehicle including driver" to 50¢ for "auto truck or tractor over 26,000 pounds".

Rehabilitation, replacement and abandonment

As the bridge approached its seventieth anniversary with the end of the century, a series of routine safety inspections made by the Maine Department of Transportation revealed that over those seven decades the structure's two main suspension cables and the many vertical bridge deck stringers had become seriously corroded thereby deteriorating their ability to support the deck, roadway and the traffic that crossed it. These engineering studies made it clear that the bridge required immediate major rehabilitation and eventual replacement.[4]

The closed Waldo-Hancock Bridge in 2007 still showing its temporarily repaired cables

Work was undertaken to rehabilitate the bridge starting in 2000[5] by Cianbro and Piasecki Steel Construction Corp. with cable work by Williamsport Wirerope Works Inc, by focusing on strengthening the cables. The two cables were done separately, one a time. Piasecki Steel Construction Corp., Castleton, N.Y., rehabilitated the north cable in 2002. At this point the bridge was discovered to be beyond permanent repair and would have to be abandoned and replaced by a new structure to be built adjacent to the aging bridge.[6] Work then shifted to temporary strengthening. For the south cable, MDOT in August 2003 hired Pittsfield, Maine-based Cianbro Corp. under a $4-million emergency contract.

The rehabilitation used a single wire thickness (2-inch (5.1 cm) diameter galvanized helical 91-wire strands.) to facilitate fabricating and installing the cables more quickly. New concrete anchorages with up to 30-foot (9.1 m) long anchor rods were built by Cianbro. Crews installed continuous runs of strands on new saddles bolted and welded on new base plates atop cable bents and the main towers. Workers placed two groups of four strands 12 feet (3.7 m) above each main cable to allow for pulls. Each strand weighs 4 tons (3.6 metric tons). A rope pull was walked across, connected to a 7⁄8-inch (2.2 cm) pull cable, then winched back across and connected to the strand, which was fed through a tensioner holding back about 15,000 pounds (7,000 kg) to smooth the pull.

"We hooked and rehooked one strand per day on average," says Archie J. Wheaton, Cianbro project superintendent. "The strands were connected to anchor rods; then we set the sag." The new auxiliary cables are connected to existing double suspender cables by 1 1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) steel rods, then tensioned with 30-ton (27.2 metric ton) jacks, bringing the new cables about 3 feet (1 m) from the main cables.[7]

A new construction, the Penobscot Narrows Bridge, was built alongside the older one.[8] The new bridge was opened to traffic on December 30, 2006, at which point the Waldo–Hancock Bridge was ceremoniously closed. Barricades were erected at both ends, closing the bridge to both cars and pedestrians.

Demolition

The Maine Department of Transportation announced on February 14, 2012 that the Bridge would be demolished starting that summer and be completed by the fall. The schedule was designed to accommodate the needs of two endangered species, the Peregrine falcon and the Shortnose sturgeon. Barges were placed in the Penobscot River onto which sections of the bridge were lowered. The concrete piers in the River are all that remains, and MDOT worked with the United States Coast Guard to design lights for them once the Bridge was removed to aid ships in the River.[9] Later, MaineDOT announced that the low bid of $5.35 million by S&R Corp. of Lowell, Massachusetts was accepted.[10]

Demolition eventually was delayed until November 20, 2012 with the removal of the bridge's flag poles and was completed in June, 2013.[11]

The Waldo-Hancock and Penobscot Narrows Bridges as viewed from the Penobscot Narrows Bridge Observatory in July, 2007, and July, 2013 after the Waldo-Hancock Bridge had been demolished
  • The Waldo–Hancock Bridge, Ft. Knox, and Bucksport, ME seen from Verona Island (1994)
  • The Waldo–Hancock Bridge as seen from the Waldo County approach looking toward Verona Island (2001)
  • The Waldo-Hancock and Penobscot Narrows Bridges from Ft. Knox (2007)
  • The Waldo-Hancock and Penobscot Narrows Bridges entering Verona Island viewed from the west tower observatory (2007)
  • The Waldo-Hancock and Penobscot Narrows Bridges entering Verona Island viewed from below (2007)
  • The Waldo-Hancock and Penobscot Narrows Bridges entering Verona Island viewed from below (2007)

Further reading

The following sources are referenced in the HAER documentation:[12]

  • Jackson, Donald C. (1988). Great American Bridges and Dams: A National Trust Guide. Great American Places Series. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press. ISBN 0891331298.
  • Jakkula, Arne A. (1 July 1941). "A History of Suspension Bridges in Bibliographical Form". Bulletin of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. 4th. 12 (7): 327. OCLC 1926253.
  • Plowden, David (1974). Bridges: The Spans of North America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393019365.
gollark: Idea: fork gofmt and apply your own better rules.
gollark: ++delete Go
gollark: Yes, golang is in fact bad?
gollark: No, only the mathematicians get those.
gollark: They are!

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. NRHP actions list, December 27, 2013
  3. Larson Farnham, Katherine (1999). "Waldo–Hancock Bridge" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. Library of Congress. p. 1. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  4. "History". Waldo–Hancock Bridge Replacement Project. Maine Department of transportation. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  5. "Waldo–Hancock Bridge". Structurae. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  6. "Waldo–Hancock Suspension Bridge". Bridgemeister.com. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  7. Angelo, William J. (2003). "Maine Cables Get Extra Support in Rare Procedure". ENR.com Engineering News Record. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  8. This image is a spectacular overhead view of the roadway advancing on the new bridge from the Maine DOT site
  9. Miller, Kevin (2012). "Demolition of 86-year-old Penobscot River bridge to begin this fall". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  10. Moretto, Mario (2012). "State receives low bid of $5.35 million for demolition of Waldo–Hancock Bridge, to start in October". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
  11. MaineDOT. "Waldo–Hancock Bridge Removal". Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  12. Larson Farnham, Katherine (1999). "Waldo–Hancock Bridge" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. Library of Congress. p. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.